Telecommunications in the United Kingdom

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Telecommunications in the United Kingdom have evolved from the early days of the telegraph to modern fibre broadband and high-speed 5G networks. [1]

Contents

History

Company logo on porch of 17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham (former Central exchange) Bell Edison logo.jpg
Company logo on porch of 17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham (former Central exchange)

National Telephone Company (NTC) was a British telephone company from 1881 until 1911, which brought together smaller local companies in the early years of the telephone. Under the Telephone Transfer Act 1911 it was taken over by the General Post Office (GPO) in 1912. [2] [3]

The telephone service in the United Kingdom was originally provided by private companies and local city councils, but by 1912–13 [4] all except the telephone service of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire and Guernsey had been bought out by the General Post Office. Post Office Telephones also operated telephone services in Jersey and the Isle of Man until 1969 when the islands took over responsibility for their own postal and telephone services. Post Office Telephones was reorganised in 1980–81 [5] as British Telecommunications ( British Telecom , or BT), and was the first nationalised industry to be privatised by the Conservative government. The civil telecoms monopoly ended when Mercury Communications arrived in 1983.

Broadcasting of radio and television was a duopoly of the BBC and Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA): these two organisations controlled all broadcast services, and directly owned and operated the broadcast transmitter sites. Mobile phone and Internet services did not then exist. Broadcast transmitters, which belonged to the BBC and IBA, were privatised during the 1990s and now belong to Babcock International and Arqiva. [6]

British Rail Telecommunications was created in 1992 by British Rail (BR). It was the largest private telecoms network in Britain, consisting of 17,000 route kilometres of fibre optic and copper cable which connected every major city and town in the country and provided links to continental Europe through the Channel Tunnel. [7] BR also operated its own national trunked radio network providing dedicated train-to-shore mobile communications, and in the early 1980s BR helped establish Mercury Communications', now C&WC, core infrastructure by laying a resilient 'figure-of-eight' fibre optic network alongside Britain's railway lines, spanning London, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester.

Regulation of communications has changed many times during the same period, and most of the bodies have been merged into Ofcom, the independent regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries. [8]

Infrastructure

The different submarine internet cables are represented in colors over a map of Europe. Existing and Planned Submarine Cables Connected to Europe October 2022.png
The different submarine internet cables are represented in colors over a map of Europe.

Domestic trunk infrastructure

All communications trunks are now digital. Most are carried via national optical fibre networks. There are several companies with national fibre networks, including BT, Level 3 Communications, Virgin Media, Cable & Wireless, Easynet and Thus. Microwave links are used up to the 155  Mbit/s level, but are seldom cost-effective at higher bit rates.[ citation needed ]

International trunks

The UK is a focal point for many of the world's submarine communications cables, which are now mostly digital optical fibre cables. [9]

Broadcast transmission

Arqiva provide services for content contribution, coding and multiplexing, distribution to the transmitter sites as well as maintaining the national transmitter network itself for television. [10]

The Belmont Transmitter Mast seen at night. Belmont Transmitter Mast at night - geograph.org.uk - 3254782.jpg
The Belmont Transmitter Mast seen at night.

Arqiva's radio network transmits 380 analogue and 300 digital radio stations across the UK via 1,450 radio transmitter sites. [11] They operate the two commercial national multiplexes – Digital One and Sound Digital – and provide transmission services to the BBC for their national DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) multiplex as well as spectrum planning expertise for small-scale DAB license applicants. They also provide managed transmission services (MTS) and network access (NA) services for both analogue and digital channels from over 1,450 sites across the UK and they also provide contribution, coding and multiplexing and distribution for national and local DAB multiplexes. [12]

Services

Television and radio broadcasting

Radio

In 1998, there were 663 radio broadcast stations: 219 on AM, 431 on FM and 3 on shortwave. There were 84.5 million radio receiver sets (1997). Today[ when? ] there are around 600 licensed radio stations in the UK.[ citation needed ]

Television

Currently, the United Kingdom has a collection of free-to-air, free-to-view and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are hundreds of channels for consumers as well as on-demand content.

Since 24 October 2012, all television broadcasts in the United Kingdom have been in a digital format, following the end of analogue transmissions in Northern Ireland. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial, satellite and cable, as well as over IP.

Internet

The country code top-level domain for United Kingdom web pages is .uk . Nominet UK is the .uk. Network Information Centre and second-level domains must be used.

At the end of 2004, 52% of households (12.6 million) were reported to have access to the internet (Source: Office for National Statistics Omnibus Survey). broadband connections accounted for 50.7% of all internet connections in July 2005, [13] with one broadband connection being created every ten seconds. [14] Broadband connections grew by nearly 80% in 2004. In 1999, there were 364 Internet service providers (ISPs). Public libraries also provide access to the internet, sometimes for a fee.

