European emission standards

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Simplified chart showing the progression of European emission standards for diesel cars EURO Standards Diesel.png
Simplified chart showing the progression of European emission standards for diesel cars
Simplified chart showing the progression of European emission standards for petrol cars. Note that until Euro 5, there were no PM limits. EURO Standards Gasoline.png
Simplified chart showing the progression of European emission standards for petrol cars. Note that until Euro 5, there were no PM limits.

The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards for pollution from the use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and the United Kingdom, and ships in EU waters. [1] [2] The standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

Contents

In December 2023, Euro 7 was provisionally agreed to include non-exhaust emissions such as particulates from tyres and brakes. [3] [4] [5] Until 2030 fossil fuelled vehicles are allowed to have dirtier brakes than electric vehicles. [6] : 5 

Background

In the European Union, emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NOx ), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types, including cars, trucks (lorries), locomotives, tractors and similar machinery, barges, but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. [7] [8] For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle. [9] Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. [10] No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines.

Along with Emissions standards the European Union has also mandated a number of computer on-board diagnostics for the purposes of increasing safety for drivers. These standards are used in relation to the emissions standards.

During the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being introduced to align with European introduction dates.

As of March 2024 Euro 7 is awaiting formal approval by EU countries. [11]

The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 for Light Duty Vehicle standards.

The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC. [12] The following is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide the definition of the standard.

These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.

The classifications for vehicle category are defined by: [20]

Emission standards for passenger cars

Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarised in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NOx emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines are subject to a limit of 0.0045 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and in 2014 with Euro 6 for petrol engines. [23] [24] [25]

From a technical perspective, European emissions standards do not reflect everyday usage of the vehicle as manufacturers are allowed to lighten the vehicle by removing the back seats, improve aerodynamics by taping over grilles and door handles or reduce the load on the generator by switching off the headlights, the passenger compartment fan or simply disconnecting the alternator which charges the battery. [26]


European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M), [lower-alpha 1] g/km
TierDate (type approval)Date (first registration) CO THC NMHC NH3 NOx HC+NOx PM PN [#/km] Brake PM10 [lower-alpha 2]
Diesel
Euro 1 [lower-alpha 3] July 1992January 19932.72 (3.16)––––0.97 (1.13)0.14 (0.18)––
Euro 2January 1996January 19971.0––––0.70.08––
Euro 3January 2000January 20010.66–––0.5000.560.05––
Euro 4January 2005January 20060.50–––0.2500.300.025––
Euro 5aSeptember 2009January 20110.50–––0.1800.2300.005––
Euro 5bSeptember 2011January 20130.50–––0.1800.2300.00456×1011–
Euro 6bSeptember 2014September 20150.50–––0.0800.1700.00456×1011–
Euro 6c–September 20180.50–––0.0800.1700.00456×1011–
Euro 6d-TempSeptember 2017September 20190.50–––0.0800.1700.00456×1011–
Euro 6dJanuary 2020January 20210.50–––0.0800.1700.00456×1011
Euro 6eSeptember 2023September 20240.50–––0.0800.1700.00456×1011–
Petrol
Euro 1 [lower-alpha 3] July 1992January 19932.72 (3.16)––––0.97 (1.13)–––
Euro 2January 1996January 19972.2––––0.5–––
Euro 3January 2000January 20012.30.20––0.150––––
Euro 4January 2005January 20061.00.10––0.080––––
Euro 5aSeptember 2009January 20111.00.100.068–0.060–0.005 [lower-alpha 4] ––
Euro 5bSeptember 2011January 20131.00.100.068–0.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 4] ––
Euro 6bSeptember 2014September 20151.00.100.068–0.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 4] 6×1011 [lower-alpha 5] –
Euro 6c–September 20181.00.100.068–0.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 4] 6×1011–
Euro 6d-TempSeptember 2017September 20191.00.100.068–0.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 4] 6×1011–
Euro 6dJanuary 2020January 20211.00.100.068–0.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 4] 6×1011–
Euro 6eSeptember 2023September 20241.00.100.068–0.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 4] 6×1011–
  1. ↑ Before Euro 5, passenger vehicles > 2,500 kg were type approved as light commercial vehicles N1 Class I
  2. ↑ Brake particle emissions (PM10). Only regulated for M1, N1 vehicles and only as PM - not PN. After 2035 the limit drops to 0.003. HDV will still not be subject to brake particle emissions regulation even after 2035.
  3. 1 2 Values in parentheses are conformity of production (COP) limits
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
  5. ↑ 6×1012/km within first three years from Euro 6b effective dates

