Germans in the United Kingdom

Germans in the United Kingdom
Total population
	Germany-born residents in the United Kingdom: 290,736 – 0.4% ; (2021/22 Census); England: 252,252– 0.4% (2021); Scotland: 23,315 – 0.4% (2022); Wales: 11,114 – 0.4% (2021); Northern Ireland: 4,053 – 0.2% (2021); German citizens/passports held:; 119,354 (England and Wales only, 2021)
Languages
	British English and German
Religion
	Catholicism · Lutheranism · Anglicanism
Related ethnic groups
	Germans in the Netherlands · Dutch Britons · German New Zealanders · Germans in France · Germans in Ireland ↑ Does not include ethnic Germans born in the United Kingdom or those with German ancestry;

Last updated October 24, 2024

Germans in the United Kingdom form one of the largest minority groups in the country. Today, there are many Germans living in the United Kingdom, and many Britons or German British (German: Deutsch-Briten) have German ancestry, including the British royal family. While those born in Germany constitute one of the UK's largest foreign-born groups, many are British nationals, rather than German nationals, who were born in Germany to British military personnel based there.

History

The Anglo-Saxons, who are one of the ancestors and forefathers of modern English people, were a Germanic people who came from northern Germany during the Migration Period and gave name to the modern German state of Lower Saxony and the Anglian peninsula, which is the region from where they came from, making the English people a Germanic people and the English language a Germanic language.

More recent examples include the Hanseatic merchants of the Middle Ages and also the 16th-century Protestant refugees who emigrated to Great Britain to flee the instability caused by the religious wars after the Reformation. By the end of the 17th century, a significant German community had developed, consisting mostly of businessmen, mainly from Hamburg; sugar bakers; and other economic migrants.

In 1709 and 1710, thousands of Germans from the Electorate of the Palatinate, which had been invaded by French forces and suffered a severe winter, also migrated to England. Queen Anne's government had invited them, with the plan to settle them in the North American colonies. Some stayed in the London area.

In 1714, George I, a German Hanoverian prince, ascended to the British throne and founded the British House of Hanover. Every subsequent British monarch until Edward VII, in the 20th century, would take a German spouse.

Edward VII did not take a German spouse, but his wife was a Danish princess of German ancestry. His son would marry a British-born princess of predominantly-German ancestry, and his great-granddaughter Elizabeth II would marry a Greek prince of predominantly-German ancestry.

The British Royal Family retained the German surname Saxe-Coburg-Gotha until 1917, when, in response to anti-German sentiment during the First World War, it legally changed it to the English-sounding Windsor. King George V famously relinquished all his titles he held in Germany, and the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 deprived three British princes (two from the House of Hanover and one from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) of their titles. Even today, the Royal Family is sometimes parodied as being German.

In terms of religion, St Georges, a Lutheran Church dating from 1762/63, is the oldest German church in the UK. The congregation was founded by Dederich Beckmann, a wealthy sugar boiler and cousin of the first pastor. It served as a religious centre for generations of German immigrants who worked in the East End sugar refineries, and meat and baking trades until the First World War. During the Nazi period in Germany, St George's pastor Julius Rieger set up a relief centre for Jewish refugees from Germany, who were provided with references to travel to Britain. The leading theologian and anti-Nazi activist Dietrich Bonhoeffer was also associated with the work of St George's when Bonhoeffer was pastor at the nearby St Paul's church between 1933 and 1935.^[5]

Population and distribution

The 2001 UK Census recorded 266,136 people born in Germany, making them the fourth-largest foreign-born group after Irish, Indians and Pakistanis.^[7] A large proportion of these people are thought to be the children of British military based in Germany at the time of their birth, who have since returned to the UK with their families.^[8]^[9]^[10] Wiltshire, Colchester, North Yorkshire and Aldershot, which are all home to significant army populations, had a combined population of 12,000 born in Germany.^[8]

The 2011 UK Census recorded 262,356 Germany-born residents in England, 11,208 in Wales,^[11] 22,274 in Scotland,^[12] and 3,908 in Northern Ireland.^[13]

The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2013, there were 297,000 people living in the UK who had been born in Germany, but that 189,000 of these were British nationals. The total number of German nationals resident in the UK, regardless of ethnic origin or birthplace, is estimated at 126,000 in 2013.^[14]

Other than in areas with army bases, clusters of people born in Germany are found in West London, particularly around Richmond, where there is a German school.^[8]

Influence

Georg Friedrich Handel lived most of his adult life in England, becoming a British citizen by Act of Parliament. Haendel.jpg — Georg Friedrich Händel lived most of his adult life in England, becoming a British citizen by Act of Parliament.

