Wine from the United Kingdom

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A vineyard in Wyken Vineyard at Wyken Hall - geograph.org.uk - 216836.jpg
A vineyard in Wyken
An English wine, produced from vineyards in Kent Chapel Down Flint Dry 2008.jpg
An English wine, produced from vineyards in Kent

The United Kingdom is a major consumer of wine, although a minor grower and producer. Wine production in the UK has historically been perceived as less than ideal due to the cold climate, but warmer summers and grapes adapted to these conditions have played a role in increasing investment and sale of wines. Most is English sparkling wine, from vineyards across Southern England and sparkling wine from Wales where the climate is warmer than that of northern areas. Vineyards are becoming more commonplace in counties such as Essex, Sussex and Kent, where more varieties of wine can be produced due to the drier and warmer climate. [1]

Contents

Geography

Wine from England

A bottle of sparkling rose from Fenny Castle in Somerset Fenny Castle sparkling rose - Sarah Stierch.jpg
A bottle of sparkling rosé from Fenny Castle in Somerset

The chalk limestone soils of Sussex, Kent and other portions of Southern England are suitable for growing the grapes used to produce sparkling wine, and particularly on south-facing slopes, the climate, at least in recent years, is warm enough. [1] At the last official count, the Wine Standards Board reported that there were just over 450 vineyards producing wine throughout England. [2] The largest of these is Chapel Down in Kent, as of mid-2018 when they became the largest winery and vineyard in England. [3]

The most northerly commercially producing vineyard is near Malton, Yorkshire. [7]

"English wine" is also a common generic term used in India meaning "Western spirits".

Wine from Wales

Welsh wine for sale in Cardiff Welsh wine.jpg
Welsh wine for sale in Cardiff

Welsh vineyards were first planted by Romans, and in the 1970s, modern vineyards were planted in South Wales with the intention of creating Welsh wine. Despite a slow start, by 2005 Wales had 20 vineyards, producing 100,000 bottles a year, primarily white wines, but also a few reds. [8] According to the Wine Standards Board, by September 2015, there were 22 operational vineyards in Wales. [9] By 2024, this number had increased to 48.

Scottish wine

In 2015 Scotland's first home-grown wine was produced by Christopher Trotter, in Fife at a vineyard he started in 2012. One merchant described it as sherry-like with "nutty" notes, and thought that it might complement a "very strong cheese". [12] After four successive very difficult wet seasons, he abandoned and uprooted the vineyard in 2018. [13]

British wine

The term British wine is used to describe a drink made in Britain by the fermentation of grape (or any other fruit) juice or concentrate originating from anywhere in the world. It cannot be used for wine in the legal sense, which must be produced from freshly pressed grapes. The most common style is a medium or sweet high-strength wine that is similar to sherry, [14] and was formerly known as British Sherry.

History

Roman era to 19th century

The Romans introduced winemaking to the UK, in a period with a relatively warm climate. Their vineyards were as far north as Northamptonshire and Lincolnshire, with others in Buckinghamshire and Cambridgeshire, and probably many other sites. The wines were most likely fruity and sweet, fermented with added honey, and drunk within six months. [15] Winemaking continued at least down to the time of the Normans, with over 40 vineyards in England mentioned in the Domesday Book; much of it was communion wine for the Eucharist.[ citation needed ]

From the Middle Ages, the English market was the main customer of clarets from Bordeaux, France, helped by the Plantagenet kingdom, which included England and large provinces in France. When Henry VIII was crowned in 1509, 139 vineyards were recorded, 11 of which produced wine for the royal household. In the early 16th century, wine was expensive for most commoners, therefore an Act from 1536 decreed that wine imported from France would have a price ceiling, with those imported from Greece and especially Spain with an even higher maximum selling price, [16] most likely due to its better perceived quality.[ citation needed ]

In the 18th century, the Methuen Treaty of 1703 imposed high duties on French wine. This led to the English becoming a main consumer of sweet fortified wines like sherry, port wine, and Madeira wine from Spain and Portugal. Fortified wine became popular because unlike regular wine, it did not spoil after the long journey from Portugal to England.[ citation needed ]

Just as English wine began to recover from the epidemics of phylloxera and powdery mildew in the mid-19th century, brought back by the explorers of America, commercial English wine was dealt a heavy blow. In 1860 the government, under Lord Palmerston (Liberal), supported free trade and drastically cut the tax on imported wines from 1 shilling to twopence, a decrease of 83%. English wine was therefore outcompeted by superior foreign products that could be sold at a lower cost to the customer.[ citation needed ]