In 2017, 90% of households were reported to have access to an internet connection. This percentage shows an increase in internet access from 80% in 2012 and 61% in 2007. [15]

Mobile telephony

Mobile phone networks

Timeline
Vodafone
Cellnet
BT Cellnet
O2
Mercury One2One
One2One
T-Mobile
Orange
EE
Three
│
1985
│
1987
│
1989
│
1991
│
1993
│
1995
│
1997
│
1999
│
2001
│
2003
│
2005
│
2007
│
2009
│
2011
│
2013
│
2015
│
2017
│
2019
│
2021
│
2023
│
2025
RankLogoOperatorTechnologySubscribers

(in millions)

OwnershipMCC / MNC
1
O2.svg
O2 900 MHz GSM (GPRS, EDGE)

900/2100 MHz UMTS, HSPA, HSPA+, DC-HSPA+ 700/800/900/1800/2100 MHz LTE, LTE-A

2300/2600 MHz TD-LTE 700/900/2100/2300/3500 MHz 5G NR

VoLTE, VoWiFi, AML

23.5 (Q3 2024) [16]

(Includes Giffgaff)

 Virgin Media O2

(50% Telefonica, 50% Liberty Global)

23410
2
EE logo.svg
EE 1800 MHz GSM (GPRS, EDGE)

700/800/1800/2100/2600 MHz LTE, LTE-A 700/1800/2100/2600/3500 MHz 5G NR

VoLTE, VoWiFi, AML, RCS

20.9 (Q3 2024) [17]

(Includes BT Mobile)

 BT Group 23430 and 23433
3
Vodafone logo 2017.png
Vodafone 900 MHz GSM (GPRS, EDGE)

800/900/1500/1800/2100/2600 MHz LTE, LTE-A 2600 MHz TD-LTE

900/2100/3500 MHz 5G NR VoLTE, VoWiFi, AML

18.5 (Q3 2024) [18]

(Includes VOXI)

 Vodafone Group plc 23415
4
Three logo.svg
Three 700/800/1500/1800/2100 MHz LTE, LTE-A

700/2100/3500 MHz 5G NR VoLTE, VoWiFi, AML

10.9 (Q3 2024) [19]

(Includes SMARTY)

 CK Hutchison Holdings 23420

First generation networks

  • Cellnet was originally jointly owned by British Telecom and Securicor. BT eventually bought out Securicor's stake. The network became BT Cellnet and was then demerged to become O2. [20]

Both companies ran ETACS analogue mobile phone networks.

2G

2G is being phased out and replaced with 4G and 5G. The four mobile network operators have agreed to switch off their 2G networks by 2033. [21]

3G

The four 2G companies all won 3G licences in a competitive auction, as did a new entrant known as Hutchison 3G, which branded its network as 3.

3G networks were rolled-out during the early 2000s. They made it possible to access the internet through a mobile phone for the first time. [22]

Mobile network operators are in the process of switching off their 3G networks. EE, [23] Vodafone [24] and Three [25] have completed their switch-offs, with O2 expected to follow in 2025, starting with the City of Durham in April. [26]

4G

4G/Long-term evolution (LTE) services are extensive. EE launched their 4G network in October 2012, using part of their existing 1800 MHz spectrum. O2 launched its 4G network on 29 August 2013, initially in London, Leeds and Bradford with a further 13 cities added by the end of 2013. [27] Vodafone commenced its 4G services on 29 August 2013, initially in London with 12 more cities added by the end of 2013. [28] Three commenced 4G services in London, Birmingham, Manchester, Reading, Wolverhampton and the Black country in December 2013 albeit with a limited number of subscribers to evaluate its implementation. Full rollout to remaining subscribers commenced on 5 February 2014 on a phased basis via a silent SIM update. [29] As a condition of acquiring part of EE's 1800MHz spectrum for 4G use, Three were unable to use it until October 2013. [30] [31]

5G

5G is currently being rolled-out by mobile network operators. The first commercial networks went live in major UK cities in 2019. [32]

EE was the first to launch their 5G network, initially in London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Belfast, Birmingham and Manchester on 30 May 2019, [33] followed by Vodafone in Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool and London on 3 July 2019. [34] Three launched their 5G service on 19 August 2019, initially for broadband customers in London. [35] O2 was the last network to launch a 5G network; the rollout of which began in October 2019, starting with Belfast, Cardiff, Edinburgh, London, Slough and Leeds. [36]

