Russell Group

Last updated

Russell Group
Formation1994;30 years ago (1994)
TypeAssociation of United Kingdom-based universities
Headquarters50/60 Station Road
Cambridge
CB1 2JH [1]
Region served
United Kingdom
Membership
24:
Key people
  • Tim Bradshaw
    (chief executive)
  • Chris Day [2]
    (chair 2023–2026)
Website russellgroup.ac.uk OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in Cambridge and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to government and Parliament. It was incorporated in 2007. [3] Its members are often perceived as being the UK's best universities, but this has been disputed. [4]

Contents

As of 2017, Russell Group members receive over three-quarters of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom. [5] Russell Group members award 60% of all doctorates gained in the United Kingdom. [5] In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, Russell Group universities accounted for 65% of all world-leading (4*) research conducted in the UK, and 91% of the Russell Group's research was judged to be world-leading (4*) or internationally excellent (3*). [6] In the 2023 Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), of the 20 English Russell Group universities which were assessed, 7 hold gold awards (35%) and 13 silver (65%). This compares to proportions across 128 higher education institutions of which 29% hold gold, 62% silver, and 9% bronze. [7] Their graduates hold 61% of all UK jobs that require a university degree, despite being only 17% of all higher education graduates. [8] [9]

The Russell Group is named after the location of the first informal meetings of the Group, which took place at the Hotel Russell in Russell Square, London. [10]

History

The Russell Group of universities was formed in 1994 by 17 British research universities – Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Imperial College London, Leeds, Liverpool, London School of Economics, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, Southampton, University College London and Warwick, who originally met at Hotel Russell shortly before meetings of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now Universities UK) in nearby Tavistock Square, close to the University of London buildings and, particularly, Senate House. [10] [11] With the exception of Warwick (established in the 1960s), the founder members of the group were all universities or university colleges prior to World War I, including most of Britain's ancient universities and "redbrick universities". In 1998, Cardiff University and King's College London joined the group. [12]

In March 2001, the Russell Group decided against selecting a preferred option for the future funding of higher education, stating that endowments, a graduate contribution, increased public funding and top-up fees should all remain options. [13] In December 2005, it was announced that the Russell Group would be appointing its first full-time director-general as a result of a planned expansion of its operations, including commissioning and conducting its own policy research. [14] In November 2006, Queen's University Belfast was admitted as the twentieth member of the group. [15] In the same month Wendy Piatt, the then deputy director in the Prime Minister's strategy unit, was announced as the group's new Director General and chief executive. [15]

In March 2012, it was announced that four universities – Durham, Exeter, Queen Mary University of London; and York – would become members of the Russell Group in August of the same year. [10] All of the new members had previously been members of the 1994 Group of British universities. [10]

In January 2013, it was announced that the Russell Group would establish an academic board to advise the English exams watchdog Ofqual on the content of A-Levels. [16] In 2019 the group launched a website "Informed Choices" to advise school children on which A-level subject choices were useful for various degree courses, replacing an earlier teachers' guide of the same name from 2011 that had identified a list of "facilitating subjects'. [17] [18]

Organisation

Objectives

The Russell Group states that "its aim is to help ensure that our universities have the optimum conditions in which to flourish and continue to make social, economic and cultural impacts through their world-leading research and teaching." [3]

It works towards this by lobbying the UK government and parliament; commissioning reports and research; creating a forum in which its member institutions can discuss issues of common concern; and identify opportunities for them to work together.

Leadership

The Russell Group is led by Chief Executive Tim Bradshaw and chaired by Chris Day, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Newcastle. [2]

Russell Group chairs 2000–2026
NameDatesInstitution
Sir Colin Lucas 2000–2003Oxford
Professor Sir Michael Sterling 2003–2006Birmingham
Professor Sir Malcolm Grant 2006–2009UCL
Professor Sir Michael Arthur 2009–2012Leeds
Professor Sir David Eastwood 2012–2015Birmingham
Professor Sir David Greenaway 2015–2017Nottingham
Professor Sir Anton Muscatelli 2017–2020Glasgow
Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell 2020–2023Manchester
Professor Chris Day 2023–2026Newcastle

Members

The Russell Group currently has twenty-four members, [11] of which twenty are from England, two from Scotland, and one from each of Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the English members, five are from Greater London; three from the Yorkshire and the Humber region; two from each of the North East, North West, West Midlands, South West and South East regions; and one from each of the East Midlands and East regions. Four Russell Group members are constituent colleges of the University of London and a fifth London institution, Imperial College London, was part of the University of London until 2007.

