Bushey is a town in the Hertsmere borough of Hertfordshire in the East of England. It had a population of 25,328 in the 2011 census, rising to 28,416 in the 2021 census, an increase of 12.19%. This makes Bushey the second most populated town in Hertsmere. Bushey Heath is a large neighbourhood south east of Bushey on the boundary with the London Borough of Harrow reaching elevations of 165 metres (541ft) above sea level.[2]
Bushey is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086 in the form Bissei. Although there has been some debate,[3] modern, scholarly commentary has concluded that the name originated as a compound of the Old English words bysc ('bush, thicket') and hæg ('enclosure'). Thus it once meant 'enclosure made of bushes'.[4]
History
The first written record of Bushey is its entry in the Domesday Book of 1086, which describes a small agricultural village named 'Bissei' (which later became 'Biss(h)e' and then 'Bisheye' during the 12th century). However, chance archaeological findings of Stone Age tools provide evidence that the area was inhabited as far back as the Palaeolithic period. The town also has links to the Roman occupation of Britain, with the main road running through it being Roman; sites of possible Roman villas being unearthed in the area; and a Roman tessellated pavement was discovered near Chiltern Avenue.[5]
Bushey Heath's story begins in the Napoleonic Wars during a large food shortage. To help solve the problem, the government awarded the waste land to the east of Bushey to Bushey landowners to be used as farming; the land was more generally known as Bushey Common. Whilst the original aim was to produce food, being close to a railway and up to 500ft above sea level with beautiful and broad views made the area attractive for housing developers.
The 19th and 20th centuries marked the time of most change in Bushey, especially between 1860 and 1960. The population rose 28-fold within 200 years, from 856 in 1801, to just under 24,000 today. The expansion was for many reasons, one of the main ones being due to the boom in industry caused by the railway in the early 20th century. A result was that many new jobs were created in and around Watford, and in the early 1920s, Bushey's first council houses were built. More housing was later built for the service families working in defence organisations in Stanmore and Northwood. The expansion eventually died down because much of the land in and around Bushey was protected under the Metropolitan Green Belt after the Second World War.
This same Green Belt legislation was also partly responsible for the abandonment of the pre-war Edgware to Bushey Heath extension as part of the Northern Heights programme of the Northern line underground railway. The Metropolitan Green Belt put great restrictions on new development, and the plan had been to use the new railway to stimulate new housing around the new route; without the new housing the route was deemed no longer viable. However, as work was advanced at the onset of war, the depot was completed for use as bomber manufacture, and following the Second World War and Green Belt coming into force, it was converted into the Aldenham bus depot (of Cliff Richard's Summer Holiday fame), which it remained until 1985, when it became derelict. It was redeveloped in 1996 and is now the Centennial Park Industrial Estate (51°38′24″N0°18′31″W / 51.639954°N 0.308561°W / 51.639954; -0.308561). Bushey Heath station would have been located at the intersection of Elstree Road and Northwestern Avenue (51°38′33″N0°19′12″W / 51.64245°N 0.3200°W / 51.64245; -0.3200). Conceptual plans existed in the 1903 Act of Parliament for an Edgware to Watford railway that would have seen the railway extended at a later date though Bushey village and on to Watford market, but even less came of that than the partially completed Edgware to Bushey Heath stretch. In the 1830s, the London and Birmingham Railway cut through the area between London and Watford though it did not initially serve Bushey. The railway passes to the north west of the town and crosses Bushey Arches Viaduct, an original feature dating from 1837.[6]
The highest point in the historic county of Middlesex was in Bushey Heath on the border between Hertfordshire and Middlesex at the junction of the A4140 and the A409. At 153m (502ft) above sea level, the grid reference was TQ 152937.