20th century

The twilight of British winemaking tradition was brought to an end with the onset of the First World War, as the need for crops and food, and the rationing of sugar, took priority over wine production. For the first time in 2000 years, English wines were no longer being produced in Britain.[ citation needed ]

In 1936, George Ordish planted vines in Wessex and the South of England. With many individuals keen to produce their own wines from home, and with equipment and methods becoming available, the government outlawed the production of homemade alcohol at the beginning of the 1960s, only to retract the law after five years as the homebrew fashion escalated considerably.[ citation needed ]

Other small commercial vineyards in Britain followed in the 1960s with growers such as Joy and Trevor Bates in Kent, Norman Cowderoy in West Sussex, Nigel Godden in Somerset, Gillian Pearkes in Devon and Philip Tyson-Woodcock in East Sussex. Wales also had George Jones, Lewis Mathias and Margaret Gore-Browne. [17]

Viticulture was revived in the 1970s onwards, possibly helped by a rising local temperature due to global warming, making many parts of Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Berkshire and Cambridgeshire dry and hot enough to grow grapes of high quality. The first English wines were influenced by the sweet German wines like Liebfraumilch and Hock that were popular in the 1970s and were blended white and red sweet wines, called "cream wine" (creams). The largest vineyard in England was Denbies Wine Estate in Surrey, which has 265 acres (1.07 km2) under vines.[ citation needed ]

From a peak of over 400 vineyards in the late 1980s, by 2000 one third of these had given up, but plantings have since accelerated, helped by the growing success of English sparkling wines. In 2004, a panel judging European sparkling wines awarded most of the top ten positions to English wines – the remaining positions going to French Champagnes. Similar results have encouraged an explosion of sparkling wine plantings. English still wines too have begun to pick up awards at big wine competitions, notably Decanter, and the IWSC.[ citation needed ]

Winemaking has spread from the South East and South West and also to the Midlands and North of England, with Yorkshire, Shropshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Lancashire boasting at least one vineyard each as of 2007.[ citation needed ]

21st century

Significant plantings have been made across the south of the country, with a number of farmers contract growing vines for major English producers. Farmers are looking at the potential benefits of growing vines, as the return per tonne for grapes over more traditional crops is substantial. A field of wheat might yield 3 tonnes per acre at around £120 per tonne. Growing grapes could yield 3 to 4 tonnes per acre at around £950 to £1100 per tonne. One concern is that growers need to invest money for no initial return, as crops tend to come in the third or fourth year. Another concern is that grape production in the climate is highly variable: "In England, it is only in about 2 years in every 10 that grape production will be really good, 4 years will be average and 4 years poor or terrible – largely due to weather and/or disease exacerbated by weather."[ citation needed ] However English vineyards share in common European weather patterns, so 2006 was a bumper year, 2007 saw ripe grapes but low volumes, 2008 was very poor, but both 2009 and 2010 were good years. 2011 was average, 2012 dreadful, and 2013 good. [18] Total British cereal production is not so variable. [19]

Another explanation for the growth in viticulture in the UK is the local food movement, and the desire by consumers to cut the amount of food miles connected with the produce that they buy, including locally produced wine.

English wine was given added prestige when the Duchess of Cornwall became the new President of the United Kingdom Vineyards Association on 25 July 2011. [20] In June 2012 there was also a boost for English wine during the celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. [21]

Since Brexit and law change, labeling of geographical origin is no more needed and it is possible to have wine with less the 8,5% of alcohol including wine without alcohol. [22]

Grape varieties

According to the English Wine Producers over 1300 ha had been planted by 2009, and with further major plantings of sparkling wine varieties the total was likely to be in excess of 1500 ha by 2012. As of 2004, Seyval blanc was the most grown variety, with Reichensteiner next, with Müller-Thurgau and then Bacchus following closely behind. However, Müller-Thurgau, which was one of the first to be grown during the 20th century renaissance (see below), has recently lost favour, dropping from 134.64 ha (1st) in 1996 to 81.1 ha (3rd) in 2004. Other widely grown varieties of white grape include Chardonnay, Madeleine Angevine, Schönburger, Huxelrebe and Ortega. Red varieties include Dornfelder, Pinot Meunier and Pinot noir, and a few others, but red grapes tend to be grown less often, with 20,184 hL of white wine and only 5,083 hL of red wine made in 2006. [23] [24] [25]

Consumption

Wine imported into the United Kingdom (thousands of imperial gallons);

1800 - 1910 [26] :148

YearTotal wine imported
18007,472
181010,819
18205,170
18306,880
18409,311
18509,304
186012,475
187017,775
188017,385
189016,194
190016,804
191013,735
Wine consumed in the United Kingdom (millions of gallons);