The table below gives the members of the group, along with when they joined, their student and staff numbers, and their latest Teaching Excellence Framework overall rating (non-English universities were not assessed).

University [19] Year of joiningUndergraduate students (2021/22) [20] Postgraduate students (2021/22) [20] Total students (2021/22) [20] Total academic staff (2021/22) [21] TEF award [22]
Shield of the University of Birmingham.svg University of Birmingham 199425,15012,84037,9904,100Silver†
Shield of the University of Bristol.svg University of Bristol 199423,0558,42531,4853,595Silver
Coat of Arms of the University of Cambridge.svg University of Cambridge 199413,6458,96022,6106,130Gold*
Shield of the University of Cardiff.svg Cardiff University 199823,76510,22033,9853,400
Durham shield.png Durham University 201217,3954,83522,2302,310Silver
University of Edinburgh arms.svg University of Edinburgh 199426,00015,24541,2507,725
University of Exeter arms.svg University of Exeter 201223,7558,71032,4653,585Gold*
Shield of the University of Glasgow.svg University of Glasgow 199423,46019,52042,9805,255
Shield of Imperial College London.svg Imperial College London 199411,7409,73021,4704,440Gold
Shield of King's College London.svg King's College London 199823,22518,27041,4905,715Silver
Shield of the University of Leeds.svg University of Leeds 199427,01510,17537,1903,760Silver†
Shield of the University of Liverpool.svg University of Liverpool 199422,2656,41528,6803,110Gold
London School of Economics Coat of Arms.svg London School of Economics 19945,5757,40012,9751,830Silver
Shield of the University of Manchester.svg University of Manchester 199430,90015,50546,4105,280Silver
University of Newcastle Coat of Arms.svg Newcastle University 199420,7606,52027,2803,030Silver†
Shield of the University of Nottingham.svg University of Nottingham 199428,6908,57037,2603,540Silver
Coat of arms of the University of Oxford.svg University of Oxford 199415,68511,61027,2906,945Gold*
Queen Mary, University of London Crest-2.png   Queen Mary University of London 201217,4308,61526,0453,300Silver†
Queen's University Belfast arms.svg Queen's University Belfast 200617,9707,32525,2952,045
Shield of the University of Sheffield.svg University of Sheffield 199420,04010,82030,8603,610Silver
Shield of the University of Southampton.svg University of Southampton 199415,1108,68523,7952,600Silver
UCL Crest.svg University College London 199423,80023,03046,8309,585Silver
Shield of the University of Warwick.svg University of Warwick 199418,9559,87028,8253,160Gold*
University of York coat of arms.svg University of York 201215,3508,07023,4202,295Gold

Notes:
Member institution of the University of London, awarding its own degrees
* Achieved 'Gold' rating in all three categories of the assessment
Achieved overall 'Silver' rating with one category rated 'Bronze'

Status

Research

In 2022/23, following the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), the English universities of the Russell Group saw their share of recurring research funding from Research England drop by 2.71 percentage points from the 2021/22 funding (based on the previous 2014 REF) to 68.21 per cent, although most institutions saw a rise in actual funding levels due to an overall increase in funding. The top 19 English institutions in terms of funding continued to all be from the Russell Group, with the top 20 being rounded off, as before, by Lancaster. The LSE was, as in previous REF rounds, the exception, ranking 31st in terms of funding (down from 23rd in 2021/11) and seeing a nine per cent fall (£1.7 million) in its allocation. [23]

In 2015/16, following the 2014 REF, the 19 English universities with HEFCE research funding allocations (excluding transitional funding) in excess of £20 million were all members of the Russell Group. The only English Russell Group institution to receive an allocation below £20 million was the LSE (£18.6 million), which ranked 22nd behind the Universities of Leicester and Lancaster (both on £19 million). [24]

In 2010/11, 19 of the 20 UK universities with the highest income from research grants and contracts were members of the Russell Group. [25] In terms of total research funding allocations from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in 2007/8, the top 15 universities were all Russell Group institutions. [26] LSE was 21st, due to its focus on less costly social sciences research. Queen's University Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow and Edinburgh, were not included in this table, as they are not English institutions. The Russell Group institutions received 82% of the total HEFCE research funding allocation. [26]

The research funding figures depend on factors other than the quality of research, in particular there are variations due to institutional size and subject spread (e.g. science, technology and medicine tend to attract more money).