German Britons and German speakers have contributed to numerous areas in British life, especially in establishing powerful family dynasties. There are also areas and buildings named after famous Germans, such as Holbein Place in Central London, named after the Renaissance painter Hans Holbein the Younger, as well as the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, an independent museum in Bath dedicated to the life and works of the famous astronomer William Herschel, who discovered the planet Uranus in 1781.

In music, George Frideric Handel, one of the greatest composers of the Baroque era in the first half of the 18th century, was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of King George II. He became a subject of the British crown in 1727.

In business and commerce, Germans have also been highly successful. Backes & Strauss, the world's oldest diamond company was founded in 1789 by German businessmen Georg Carl Backes and (later on) Max Strauss. In 1818 Johann Heinrich Schröder founded with his brother, the London-based firm Schroders, today one of the world's largest investment banks. In 1851 Paul Julius Reuter founded the Reuters news agency, now one of the large financial media organisations in the world.

Ekkehard von Kuenssberg was the founder and president of the Royal College of General Practitioners. As far as influential families go, the Freuds (present in the UK today via Emma and Matthew) can trace their roots back to Germany and have the Freud Museum named in honour of family patriarch Sigmund. John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever, founded the Astor dynasty in England. The Battenberg family's roots go back to Prince Louis of Battenberg who became a British subject, and whose immediate descendants were his youngest son Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and his grandson Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and husband of Queen Elizabeth II.

Education

The German School London serves German families in the UK's capital city.

List

Related Research Articles

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Princess Alice of Battenberg was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, mother-in-law of Queen Elizabeth II, and paternal grandmother of King Charles III. After marrying Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark in 1903, she adopted the style of her husband, becoming Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark.

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Julia, Princess of Battenberg, previously Countess Julia von Hauke and Countess of Battenberg, was the wife of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine, the third son of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse.

The Mountbatten family is a British family that originated as a branch of the German princely Battenberg family. The name was adopted by members of the Battenberg family residing in the United Kingdom on 14 July 1917, three days before the British royal family changed its name from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor. This was due to rising anti-German sentiment among the British public during World War I. The name is a direct Anglicisation of the German name Battenberg, which refers to a small town in Hesse. The Battenberg family was a morganatic line of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, itself a cadet branch of the House of Hesse.

The Battenberg family is a non-dynastic cadet branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, which ruled the Grand Duchy of Hesse until 1918. The first member was Countess Julia von Hauke, whose brother-in-law Grand Duke Louis III of Hesse created her Countess of Battenberg in 1851, along with the style of Illustrious Highness (H.Ill.H.), at the time of her morganatic marriage to Grand Duke Louis's brother Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine. The name of the title refers to the town of Battenberg in Hesse. In 1858, the countess' title was elevated to Princess of Battenberg, with the style of Serene Highness (H.S.H.).

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Captain George Louis Victor Henry Serge Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, born Prince George of Battenberg, styled Earl of Medina between 1917 and 1921, was a Royal Navy officer and the elder son of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine.

Alexander Albert Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke was a British Royal Navy officer, a member of the Hessian princely Battenberg family and the last surviving grandson of Queen Victoria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lady Pamela Hicks</span> British aristocrat

Lady Pamela Carmen Louise Hicks is a British aristocrat and relative of the British royal family. She is the younger daughter of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma. Through her father, Lady Pamela is a first cousin of the late Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and a grandniece of the last Empress of Russia, Alexandra Feodorovna. She served as a bridesmaid and later as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II. She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria through her father.

Lord Leopold Arthur Louis Mountbatten was a British Army officer and a descendant of the Hessian princely Battenberg family and the British royal family. A grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known as Prince Leopold of Battenberg from his birth until 1917, when the British royal family relinquished their German titles during World War I, and the Battenberg family changed their name to Mountbatten.