Stories, legends and folklore
The lack of farming in Bushey Heath meant that it was a heavily wooded area up to the 18th century; this, added to the lack of street lighting and police, meant that Bushey Heath's history is full of tales of thieves, highwaymen and even murder. According to Grant Longman's Robberies on Bushey Heath, the road from Bushey Heath to Stanmore is said to be where the highwaymen lurked, ready to raid the dozen or so caravans that passed through Bushey Heath daily, carrying money from trade in London. Before venturing through the pass, parties of travellers and merchants would form at the Boot Inn at Edgware and the Three Crowns at Bushey Heath so they did not have to venture through the pass alone. Although one of the highwaymen responsible for the attacks is rumoured to have been the notorious Dick Turpin, evidence suggests that he was in fact more active in the region of Essex.
Historically, Bushey was a parish in the hundred of Dacorum.[8] Bushey was included in the WatfordPoor Law Union from 1835.[9] When the Watford Local Board of Health was established in 1850, its territory included a part of the parish of Bushey where the urban area of Watford crossed the parish boundary.[10] Under the Local Government Act 1894 the Watford Local Board became Watford Urban District, and parishes that straddled urban district boundaries were divided. Bushey parish was therefore split with effect from 4 December 1894 into two parishes: "Bushey Urban" for the part of the parish within Watford Urban District and "Bushey Rural" for the remainder. Bushey Urban did not have its own parish council, being governed directly by Watford Urban District Council. Bushey Rural Parish Council held its first meeting on 2 January 1895 at Merry Hill School, with Edward Fithian being appointed the first chairman of the parish council.[11] The parish of Bushey Rural was included in the Watford Rural District.
On 1 April 1906 the parish of Bushey Rural was renamed "Bushey" and was made an urban district, independent of the Watford Rural District. To avoid confusion, the separate parish of "Bushey Urban" within Watford Urban District was renamed "Oxhey" on the same day.[7] The first meeting of Bushey Urban District Council was held on 16 April 1906 at Merry Hill School, with Richard Prowse being appointed the first chairman.[12] The council built itself new offices and a fire station on Rudolph Road in Bushey, which were completed in 1909.[13]
Many of The Avengers episodes include location shots around the Bushey area, and the latter half of the Confessions of a Driving Instructor is entirely shot on the roads between Elstree and Bushey, finishing in the car dump at 'Bushey Breakers'.
Warren Lake, a duck pond on Bushey Heath, was restored in 1992 after falling into a poor state of repair.
Religion
In 2021, Jews formed a plurality of the population in Bushey Heath ward. A majority (192 of 342) of those who came under 'Other' were Jains.
Area
All people
Christian (%)
Buddhist (%)
Hindu (%)
Jewish (%)
Muslim (%)
Sikh (%)
Other (%)
No religion (%)
Not stated (%)
England and Wales
56,490,048
46.3
0.5
1.8
0.5
6.7
0.9
0.6
36.7
6.0
Bushey
28,416
37.44
0.55
7.69
19.68
4.25
0.39
1.20
22.43
6.36
Schools
The area contains a mix of primary schools and linked infants and junior schools (see schools in Bushey).
The state secondary schools are Queens' School, Bushey Meads School and The Grange Academy, of which the first two generally do well in comparison with other schools in the county. Bushey is also the site of the famous Purcell School, a school for young musicians well known for turning out many successful musicians. It was formerly the Royal Caledonian School. There are also two private girls' schools, St. Hilda's and St Margaret's in the area.
Herkomer's Art School
Hubert Herkomer was a poor immigrant from Bavaria, who grew up in Southampton and studied art in London before moving to Bushey in 1874. His painting and portraits earned him fame and fortune, and he died in 1914 as Sir Hubert von HerkomerRACVO. Herkomer had visited a friend who lived in Bushey in 1873, and returned to rent a pair of cottages and a studio near Melbourne Road. He founded Herkomer's Art School at Bushey in 1883, which, in its 21-year life, attracted some 500 students to the area, including the miniaturist Elsie Higgins. Some of those students stayed after establishing their own studios. Their paintings are on display in the Bushey Museum. A street, Herkomer Road, was named in his memory.