In 2008, 18 of the then 20 members were positioned in the top 20 of Research Fortnight's Research Assessment Exercise 'Power' Table. The other two places were occupied by Durham University and Queen Mary University of London, which were not then Russell Group members but have since joined. The two Russell Group institutions outside the top 20 were QUB (21st) and the LSE (27th), while the other two universities to have since joined were York (22nd) and Exeter (25th). [27] In the equivalent table for the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 24 Russell Group members occupied the top 24 positions, with the University of Lancaster in 25th being the highest-ranked non-Russell Group university. [28]

Rankings

In 2023, all eight UK universities in the ARWU top 100, seventeen of the eighteen in the QS top 100 (the other place being occupied by the University of St Andrews), and all ten in the THE top 100 are members of the Russell Group. The Russell Group provides seven of the top ten in the Complete, Guardian, and Times/Sunday Times.

University ARWU 2023 (Global) [29] QS 2024 (Global) [30] THE 2024 (Global) [31] Complete 2024 (National) [32] Guardian 2024 (National) [33] Times/Sunday Times 2024 (National) [34]
University of Birmingham151–20084101143722
University of Bristol885581151716
University of Cambridge425133
Cardiff University151–200154=190212925
Durham University301–40078174877
University of Edinburgh382230=121413
University of Exeter151–200153177=181811
University of Glasgow101–15076=87=261312
Imperial College London2368655
King's College London594038=24=2327
University of Leeds151–20075129222724
University of Liverpool101–150176=168=24=3629=
London School of Economics151–2004546344
University of Manchester413251192423
Newcastle University201–300110168=306737
University of Nottingham101–150100=130=285932
University of Oxford731222
Queen Mary University of London201–300145=135537346
Queen's University Belfast301–400202201–250275031
University of Sheffield151–200104105202118
University of Southampton151–20081=97=16=2017
University College London17922986
University of Warwick101–15067106=1199
University of York301–40016714716=1915

Selectivity

All but two of the universities in the Russell Group are part of the Sutton Trust's group of 30 highly selective universities, the Sutton 30 (the absent members being Queen Mary University of London and Queen's University Belfast). [35] The Sutton 13 group of the 13 most highly selective universities only includes one non-Russell Group member, the University of St Andrews. [36] The top 10 by average UCAS points of new undergraduate students in 2021–22 included three non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (1st: 212 points), Strathclyde (2nd: 210 points), and Aberdeen (joint 10th with Durham: 185 points). [37] The top 10 by lowest offer rate to new undergraduate students in 2022-23 included three non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (3rd; 24.7%), St George's (9th; 40.0%) and University of the Arts London (10th; 43.2%). The average offer rate, including conditional and unconditional offers, across 'higher tariff' UK institutions (as defined by UCAS) was 55.5% in 2022. [38]

University Average Entry Tariff a [37] Offer Rate (%)b [38]
University of Birmingham15861.3
University of Bristol17452.2
University of Cambridge20921.8
Cardiff University15368.2
Durham University18548.0
University of Edinburgh19729.7
University of Exeter16463.3
University of Glasgow20961.0
Imperial College London20630.1
King's College London17139.3
University of Leeds16247.3
University of Liverpool14769.2
London School of Economics19526.1
University of Manchester16751.5
Newcastle University15178.1
University of Nottingham15467.7
University of Oxford20519.2
Queen Mary University of London15161.4
Queen's University Belfast15668.5
University of Sheffield15774.7
University of Southampton15669.2
University College London19029.5
University of Warwick17362.0
University of York15778.7

Notes:
a The average UCAS tariff achieved by new undergraduate students entering the university in 2021–22. This is based on qualifications achieved, for example A-levels: A* = 56, A = 48, B = 40 UCAS points; IBO Certificate in Higher Level: H7 = 56, H6 = 48, H5 = 32. [39]
b The average offer rate for June deadline undergraduate applicants (all ages) in 2022.

Finances

The Russell Group accounted for 49.1% of the income of the higher education sector in the UK in 2013–14, having risen from 44.7% of the total in 2001–02. Over the same period the total income of Russell Group universities rose by 69.9% in real terms, compared to a sector average of 54.4%. [40] Russell Group universities are also seen as "particularly creditworthy" due to their membership of the group, allowing them to borrow money at low interest rates. [41]

The total annual income for Russell Group members for 2020–21 was £20.30 billion of which £4.77 billion was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £1.15 billion. Russell Group universities hold a total endowment value of £6.18 billion (exclusive of colleges) and net assets of £31.52 billion. The table below is a record of each Russell Group member's financial data for the 2020–21 financial year.