Emission standards for motor cycles (two and three wheelers) – L-category vehicles

The Euro emissions regulations for two and three wheelers (motorcycles) were first introduced in 1999 – some seven years after the cars were first regulated. In further difference to passenger cars (where three-way catalytic converters were de facto required from Euro I) it was first with the introduction of the Euro III emissions standard in 2006, that motorcycles were de facto required to use three-way catalytic converters. With the introduction of the Euro V, standard two-stroke engine motorcycles are challenged by the strict HC and PM emissions limits. It is expected that technologies such as direct injection combined with petrol particulate filters could be needed for these motorcycle engine types to meet the Euro V demands. [27] [28] [29]

Euro emission standards for two- and three-wheelers
StandardDateCO (g/km)NOx (g/km)HC (g/km)PM (g/km)NMHC (g/km)
Euro I199913.00.33.0
Euro II20035.50.31.0
Euro III20062.00.150.3
Euro IV20161.140.090.17
Euro V20201.000.060.100.00450.068
Euro V+20241.000.060.100.00450.068

Emission standards for light commercial vehicles


European emission standards for light commercial vehicles ≤ 1,305 kg reference mass (Category N1 Class I), g/km
TierDate (type approval)Date (first registration)COTHCNMHCNOxHC+NOxPMPN [#/km]
Diesel
Euro 1October 1993October 19942.72–––0.970.14–
Euro 2January 1997October 19971.0–––0.70.08–
Euro 3January 2000January 20010.64––0.500.560.05–
Euro 4January 2005January 20060.50––0.250.300.025–
Euro 5aSeptember 2009January 20110.500––0.1800.2300.005–
Euro 5bSeptember 2011January 20130.500––0.1800.2300.00456×1011
Euro 6bSeptember 2014September 20150.500––0.0800.1700.00456×1011
Euro 6c–September 20180.500––0.0800.1700.00456×1011
Euro 6d-TempSeptember 2017September 20190.500––0.0800.1700.00456×1011
Euro 6dJanuary 2020January 20210.500––0.0800.1700.00456×1011
Euro 6eSeptember 2023September 20240.500––0.0800.1700.00456×1011
Petrol
Euro 1October 1993October 19942.72–––0.97––
Euro 2January 1997October 19972.2–––0.5––
Euro 3January 2000January 20012.30.20–0.15–––
Euro 4January 2005January 20061.00.10–0.08–––
Euro 5aSeptember 2009January 20111.0000.1000.0680.060–0.005 [lower-alpha 1] –
Euro 5bSeptember 2011January 20131.0000.1000.0680.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] –
Euro 6bSeptember 2014September 20151.0000.1000.0680.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6c–September 20181.0000.1000.0680.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6d-TempSeptember 2017September 20191.0000.1000.0680.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6dJanuary 2020January 20211.0000.1000.0680.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6eSeptember 2023September 20241.0000.1000.0680.060–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines


European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1,305–1,760 kg reference mass (Category N1 Class II), g/km
TierDate (type approval)Date (first registration)COTHCNMHCNOxHC+NOxPMPN [#/km]
Diesel
Euro 1October 1993October 19945.17–––1.40.19–
Euro 2January 1998October 19981.25–––1.00.12–
Euro 3January 2001January 20020.80––0.650.720.07–
Euro 4January 2006January 20070.63––0.330.390.04–
Euro 5aSeptember 2010January 20120.630––0.2350.2950.005–
Euro 5bSeptember 2011January 20130.630––0.2350.2950.00456×1011
Euro 6bSeptember 2015September 20160.630––0.1050.1950.00456×1011
Euro 6c–September 20190.630––0.1050.1950.00456×1011
Euro 6d-TempSeptember 2018September 20200.630––0.1050.1950.00456×1011
Euro 6dJanuary 2021January 20220.630––0.1050.1950.00456×1011
Euro 6eSeptember 2023September 20240.630––0.1050.1950.00456×1011
Petrol
Euro 1October 1993October 19945.17–––1.4––
Euro 2January 1998October 19984.0–––0.6––
Euro 3January 2001January 20024.170.25–0.18–––
Euro 4January 2006January 20071.810.130–0.10–––
Euro 5aSeptember 2010January 20121.8100.1300.0900.075–0.005 [lower-alpha 1] –
Euro 5bSeptember 2011January 20131.8100.1300.0900.075–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] –
Euro 6bSeptember 2015September 20161.8100.1300.0900.075–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6c–September 20191.8100.1300.0900.075–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6d-TempSeptember 2018September 20201.8100.1300.0900.075–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6dJanuary 2021January 20221.8100.1300.0900.075–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6eSeptember 2023September 20241.8100.1300.0900.075–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines


European emission standards for light commercial vehicles > 1,760 kg reference mass max 3,500 kg. (Category N1 Class III & N2), g/km
TierDate (type approval)Date (first registration)COTHCNMHCNOxHC+NOxPMPN [#/km]
Diesel
Euro 1October 1993October 19946.9–––1.70.25–
Euro 2January 1998October 19991.5–––1.20.17–
Euro 3January 2001January 20020.95––0.780.860.10–
Euro 4January 2006January 20070.74––0.390.460.06–
Euro 5aSeptember 2010January 20120.740––0.2800.3500.005–
Euro 5bSeptember 2011January 20130.740––0.2800.3500.00456×1011
Euro 6bSeptember 2015September 20160.740––0.1250.2150.00456×1011
Euro 6c–September 20190.740––0.1250.2150.00456×1011
Euro 6d-TempSeptember 2018September 20200.740––0.1250.2150.00456×1011
Euro 6dJanuary 2021January 20220.740––0.1250.2150.00456×1011
Euro 6eSeptember 2023September 20240.740––0.1250.2150.00456×1011
Petrol
Euro 1October 1993October 19946.9–––1.7––
Euro 2January 1998October 19995.0–––0.7––
Euro 3January 2001January 20025.220.29–0.21–––
Euro 4January 2006January 20072.270.16–0.11–––
Euro 5aSeptember 2010January 20122.2700.1600.1080.082–0.005 [lower-alpha 1] –
Euro 5bSeptember 2011January 20132.2700.1600.1080.082–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] –
Euro 6bSeptember 2015September 20162.2700.1600.1080.082–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6c–September 20192.2700.1600.1080.082–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6d-TempSeptember 2018September 20202.2700.1600.1080.082–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6dJanuary 2021January 20212.2700.1600.1080.082–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
Euro 6eSeptember 2023September 20242.2700.1600.1080.082–0.0045 [lower-alpha 1] 6×1011
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

Emission standards for trucks and buses

The emission standards for trucks (lorries) and buses are defined by engine energy output in g/kWh; this is unlike the emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, which are defined by vehicle driving distance in g/km – a general comparison to passenger cars is therefore not possible, as the kWh/km factor depends (among other) on the specific vehicle.

The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses.

The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all new registrations are in most cases one year later.


European emission standards for heavy-duty diesel engines, g/kWh
TierDate Test cycle COHC [lower-alpha 1] NOxNH3 [lower-alpha 2] PMPN [lower-alpha 3] [#/kWh]N2OCH4HCHOSmoke [m−1]Brake PM10 [lower-alpha 4]
Euro I1992, < 85 kW

ECE R49

4.51.18.00.612
1992, > 85 kW4.51.18.00.36
Euro IIOctober 19954.01.17.00.25
October 19974.01.17.00.15
Euro IIIOctober 1999 EEVs [lower-alpha 5] only