At around 1888, he built Lululaund (51°38′38″N0°21′38″W / 51.643908°N 0.36065°W / 51.643908; -0.36065), a 'Bavarian castle', which was named after his second wife Lulu Griffiths. After being married for only a year she died. Lululaund dominated the Bushey skyline until 1939 when it was almost entirely demolished; a lot of the building was used as hardcore for Bovingdon Airfield, and much of the woodwork and carvings from the castle were burnt.
In 2014 the surviving remnant of Lululaund was converted into luxury apartments.[14][15]
Sir Hubert is mainly remembered as an artist today, but in his time he was a polymath, becoming involved in some of the earliest film productions in Europe, and starting a series of races and time trials for cars in Germany.
In 1904 Herkomer closed his school and sold the building. The school was re-opened in 1905 on the same site by the artist Lucy Kemp-Welch as the Bushey School of Painting. In 1912 Herkomer bought back the school building and demolished it. A rose garden was laid out on the site to a design by T.H. Mawson.[16] It is listed grade II on the Register of Parks and Gardens.[17]
There is a gallery named after Kemp-Welch close to the village church. It is more usually used as a village hall today, with occasional exhibitions such as one in September 2006 by students from the Chelsea College of Art.
Bushey Film Studios in Melbourne Road were originally built by Hubert Herkomer and operated between 1913 and 1985. For much of its existence the studios focused on low-budget productions.
Jewish cemeteries
There are two Jewish cemeteries, Old and New Cemeteries, both active, serving the north-west London Jewish communities.[18] In 2018 an extension was built to provide for 50 further years of interment covering 16 acres (6.5ha) of new landscaping and including prayer halls, offices and mortuary.[19]
Bushey has been twinned with German town Landsberg am Lech in Bavaria (Southern Germany) for its historical link. To Landsberg belonged the native village, Waal, of artist Herkomer detailed above. The towns retain links for mayoral duties and school exchange trips.
The London Borough of Barnet is a local authority area on the northern outskirts of London. The borough was formed in 1965 from parts of the ceremonial counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire. It is the second largest London borough by population with 389,344 inhabitants as of 2021, also making it the 17th largest district in England. The borough covers an area of 86.74 square kilometres (33 sq mi), the fourth highest of the 32 London boroughs, and has a population density of 45.8 people per hectare, which ranks it 25th.
Borehamwood is a town in southern Hertfordshire, England, 13 miles (21 km) from Charing Cross. Borehamwood has a population of 36,322, and is within the London commuter belt. The town's film and TV studios are commonly known as Elstree Studios.
Watford is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England, 15 mi (24 km) northwest of Central London, on the banks of the River Colne.
Potters Bar is a town in Hertfordshire, England, 13 miles (21 km) north of central London. In 2011, it had a population of 21,882. In the 2021 census, the four wards that make up Potters Bar - Bentley Heath & The Royds, Furzefield, Oakmere and Parkfield - had a combined population of 22,536. This includes several smaller outlying hamlets contained in the Bentley Heath & The Royds ward, such as Bentley Heath and Ganwick Corner. In 2022 the population was around 23,325.
Hertsmere is a local government district with borough status in Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Borehamwood. Other settlements in the borough include Bushey, Elstree, Radlett and Potters Bar. The borough contains several film studios, including Elstree Studios and the BBC Elstree Centre at Borehamwood. The borough borders Three Rivers, Watford, St Albans, and Welwyn Hatfield in Hertfordshire and the three north London boroughs of Harrow, Barnet and Enfield. Hertsmere is located mainly within the M25 Motorway.
Edgware is a London Underground station in Edgware, in the London Borough of Barnet, in North London. The station is the northern terminus of the Edgware branch of the Northern line and the next station towards south is Burnt Oak. It is in Travelcard Zone 5.
Hertsmere is a constituency in Hertfordshire, England, represented in the House of Commons since 2015 by Sir Oliver Dowden of the Conservative Party, who is the former deputy prime minister.