1920 - 1938 [26] :148

YearTotal wine consumed
192015.0
193116.4
193821.6
Consumption of wine in the United Kingdom;

1960 - 95 [26] :154

YearConsumption
19603.6
19645
19686.5
19717
19727.9
19739.3
197511.3
198017.9
198219.1
198523.5
198725.9
199027.5
199330.2
199532.1

Effect on the British economy

Most of the wine consumed in Britain is imported from other countries, though consumption of English wine is increasing. Production doubled from 1.34 million bottles to 3.17 million from 2008 to 2009, [27] and in 2010 4 million bottles of English wine were produced. [28] By 2018 production had risen to 15.6 million bottles. [29]

British annual production of wine (1989–2020), in millions of litres.
Sources: Wine GB statistics. [30]

Rules of wine labelling

Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) is the top category official category of wine in the UK. PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) is next and then varietal wine. PDO and PGI wines must have a full post bottling analysis and pass a tasting panel (or win an award at a recognised competition). These are established via the UK Vineyards Association (UKVA) and the UK Government's Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). [31]

English sparkling wines are made from grapes grown close to the limit for viticulture. All vineyards are positioned at above 49.9 degrees north leading to long daylight hours in the growing season. The climate is temperate with few summer days above 30 °C. The diurnal temperature range is high.[ citation needed ]

These wines are made from the classic sparkling wine grape varieties. In England these varieties reach full phenolic ripeness at moderate sugar levels and with high acid levels. Wines from this PDO are made entirely from must containing only natural acid. These wines exhibit stronger aromatic flavours of the underlying grape varieties than wines from the same varieties grown at warmer latitudes.[ citation needed ]

The northerly latitude of the vineyards in this PDO creates the long growing season and long daylight hours that are key to the development of strong aromatic flavours. The moderate temperatures lead to the high acidity and low pH which is the backbone of fine sparkling wines.[ citation needed ]

English sparkling wines are made from the following vine varieties:

Where the conditions for the use of the terms "bottle-fermented", "traditional method" or "bottle fermented by the traditional method" have been met, the term "traditional" can be used on the label.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chardonnay</span> Variety of grape mainly used to make wine

Chardonnay is a green-skinned grape variety used in the production of white wine. The variety originated in the Burgundy wine region of eastern France, but is now grown wherever wine is produced, from England to New Zealand. For new and developing wine regions, growing Chardonnay is seen as a 'rite of passage' and an easy entry into the international wine market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sparkling wine</span> Wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union</span> Protected names and designations of agricultural products and foodstuffs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friuli-Venezia Giulia wine</span> Wine made in the northeastern Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luxembourg wine</span> Wine making in Luxembourg

Luxembourg wine is primarily produced in the southeastern part of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, with vineyards overlooking the river Moselle. Along this river, which for 42 km makes up part of the border between Luxembourg and Germany, wine is made in three countries. There is a continuous history of winemaking along Moselle and in Luxembourg going back to Ancient Roman times. Wine production in 2006/07 was 123,652 hectoliter from 1,237 hectares of vineyards. Out of total wine exports of 87,776 hectoliter in 2005/06, 71,726 hectoliter or 82% was exported to nearby Belgium. Exports to Germany were the second largest at 8,168 hectoliter, or 9%, and is to a large extent made up of base wine in bulk for the production of blended Sekt rather than being sold bottled with "Luxembourg" anywhere on the label. Therefore, very little Luxembourg wine is seen outside Luxembourg and Belgium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Champagne</span>

The history of Champagne began when the Romans planted vineyards in this region of northeast France in the 5th century, or possibly earlier. Over centuries, Champagne evolved from being a pale, pinkish still wine to a sparkling wine. When Hugh Capet was crowned King of France in 987 at the cathedral of Reims, he started a tradition that brought successive monarchs to the region—with the local wine being on prominent display at the coronation banquets. The early wine of the Champagne region was a pale, pinkish wine made from Pinot noir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slovak wine</span> Wine making in Slovakia

Slovak wine is produced in the southern part of Slovakia, which is divided into 6 wine-producing areas. Although Slovak wines except Tokaj are not well-known internationally, they are popular domestically and in neighbouring countries. The best wines are produced by medium-sized wineries with their own vineyards, with white wine production being most dominant, including the full range of historic sweet wines - ice wine, straw wine, and botrytized wine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maltese wine</span> Wine making in Malta

Maltese wine dates back over two thousand years to the time of the Phoenicians. In the beginning of the 20th century Marsovin and Emmanuel Delicata wineries were established. In the 1970s wine production became more serious and international grape varieties began to be planted. After joining the European Union in 2004 protective levies were lifted. Locally produced wines with a "DOK" designation are protected designations of origin within the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Tyrol wine</span> Wine produced in South Tyrol, Italy