ESC & ELR

1.50.252.00.020.15
October 20002.10.665.00.10
0.13 [lower-alpha 6] 		0.8
Euro IVOctober 20051.50.463.50.020.5
Euro VOctober 20081.50.462.00.020.5
Euro VI31 December 2012 [31] WHSC1.50.130.410(ppm)0.018×1011
WHTC4.00.160.4610(ppm)0.016×1011
  1. ↑ In EURO VI, HC has been replaced by the measurement of “THC” – Total HydroCarbons. HC and THC are not necessarily completely comparable values.
  2. ↑ EURO VI limits NH3 measured in ppm pr. kWh, whereas EURO VII limits NH3 measured in mg pr. kWh.
    The EURO VII limit values for NH3 listed in this table have been recalculated from mg to g.
    A limited 2023 study has shown that certain EURO VI, Step D buses are able to meet the EURO VII NH3 limits. [30]
  3. ↑ In Euro VII, “PN” includes smaller particles sizes. The cut off value is lowered from PN23 to PN10. This means that PN in EURO VII includes particulates down to 10 nm as opposed to only down to 23 nm in Euro VI.
  4. ↑ Brake particle emissions (PM10). Only regulated for M1, N1 vehicles and only as PM - not PN. After 2035 HDV will still not be subject to brake particle emissions regulation.
  5. ↑ enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
  6. ↑ for engines of less than 0.75 litres swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3,000 per minute.

Emission standards for large goods vehicles

Euro norm emissions for category N3, EDC, (2000 and up), g/kWh
StandardDateCONOxHCPM
Euro 01988–9212.315.82.6NA
Euro I1992–954.99.01.230.40
Euro II1995–994.07.01.10.15
Euro III1999–20052.15.00.660.1
Euro IV2005–081.53.50.460.02
Euro V2008–121.52.00.460.02
Euro VI2012–191.01.20.360.01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle, g/kWh
StandardDateCONOxHCPM
Euro 01988–9211.214.42.4NA
Euro I1992–954.58.01.10.36
Euro II1995–994.07.01.10.15

Emission standards for non-road mobile machinery

The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is a term used in the European emission standards to control emissions of engines that are not used primarily on public roadways. This definition includes off-road vehicles as well as railway vehicles.

European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonise with the US EPA standards, and comprise gradually stringent tiers known as Stage I–V standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC). It was implemented in two stages with Stage I implemented in 1999 and Stage II implemented between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were further divided into Stage III A and III B were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards are enforced from 2014. Stage V standards are phased-in from 2018 with full enforcement from 2021.

As of 1 January 2015, EU Member States have to ensure that ships in the Baltic, the North Sea and the English Channel are using fuels with a sulphur content of no more than 0.10%. Higher sulphur contents are still possible, but only if the appropriate exhaust cleaning systems are in place. [32]

Emission test cycle

Just as important as the regulations are the tests needed to ensure adherence to regulations. These are laid out in standardised emission test cycles used to measure emissions performance against the regulatory thresholds applicable to the tested vehicle.

Light duty vehicles

Since the Euro 3 regulations in 2000, performance has been measured using the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC; also known as MVEG-B), with a "cold start" procedure that eliminates the use of a 40-second engine warm-up period found in the ECE+EUDC test cycle (also known as MVEG-A). [24] [33]

Heavy duty vehicles

The two groups of emissions standards for heavy duty vehicles each have different appropriate test requirements. Steady-state testing is used for diesel engines only, while transient testing applies to both diesel and petrol engines. [34]

"Cycle beating" controversy

Comparison between emission standards for nitrogen oxides (NOx) of diesel cars and measured emissions NOx Diesel emissions - real vs Euronorms.svg
Comparison between emission standards for nitrogen oxides (NOx) of diesel cars and measured emissions

For the emission standards to deliver actual emission reductions it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-world driving conditions. It was discovered [36] that vehicle manufacturers would optimise emissions performance only for the test cycle, whilst emissions from typical driving conditions proved to be much higher than when tested. Some manufacturers were also found to use so-called defeat devices where the engine control system would recognise that the vehicle was being tested, and would automatically switch to a mode optimised for emissions performance. The use of a defeat device is expressly forbidden in EU law. [25]

An independent study in 2014 used portable emissions measurement systems to measure NOx emissions during real world driving from fifteen Euro 6 compliant diesel passenger cars. The results showed that NOx emissions were on average about seven times higher than the Euro 6 limit. However, some of the vehicles did show reduced emissions, suggesting that real world NOx emission control is possible. [37] In one particular instance, research in diesel car emissions by two German technology institutes found that zero 'real' NOx reductions in public health risk had been achieved despite 13 years of stricter standards (2006 report). [38]