Numbers

When mobile cellular networks were first rolled out, there were various numbers beginning 03 through 09 in use, these being interspersed between the various existing geographic area codes. As part of the Big Number Change, all mobile (as well as pager and personal) numbers were brought together under the 07 range. The table below shows the initial ranges of numbers that were allocated as part of the new 07 range, which began on 30 September 1999. [37]

Original 07- mobile number allocations (by 30 September 1999)
O2

(formerly Cellnet)

VodafoneEE

(formerly Orange and One2One)

07701 07702 07703 07710 07711 07712 07713 07714 07715 07719 07730 07740 07750

07801 07802 07803 07808 07809 07850 07860 07885 07889

07721 07741 07747 07760 07767 07768 07769 07770 07771 07774 07775 07776 07778 07780 07785 07787 07788 07798

07818 07831 07833 07836 07867 07879 07880 07881 07887 07899 07901 07979

07909 07990

07773 07779 07790

07800

07966 07967 07968 07971 07973 07974 07976 07977 07980 07989

Mobile phone services

There are four mobile network operators in the United Kingdom - O2, EE, Vodafone, and Three.

The number of active mobile subscriptions (excluding M2M) was 89.6 million at the end of Q2 2024, up 2.1 million (2.4%) from the year before. [38]

In 2011 there were 82 million subscriptions in the UK. [39] There were 76 million in 2008 [40] and 55 million in January 2005.

All of the mobile network operators sell mobile phone services directly. In addition, there are a large number of mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). Examples include Tesco Mobile, spusu, Lebara, and SMARTY.

Fixed telephony

Landlines

BT is still the main provider of fixed telephone lines [41] and it has a universal service obligation, although companies can contract Openreach to install a phone line on their behalf, rather than telling the customer to get BT to install it, then transfer over.[ citation needed ]

Sky is the second biggest player in the residential telephone line market. [41] Other companies provide fixed telephone services such as Virgin Media, Vodafone and EE. [41]

In Q2 2024, the total number of fixed voice lines (including PSTN, ISDN and VoIP) was 25.4 million, a fall of 2.6% compared to the previous year. Total fixed-originated call volumes decreased by 1.22 billion minutes (21.5%) to 4.46 billion minutes. [42]

The switched telephone network (both PSTN and ISDN) is due to be turned off on 31 January 2027, after customers are moved to voice over IP services. [43] [44]

Numbering

There is a set numbering plan for phone numbers within the United Kingdom, which is regulated by the Office of Communications (Ofcom), which replaced the Office of Telecommunications (Oftel) in 2003. Each number consists of an area code – one for each of the large towns and cities and their surroundings – and a subscriber number – the individual number.

Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies

See also

Related Research Articles

BT Group plc is a British multinational telecommunications holding company headquartered in London, England. It has operations in around 180 countries and is the largest provider of fixed-line, broadband and mobile services in the UK, and also provides subscription television and IT services.

The services of communication in Jersey comprise Internet, telephone, broadcasting and postal services, which allow islanders to contact people and receive information.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3G</span> Third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology

3G is the third generation of cellular network technology, representing a significant advancement over 2G, particularly in terms of data transfer speeds and mobile internet capabilities. While 2G networks, including technologies such as GPRS and EDGE, supported limited data services, 3G introduced significantly higher-speed mobile internet, improved voice quality, and enhanced multimedia capabilities. Although 3G enabled faster data speeds compared to 2G, it provided moderate internet speeds suitable for general browsing and multimedia content, but not for high-definition or data-intensive applications. Based on the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 3G supports a range of services, including voice telephony, mobile internet access, video calls, video streaming, and mobile TV.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eir (telecommunications)</span> Irish telecommunication company

Eircom Limited, trading as Eir, is a large fixed, mobile and broadband telecommunications company in Ireland. The company, which is currently incorporated in Jersey, traces its origins to Ireland's former state-owned monopoly telecommunication provider Telecom Éireann and its predecessors, P&T and before the foundation of the state, the telecommunications division of the GPO. It remains the largest telecommunications operator in Ireland and has overseas operations focused on the business and corporate telecom markets in the United Kingdom. The company was in majority state ownership until 1999, when it was privatised through a flotation on the Irish and New York Stock Exchanges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4G</span> Broadband cellular network technology

4G is the fourth generation of cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and designed to support all-IP communications and broadband services, enabling a variety of data-intensive applications. A 4G system must meet the performance requirements defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in IMT Advanced. 4G supports a range of applications, including enhanced mobile internet access, high-definition streaming, IP telephony, video conferencing, and the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vodafone Ireland</span> Irish telecommunication company

Vodafone Ireland Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Vodafone Group, is a mobile phone network, broadband and TV provider in Ireland. It was created when the Vodafone Group bought Eircell, the mobile arm of Telecom Éireann. As of September 2019, Vodafone has 26% of broadband subscribers, and 43% of mobile phone subscribers.