Aldenham is a village and civil parish in the borough of Hertsmere in Hertfordshire, England. The parish includes Radlett and Letchmore Heath as well as Aldenham village itself. The village of Aldenham lies 3.5 miles (5.6 km) north-east of Watford and 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Radlett. Aldenham was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and is one of Hertsmere's 14 conservation areas. The village has eight pre-19th-century listed buildings and the parish itself is largely unchanged, though buildings have been rebuilt, since Saxon times when the majority of the land was owned by the abbots of Westminster Abbey.
Potters Bar Urban District was a local government district in England from 1894 to 1974, covering the town of Potters Bar and the village of South Mimms. The district was initially called the South Mimms Rural District, being renamed in 1934.
Elstree and Borehamwood is a civil parish in the Hertsmere district, in Hertfordshire, England. Located approximately 12 miles (19 km) northwest of central London and adjacent to the Greater London boundary, it is an urbanised parish with suburban residential development, some open land and light industry. Elstree and Borehamwood is a recent renaming of the ancient parish of Elstree, covering the settlements of Elstree and Borehamwood. Formed in 1894 as the Elstree Parish Council, the local council is Elstree and Borehamwood Town Council. One of the most populous civil parishes in England, at the 2021 census it had a population of 41,423.
Brockley Hill was a proposed London Underground station that was going to be built at Brockley Hill in north London as part of the 1935-1940 New Works Programme for the London Passenger Transport Board. This station would have been the first of three to be built as part of a 1930s extension project to extend the Northern Line to Bushey Heath. The next stops being Elstree South and Bushey Heath, both would have been near the Aldenham Works, London Transport's main bus overhaul depot.
Elstree South was a proposed London Underground station in Elstree, Hertfordshire. It was designed by Charles Holden. The planned location of the station was adjacent to the A5183, north of the junction with the A41 and where junction 4 of the M1 motorway was subsequently built.
Bushey Heath was a proposed, but unbuilt, London Underground station in Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, England. The planned location of the station was at the junction of the A41 and A411 roads.
Elstree Rural District was a rural district in Hertfordshire, England from 1894 to 1974.
The Watford and Edgware Railway (W&ER) was a company established in the 1860s in the United Kingdom to build a railway between Edgware in North London and Watford, Hertfordshire, via Bushey. Its planned 6.25-mile (10.06 km) route would have extended the railway line which forms part of the present-day Northern line on the London Underground network. Nothing substantial was constructed.
Bushey Museum is in Bushey, Hertfordshire. It was officially opened as a volunteer-run museum in October 1993, having achieved Full Registration with the Museums and Galleries Commission. In the week prior to opening, the Museum won joint first prize in the prestigious Gulbenkian Foundation Awards for the best achievement by museums operating with limited resources. The building, on Rudolph Road in Bushey, had been built in 1909 as the offices of Bushey Urban District Council, and had passed to Hertsmere Borough Council on local government reorganisation in 1974.
Lululaund was the Romanesque Revival-style house and studio of the Bavarian-born British artist Hubert von Herkomer, in Melbourne Road, Bushey, Hertfordshire. It was designed about 1886 and completed by 1894. The house was demolished in 1939.
This page provides brief details of primary schools in the borough of Hertsmere in Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom.
Bushey Rose Garden is a rose garden in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England.
↑ An early theory in Reverend J. B. Johnstone's The Place-Names of England and Wales (London: Murray, 1915) states that it may have meant "Byssa's Isle", and that it started life as a lake-village surrounded by marshes, streams and lakes. It has also been suggested that the name was influenced by Old French boisseie, meaning a 'place covered with wood'. The latter theory could prove more apt, as the town is located in the valleys which extend southwards from the Chiltern Hills, which were once covered in dense forests of oak, elm, ash, hazel and juniper.[citation needed]
↑ The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Based on the Collections of the English Place-Name Society, ed. by Victor Watts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), s.v. Bushey.
Youngs, FA (1991) [1981]. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Vol.1 (of 2). London: Royal Historical Society.
William Page, ed. (1908). "Parishes: Bushey". A History of the County of Hertford: volume 2. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
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