In 2015, the Volkswagen emissions scandal involved revelations that Volkswagen AG had deliberately falsified emission reports by programming engine management unit firmware to detect test conditions, and change emissions controls when under test. The cars thus passed the test, but in real world conditions, emitted up to forty times more NOx emissions than allowed by law. [39] An independent report in September 2015 warned that this extended to "every major car manufacturer", [40] with BMW, and Opel named alongside Volkswagen and its sister company Audi as "the worst culprits", [40] and that approximately 90% of diesel cars "breach emissions regulations". [40] Overlooking the direct responsibility of the companies involved, the authors blamed the violations on a number of factors, including "unrealistic test conditions, a lack of transparency and a number of loopholes in testing protocols". [40]

Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Test RDE (real driving emissions).jpg
Real Driving Emissions (RDE)

In 2017, the European Union introduced testing in real-world conditions called Real Driving Emissions (RDE), using portable emissions measurement systems in addition to laboratory tests. [41] The actual limits will use 110% (CF=2.1) "conformity factor" (the difference between the laboratory test and real-world conditions) in 2017, and 50% (CF=1.5) in 2021 for NOx, [42] conformity factor for particles number P being left for further study. Environment organisations criticized the decision as insufficient, [43] [44] while ACEA mentions it will be extremely difficult for automobile manufacturers to reach such a limit in such short period of time. [45] In 2015 an ADAC study (ordered by ICCT) of 32 Euro 6 cars showed that few complied with on-road emission limits, and LNT/NOx adsorber cars (with about half the market) had the highest emissions. [46] At the end of this study, ICCT was expecting a 100% conformity factor. [47]

NEDC Euro 6b not to exceed limit of 80 mg/km NOx will then continue to apply for the WLTC Euro 6c tests performed on a dynomometer while WLTC-RDE will be performed in the middle of the traffic with a PEMS attached at the rear of the car. RDE testing is then far more difficult than the dynomometer tests. RDE not to exceed limits have then been updated to take into account different test conditions such as PEMS weight (305–533 kg in various ICCT testing [48] ), driving in the middle of the traffic, road gradient, etc.

ADAC also performed NOx emission tests with a cycle representative of the real driving environment in the laboratory. [49] [50] Among the 69 cars tested:

Since 2012, ADAC performs regular pollutant emission tests [51] [52] on a specific cycle in the laboratory duly representing a real driving environment and gives a global notation independent from the type of engine used (petrol, diesel, natural gas, LPG, hybrid, etc.). To get the maximum 50/50 note on this cycle, the car shall emit less than the minimum limit applicable to either petrol or diesel car, that is to say 100 mg HC, 500 mg CO, 60 mg NOx, 3 mg PM and 6×1010 PN. Unlike ambient discourse dirty diesel versus clean petrol cars, the results are much more nuanced and subtle. Some Euro 6 diesel cars perform as well as the best hybrid petrol cars; some other recent Euro 6 petrol indirect injection cars perform as the worst Euro 5 diesel cars; finally some petrol hybrid cars are at the same level as the best Euro 5 diesel cars. [53] [54]

Tests commissioned by Which? from the beginning of 2017 found that 47 out of 61 diesel car models exceed the Euro 6 limit for NOx, although they conform to official standards. [55]

Health impacts

After the postponement in publishing the Euro 7 proposal details by the European Commission some civil society groups (such as the European Respiratory Society and the European Public Health Alliance) said in mid-2022: "Every month that the implementation of Euro 7 is delayed due to the late publication of the proposal, 1 million more polluting cars will be placed on the EU’s road and stay there for decades to come." [56]

CO2 emissions

Within the European Union transport is the biggest emitter of CO2, [57] with road transport contributing about 20%. [58]

Obligatory labelling

The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars [59] is to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy and CO2 emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enable consumers to make an informed choice.

In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in the United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more "consumer-friendly", colour-coded label displaying CO2 emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO2 g/km) to F (186+ CO2 g/km). The goal of the new "green label" is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles. [60]

Other EU member countries are also in the process of introducing consumer-friendly labels.