UniversityGovernment funding body grants (£m)Teaching income (£m)Teaching income as % of total incomeResearch income (£m)Research income as % of total incomeTotal income (£m)Operating surplus (£m)Surplus as % of total incomeEndowment value (£m)Total net assets (£m)
University of Birmingham [42] 93.1389.650.3%168.321.7%774.135.64.60%134.51,252.2
University of Bristol [43] 119.9349.846.5%176.422.6%752.085.311.34%91.31,190.1
University of Cambridge [44] 212.9332.116.5%580.428.8%2,019.1119.85.93%2,031.05,283.0
Cardiff University [45] 109.5306.950.9%112.618.7%603.431.35.19%45.5678.7
Durham University [46] 43.0241.361.4%51.213.0%393.219.85.04%98.2476.6
University of Edinburgh [47] 236.3435.037.0%324.027.6%1,175.6130.011.0%565.22,406.2
University of Exeter [48] 59.4287.557.2%94.618.8%503.1—9.7—1.93%49.5513.5
University of Glasgow [49] 198.4288.935.7%173.321.4%809.4116.314.4%225.21,008.0
Imperial College London [50] 156.0383.535.8%363.033.9%1,072.023.12.15%202.11,878.8
King's College London [51] 145.5505.550.5%187.918.8%1,002.036.43.63%300.61,489.2
University of Leeds [52] 96.2405.754.0%130.117.3%751.7—8.1—1.08%90.5737.5
University of Liverpool [53] 78.7303.750.8%112.518.8%597.429.04.85%190.2801.5
London School of Economics [54] 37.0250.764.1%32.88.4%391.156.914.6%240.8757.2
University of Manchester [55] 138.1577.952.5%237.021.5%1,101.663.65.77%242.21,857.3
Newcastle University [56] 81.2276.352.8%99.619.0%523.64.70.90%101.8503.2
University of Nottingham [57] 102.0387.755.9%114.916.6%694.014.02.02%72.3524.4
University of Oxford [58] 203.8418.518.6%647.828.8%2,249.895.04.22%1,149.05,071.8
Queen Mary University of London [59] 76.0272.953.3%114.722.4%512.571.313.9%41.3533.5
Queen's University Belfast [60] 109.9143.436.2%88.622.4%395.822.35.63%70.0536.4
University of Sheffield [61] 96.137049.9%163.022.0%741.032.44.37%46.71,229.8
University of Southampton [62] 84.2237.043.3%119.721.9%547.75.00.91%14.9499.4
University College London [63] 221.4732.946.1%475.729.9%1,591.7109.86.90%163.31,613.7
University of Warwick [64] 66.8389.755.8%139.820.0%698.276.711.0%7.0384.1
University of York [65] 47.5229.156.8%69.817.3%403.6—6.3—1.56%8.0289.5

Notes:
exclusive of colleges

Criticisms

'Elite' status questioned

In a statement made in 2014 to the Higher Education Policy Institute, David Watson of the University of Oxford suggested that the Russell Group's claim to represent 24 'leading universities' was "a real stretch". In the context of the Russell Group's reputation in the sector, he continued: "particularly dangerous, I think, is the bottom half of the Russell Group…The problem with the Russell Group is that it represents neither the sector as a whole [nor], in many cases, the best of the sector". Performance in research intensity showed that there were dozens of other UK universities "above the bottom Russellers". [66]

A Durham University academic, Vikki Boliver, published a report in 2015 claiming that the prestigious position of the Russell Group was not based on evidence, but rather successful marketing. Only the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were significantly more elite than the majority of "old" universities when a grouping analysis was performed using data on academic selectivity, research activity, teaching quality, socio-economic exclusivity and economic resources. The other 22 members of the Russell Group sit in a second tier of universities along with 17 other "old" universities (Aberdeen, Bath*, Dundee, East Anglia*, Goldsmiths*, Heriot-Watt, Kent, Lancaster*, Leicester*, Loughborough*, Reading*, Royal Holloway*, St Andrews*, SOAS*, Strathclyde, Surrey* and Sussex*), mostly comprising former members of the defunct 1994 Group (shown by asterisks). Another 13 "old" universities and 54 "new" universities made up a third tier, with a fourth tier of 19 "new" universities. Within each tier, the differences between the institutions were less significant than the differences between the tiers. [67] [68] This reflected an earlier result from 2010 that, when the "Golden Triangle" universities (defined in the study as Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, LSE, and UCL) were omitted, the remaining (then) members of the Russell Group were outperformed by the (then) members of the 1994 Group. [69]