Vodafone Limited,, trading as Vodafone UK, is a British telecommunications company, owned by Vodafone Group, the world's eighth-largest telecommunications company. Vodafone is the third-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with 18.4 million subscribers as of November 2024, after O2 and EE, followed by Three. The country's first cellular phone call was made on the Vodafone network in 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tele2</span> Multinational telecommunications company

Tele2 AB is a provider of mobile and fixed connectivity, telephony, data network services, TV, streaming and global Internet of things services, amongst others, to consumers and enterprises. It is headquartered in Kista Science City, Stockholm, Sweden. It is a major mobile network operator in Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The company initially founded Tele2 Russia, but later sold all its operations, later rebranding and changing the name to "t2".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Síminn</span> Icelandic telecommunications company

Síminn hf., previously named Landssíminn and Póstur og Sími, is an Icelandic telecommunications company. It offers communication services for both private and corporate clients, including mobile (2G/3G/4G/5G), landline (VoIP/POTS), Internet (ADSL/VDSL/FTTH) and IPTV services. Síminn also operates multiple TV channels and streaming services. Síminn is listed on the Icelandic stock exchange.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vodafone Italy</span> Italian telecommunications company

Vodafone Italy is an Italian telecommunications company owned by Swisscom though Fastweb + Vodafone. The company's headquarters are in Ivrea (TO) and Milan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange UK</span> 1994–2010 UK mobile network operator and ISP

Orange UK was a mobile network operator and internet service provider in the United Kingdom, launched in 1994. It was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index but was purchased by France Télécom in 2000, which then adopted the Orange brand for all its other mobile communications activities. Orange UK merged with Deutsche Telekom's T-Mobile UK to form a joint venture, EE in 2010. EE continued to operate the Orange brand until February 2015, when new connections and upgrades on Orange tariffs were withdrawn. Existing Orange customers could continue on their plans until March 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BT Consumer</span> Retail division of BT Group

BT Consumer is the main retail division of United Kingdom telecommunications company BT Group that provides fixed-line, mobile, broadband and digital television to consumers in the UK. It buys access to some of these services from BT's other divisions: Openreach and EE. It is the largest consumer fixed-line and broadband ISP in the UK.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3 (company)</span> Global telecommunications brand

Hutchison 3G Enterprises S.A.R.L., commonly known as Hutchison 3G and trading as 3 (Three), is the owner of a brand name that operates several mobile phone networks and broadband Internet providers in Hong Kong, Macau, Austria, Denmark, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">O2 (UK)</span> British telecommunications provider

Telefónica UK Limited, trading as O2 (stylised as O2), is a British telecommunications services provider, headquartered in Reading, England which operates under the O2 brand. It is owned by VMED O2 UK Limited, a 50:50 joint venture between Telefónica and Liberty Global. O2 is the UK's largest mobile network operator, with about 23.4 million subscribers as of October 2024.

EE is a British mobile network operator and internet service provider, and a brand of BT Consumer, a division of BT Group. It was established in 2010 and is the second-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with 21.2 million customers as of September 2022.

3G mobile telephony was relatively slow to be adopted globally. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies, especially so to achieve high data transmission rates. Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially for UMTS, whose deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and difficulties with deployment, many carriers delayed acquisition of these updated capabilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SmarTone</span>

SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited (0315.HK), listed in Hong Kong since 1996 and a subsidiary of Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited, is a leading telecommunications provider with operating subsidiaries in Hong Kong, offering voice, multimedia and mobile broadband services, as well as fixed fibre broadband services for both consumer and corporate markets. SmarTone spearheaded 5G development in Hong Kong since May 2020, with the launch of its territory-wide 5G services. SmarTone is also the first in Hong Kong to launch Home 5G Broadband service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Three UK</span> British communications provider

Hutchison 3G UK Limited, trading as Three UK, is a British telecommunications company based in Reading, England. It is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of CK Hutchison Holdings, a limited liability Cayman Islands company registered and listed in Hong Kong. Three is the fourth-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with about 10.9 million subscribers as of November 2024.

References

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  22. ↑ "3G and 2G switch-off: Our expectations of mobile providers". 2 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  41. 1 2 3 Technology Tracker 2024 Data Tables (PDF), Ofcom, 16 July 2024, p. 119
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Bibliography

Further reading

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