Obligatory vehicle CO2 emission limits

European Union Directive No 443/2009 set a mandatory average fleet CO2 emissions target for new cars, after a voluntary commitment made in 1998 and 1999 by the auto industry had failed to reduce emissions by 2007. The regulation applies to new passenger cars registered in the European Union and EEA member states for the first time. A carmaker who fails to comply has to pay an "excess emissions premium" for each vehicle registered according with the amount of g/km of exceeded. [61]

EU targets from 2015 to 2030 and historical trend of annual average new fleet CO2 emissions in Norway (2011-2019). Source: Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) Average fleet CO2 emissions Norway.png
EU targets from 2015 to 2030 and historical trend of annual average new fleet CO2 emissions in Norway (2011–2019).
Source: Norwegian Road Federation (OFV)

The 2009 regulation set a 2015 target of 130 g/km for the fleet average for new passenger cars. A similar set of regulations for light commercial vehicles was set in 2011, with an emissions target of 175 g/km for 2017. Both targets were met several years in advance. A second set of regulations, passed in 2014, set a 2021 target of average CO2 emissions of new cars to fall to 95 g/km by 2021, and for light-commercial vehicles to 147 g/km by 2020. [62] [63]

In April 2019, Regulation (EU) 2019/631 was adopted, which introduced CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles for 2025 and 2030. The new Regulation went into force on 1 January 2020, and has replaced and repealed Regulation (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011. [62] [64] The 2019 Regulation set new emission targets relative to a 2021 baseline, with a reduction of the average CO2 emissions from new cars by 15% in 2025, and by 37.5% in 2030. For light-commercial vehicles the new targets are a 15% reduction for 2025 and a 31% reduction for 2030. [63] [65]

Specific emissions targets for passenger cars

To account for different sizes of passenger cars, the specific emissions target for each passenger car is calculated by adjusting the general emissions target by a value proportional to the deviation of the car's mass from the average. This means that the emissions targets for heavier cars are higher than those for lighter cars. In Regulations (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) 2019/631 this relationship between the specific emissions target E and the general emissions target E0 is expressed as E = E0 + a × (M-M0) with the mass of the specific vehicle denoted by M and the average vehicle mass denoted by M0 (approx. 1400 kg). The Regulations determine the factor a as 0.0457 for 2012–2019 and as 0.0333 from 2020 onward. [61] [64]

Pooling

Two or more car manufacturers may form a pool which allows them to meet fleet targets as a group instead of having to meet them individually. The first pool was agreed among Tesla and Fiat Chrysler in 2019, reportedly costing Fiat Chrysler hundreds of millions of Euros. [66]

ZLEV Credit System

The 2019 Regulation also introduced an incentive mechanism or credit system from 2025 onwards for zero- and low-emission vehicles (ZLEVs). A ZLEV is defined as a passenger car or a commercial van with CO2 emissions between 0 and 50 g/km. The regulation set ZLEV sales targets of 15% for 2025 and 35% for 2030, and manufacturers have some flexibility in how they achieve those targets. Carmakers that outperform the ZLEV sales targets will be rewarded with higher CO2 emission targets, but the target relaxation is capped at a maximum 5% to safeguard the integrity of the regulation. [63] [65]

Electrification

Many EU member states have responded to this problem by exploring the possibility of including electric vehicle-related infrastructure into their existing road traffic system, with some even having begun implementation. The UK has begun its "plugged-in-places" scheme which sees funding go to several areas across the UK to create a network of charging points for electric vehicles. [67]

Around the world

Bans

Full-time car bans


Notes

  1. ↑ Gas here refers to natural gas or LPG
  2. 1 2 Gas here refers to natural gas, LPG, or HICEV. It is not guaranteed that bi-fuel vehicles will be running on gas.
  3. 1 2 Electrified here includes mild hybrids, even if many pollute more than some banned cars. Also, a PHEV with a depleted battery is worse than a full hybrid or series hybrid version.

See also

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Emission standards are the legal requirements governing air pollutants released into the atmosphere. Emission standards set quantitative limits on the permissible amount of specific air pollutants that may be released from specific sources over specific timeframes. They are generally designed to achieve air quality standards and to protect human life. Different regions and countries have different standards for vehicle emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exhaust gas</span> Gases emitted as a result of fuel reactions in combustion engines

Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends, or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CE marking</span> European Declaration of conformity mark

The presence of the logo on commercial products indicates that the manufacturer or importer affirms the goods' conformity with European health, safety, and environmental protection standards. It is not a quality indicator or a certification mark. The CE marking is required for goods sold in the European Economic Area (EEA); goods sold elsewhere may also carry the mark.

Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur content. Since 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in Europe and North America has been of a ULSD type.