South Tyrol is an autonomous province located in northeast Italy producing wine. This Austro-Italian wine region is noted for the distinct Austrian influences on the wine industry, due to the region's long history under the rule of Austria-Hungary and Holy Roman Empires.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sussex wine</span> Wine region in the United Kingdom

Sussex wine is wine produced in the historic county of Sussex in southern England, a region divided for administrative purposes into East Sussex and West Sussex. In 2022, Sussex wine gained Protected Designation of Origin status in the European Union's Geographic Indication scheme. This followed the granting of protected regional status by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">English sparkling wine</span>

English sparkling wine is sparkling wine from England, typically produced to the traditional method and mostly using the same varieties of grapes as used in Champagne – Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier. English sparkling wine producers often employ Champagne terminology to describe the styles of their wine, such as "Classic Cuvée", "Blanc de Blancs" or "Demi-Sec".

References

  1. 1 2 Asimov, Eric (22 April 2011). "Royal Wedding Wine May Be Bubbly and English". The New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2011. southern England has become a source of excellent sparkling wines, made in the illustrious mode of Champagne.
  2. ↑ The Wine Standards Board's Report on English and Welsh Wine – February 2006
  3. ↑ "Chapel Down to create 'largest vineyard' in England – BBC News". BBC News. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  4. ↑ English wine — Protected designation of origin (PDO) (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  5. ↑ English regional wine — Protected designation of origin (PGI) (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  6. ↑ "Product specification for Sussex" (PDF). UK Government. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  7. ↑ Wainwright, Martin (26 September 2003). "Vintage year for Leeds vineyard". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  8. ↑ Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Baines, M. Vineyards (Online ed.). The Welsh Academy encyclopedia of Wales.
  9. ↑ "UK Vineyard Register: Full list of commercial vineyards, Updated September 2015" (PDF). food.gov.uk/. 19 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Welsh wine — Protected designation of origin (PDO) (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  11. ↑ Welsh regional wine — Protected designation of origin (PGI) (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  12. ↑ Leatham, Xanthes (13 July 2015). "Scotland's first home-grown wine 'undrinkable'". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  13. ↑ Horne, Marc (9 July 2018). "Ex-winemaker is not toasting the summer". The Times. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  14. ↑ English-wine.com – English or Welsh but not "British"!
  15. ↑ Keys, David (16 November 1999). "Veni, vidi, viticulture – remains of Roman vineyards found in UK". The Independent . Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  16. ↑ Ridley, Jasper Godwin (2002). A brief history of the Tudor age. London: Robinson. p. 156. ISBN   9781472107954.
  17. ↑ UK Vineyards Guide by Stephen Skelton MW P70 ISBN   0951470337
  18. ↑ Tarr, Robert. "The History of English Wine" . Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  19. ↑ "Cereals and oilseed rape production". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK). Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  20. ↑ "Royal President for UK Vineyards Association". Press Release. United Kingdom Vineyards Association. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  21. ↑ Emmas, Carol (7 June 2012). "Boost for English wine around Jubilee". Harpers Wine & Spirit Trades Review. William Reed Business Media. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  22. ↑ Vin anglais : les maëstrichtiens devront boire la coupe du Brexit jusqu'à la lie, Le vin anglais s’émancipe du carcan des lois et règlements de l’Union européenne, Thierry Martin, 13 Nov 2023 https://www.latribune.fr/opinions/tribunes/vin-les-maestrichtiens-devront-boire-la-coupe-du-brexit-jusqu-a-la-lie-983059.html
  23. ↑ English wine producers – Grapes info. (Retrieved 16 August 2007).
  24. ↑ English wine producers – Production statistics. (Retrieved 16 August 2007).
  25. ↑ UK Vines – Grapes. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
  26. 1 2 3 Burnett, Proffessor John; Burnett, John (2012). Liquid Pleasures: A Social History of Drinks in Modern Britain. doi:10.4324/9780203019856. ISBN   9780203019856.
  27. ↑ Wallop, Harry (3 May 2010). "English wine production doubles to 3 million bottles". The Daily Telegraph . London.
  28. ↑ Gluck, Malcolm (12 May 2011). "Will this be English wine's best ever year?". The Guardian. London.
  29. ↑ "Record 15.6m bottles of wine produced in England and Wales last year". The Drinks Business. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  30. ↑ "Industry Data and Statistics". WineGB. Wines of Great Britain. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  31. ↑ "English Wine – Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)" (PDF). The UK Government's Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). December 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.

Bibliography

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