French migration to the United Kingdom is a phenomenon that has occurred at various points in history. The Norman Conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066 resulted in the arrival of Normans, while in the 16th and 17th centuries Protestant Huguenots fled religious persecution to East London. Other waves are associated with monasticism, particularly post-conquest Benedictines and Cistercians, aristocracy fleeing the French Revolution, expulsion of religious orders by Third Republic France, and current expats.

Filipinos in the United Kingdom are British citizens or immigrants who are of Filipino ancestry.

East Asians in the United Kingdom are East Asians living in the United Kingdom. They have been present in the country since the 17th century and primarily originate from countries such as China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. They are called "East Asian" or "Oriental", although – dependent upon the context – the use of the term "Oriental" might be considered by some to be derogatory or offensive. In the 2001 British census, the term Chinese or Other is used.

Americans in the United Kingdom or American Britons are emigrants from the United States who are residents or citizens of the United Kingdom.

Kenyan migration to the United Kingdom has been occurring for many decades. As a result, many people in the UK were born in Kenya, or have Kenyan ancestry. The majority of Kenya-born people who migrated to the UK are of South Asian extraction.

Canadians in the United Kingdom, or Canadian Britons, are people from Canada living in the United Kingdom and their descendants. In 2001 some 72,518 people born in Canada were living in the UK according to the UK census. Of the ten census tracts with the highest Canadian-born populations, nine were in London, with the other being Cambridge West. The Office for National Statistics estimates that, in 2009, 82,000 Canadian-born people were living in the UK. In 2011 this was the third largest community in the Canadian diaspora after Canadians in the United States and Canadians in Hong Kong.

Dutch people in the United Kingdom, also known as Anglo-Dutch people, include British people of Dutch ancestry and people born in the Netherlands who live in the United Kingdom. The 2001 UK Census recorded 40,438 Dutch-born people living in the UK. More recent estimates by the Office for National Statistics put the figure at 56,000 in 2013. The 2011 Census recorded 57,439 Dutch-born residents in England, 1,642 in Wales, 4,117 in Scotland and 515 in Northern Ireland.

Czechs in the United Kingdom refers to the phenomenon of Czech people migrating to the United Kingdom from the Czech Republic or from the political entities that preceded it, such as Czechoslovakia. There are some people in the UK who were either born in the Czech lands or have Czech ancestry, some of whom descended from Jewish refugees who arrived during World War II.

New Zealanders in the United Kingdom are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom who originate from New Zealand.

References

1 2 "TS012: Country of birth (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
↑ "Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals". National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 24 May 2024. '2022' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204'
↑ "MS-A17: Country of birth - intermediate detail". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
↑ "TS005: Passports held". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
↑ German-Language Newspapers and Journals Published in London Since 1810
↑ "Country of birth (extended) and ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
↑ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 2011-05-04. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
1 2 3 "Born abroad: Germany". BBC News. 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
↑ Kyambi, Sarah (2005). Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities. London: Institute for Public Policy Research. ISBN 1-86030-284-X.
↑ Ellis, Amy (2009). "UK resident population by country of birth". Population Trends. 135 (135): 20–28. doi: 10.1057/pt.2009.5 . PMID 19391440. S2CID 11882683.
↑ "2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
↑ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
↑ "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
↑ "Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)". Office for National Statistics. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.

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[1] Does not include ethnic Germans born in the United Kingdom or those with German ancestry

[E&W_CoB22-2] 1 2 "TS012: Country of birth (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

[CountryBirth_22-3] "Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals". National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 24 May 2024. '2022' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204'

[CoB_NI21-4] "MS-A17: Country of birth - intermediate detail". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2023.

[5] "TS005: Passports held". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

[6] German-Language Newspapers and Journals Published in London Since 1810

[7] "Country of birth (extended) and ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

[OECD-8] "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 2011-05-04. Retrieved 2009-10-04.

[Born_abroad-9] 1 2 3 "Born abroad: Germany". BBC News. 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2009-10-04.

[Kyambi-10] Kyambi, Sarah (2005). Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities. London: Institute for Public Policy Research. ISBN 1-86030-284-X.

[Ellis-11] Ellis, Amy (2009). "UK resident population by country of birth". Population Trends. 135 (135): 20–28. doi: 10.1057/pt.2009.5 . PMID 19391440. S2CID 11882683.

[2011cen-12] "2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[13] "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[14] "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[2013_estimates-15] "Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)". Office for National Statistics. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.

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