The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) was a driving cycle, last updated in 1997, designed to assess the emission levels of car engines and fuel economy in passenger cars. It is also referred to as MVEG cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daytime running lamp</span> Vehicle lights

A daytime running lamp is an automotive lighting and bicycle lighting device on the front of a roadgoing motor vehicle or bicycle, automatically switched on when the vehicle's handbrake has been pulled down, when the vehicle is in gear, or when the engine is started, emitting white, yellow, or amber light. Their intended use is not to help the driver see the road or their surroundings, but to help other road users identify an active vehicle.

A driving cycle is a series of data points representing the speed of a vehicle versus time.

Type approval or certificate of conformity is granted to a product that meets a minimum set of regulatory, technical and safety requirements. Generally, type approval is required before a product is allowed to be sold in a particular country, so the requirements for a given product will vary around the world. Processes and certifications known as type approval in English are often called homologation, or some cognate expression, in other European languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuel economy in automobiles</span> Distance traveled by a vehicle compared to volume of fuel consumed

The fuel economy of an automobile relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of fuel consumed. Consumption can be expressed in terms of the volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since the importation of motor fuel can be a large part of a nation's foreign trade, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy. Different methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the chemical energy in the fuel and the kinetic energy of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy braking waste energy.

Various energy conservation measures are taken in the United Kingdom.

The ACEA agreement refers to a voluntary agreement between the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) and the European Commission to limit the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by passenger cars sold in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London low emission zone</span> Traffic air pollution charge scheme

The London Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is an area of London in which an emissions standard based charge is applied to non-compliant commercial vehicles. Its aim is to reduce the exhaust emissions of diesel-powered vehicles in London. This scheme should not be confused with the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), introduced in April 2019, which applies to all vehicles. Vehicles that do not conform to various emission standards are charged; the others may enter the controlled zone free of charge. The low emission zone started operating on 4 February 2008 with phased introduction of an increasingly stricter regime until 3 January 2012. The scheme is administered by the Transport for London executive agency within the Greater London Authority.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quadricycle (EU vehicle classification)</span> EU vehicle category for four-wheeled microcars

The quadricycle is a European Union vehicle category for four-wheeled microcars, which allows these vehicles to be designed to less stringent requirements when compared to regular cars. Quadricycles are defined by limitations in terms of weight, engine power and speed.

Bharat stage emission standards (BSES) are emission standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from compression ignition engines and Spark-ignition engines equipment, including motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

The Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) is a global standard for determining the levels of pollutants, CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of traditional and hybrid cars, as well as the range of fully electric vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volkswagen emissions scandal</span> 2010s diesel emissions scandal involving Volkswagen

The Volkswagen emissions scandal, sometimes known as Dieselgate or Emissionsgate, began in September 2015, when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a notice of violation of the Clean Air Act to German automaker Volkswagen Group. The agency had found that Volkswagen had intentionally programmed turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engines to activate their emissions controls only during laboratory emissions testing, which caused the vehicles' NOx output to meet US standards during regulatory testing. However, the vehicles emitted up to 40 times more NOx in real-world driving. Volkswagen deployed this software in about 11 million cars worldwide, including 500,000 in the United States, in model years 2009 through 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Council on Clean Transportation</span> NGO advice body for clean transportation

The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) is an American multinational non-profit public policy think tank and research institute that provides technical, scientific, and policy analysis to environmental regulators on issues related to environmental, energy, and transportation policy. It is headquartered on K Street in Washington, D.C. and has a regional office in San Francisco, California, both in the United States, with international offices in São Paulo, Brazil; Berlin, Germany; and Beijing, China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diesel emissions scandal</span> Automotive industry scandal

From 2014 onwards, software which manipulated air pollution tests was discovered in vehicles from some car makers; the software recognized when the standardized emissions test was being done, and adjusted the engine to emit less during the test. The cars emitted much higher levels of pollution under real-world driving conditions. Some cars' emissions were higher even though there was no manipulated software.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles</span>

Vehicles that are powered by fossil fuels, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel, kerosene, and fuel oil are set to be phased out by a number of countries. It is one of the three most important parts of the general fossil fuel phase-out process, the others being the phase-out of fossil fuel power plants for electricity generation and decarbonisation of industry.

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