Ant Bagshaw from the Wonkhe think-tank has criticised the use of Russell Group membership as a proxy for selectivity in official Department for Education reports and statistics, as better measures of selectivity are available from UCAS data. He states that the idea that "Russell Group membership is synonymous with 'best'" is "persistent, but unverified". He also notes that this may lead to less scrutiny of the performance of non-Russell Group selective universities with respect to widening participation and improving access. [70]

Protectionism

The Institute of Economic Affairs has argued that the Russell Group acts out of protectionist interests. It is claimed that this will "restrict competition, discourage innovation and encourage inefficiency, thereby depriving students of lower prices and/or greater choice". [71]

Tuition fees

The Russell Group was prominent in the debate over the introduction of tuition fees, a measure which it strongly supported – much to the dismay of the universities' students' unions. Indeed, members of the group argued that even the fees proposed by the controversial Higher Education Bill would not be sufficient to cover the rising cost of undergraduate teaching, and successfully argued for the right to charge variable fees at much higher rates, so-called top-up fees.[ citation needed ]

Sustainability

The twenty-four universities in the Russell Group are responsible for around half of the Scope 1 and 2 carbon emissions of the UK university sector. [72] [ better source needed ] The Group as a whole has been criticised for an inconsistent and inadequate response to the need to identify emissions and take reduction measures. [73] An Environmental Sustainability Network was announced by the Russell Group in December 2019; [74] as of November 2021 no outcomes from this had been announced.

Widening access

Analysis by the Labour Party in 2018 found that the number of students from disadvantaged areas has only increased by one percentage point since 2010. [75]

In 2015, Durham academic Vikki Bolívar published a paper, Lies, damned lies, and statistics on widening access to Russell Group universities, criticising the statistical analysis in the Russell Group publication Opening Doors. This had said that "real progress has been made over the last few years" in widening access, but Bolívar highlighted four areas where the statistics used to justify this claim were misleading. She also pointed out that there was "a growing body of statistical research evidence which indicates that one important barrier to widening access at Russell Group universities is that applicants from less advantaged social backgrounds are less likely to be offered places at these universities than comparably qualified applicants from more advantaged social groups" that had not been mentioned in the Russell Group report. [76]

UCAS statistics on offers to applicants from low/high participation neighbourhoods (2022) [77]
POLAR4 Q1 (lowest participation 20% neighbourhoods)POLAR4 Q5 (highest participation 20% neighbourhoods)
UniversityOffer rate differenceaFlagb % of all offersOffer rate differenceaFlagb % of all offers
Birmingham+2.3+9.2+0.9+39.8
Bristol+5.6+7.3-1.9-48.3
Cambridge+1.25.4-0.250.2
Cardiff-1.69.4+0.6+37.4
Durham+37.4+12.3-12.7-38.4
Edinburgh+6.8+6.1-1.4-49.9
Exeter+7.9+6.9-3.2-46.3
Glasgow+3.2+5.8+0.347.6
Imperial+6.8+7.4-2.1-44.0
King's+6.6+7.1-1.4-41.3
Leeds+8.9+10.4-2.2-42.1
Liverpool+1.010.9+0.7+37.9
LSE+21.6+9.0-4.3-44.0
Manchester+4.9+10.3-0.440.2
Newcastle-0.29.3+0.441.5
Nottingham+1.08.6+0.6+42.8
Oxford+8.38.2-2.2-47.2
Queen Mary+1.05.0-0.237.5
Queen's Belfast-3.5-9.4+0.838.5
Sheffield-1.6-10.8+0.9+37.7
Southampton-0.47.9+0.9+41.3
UCL+4.9+6.3-0.248.9
Warwick+2.0+7.0+0.543.8
York+0.810.3+0.137.9
All higher tariff providers+4.4+8.6-1.0-42.1
All UK providers0.611.6-0.232.0

a – difference between the actual offer rate and the offer rate expected if predicted grades and subject choice were the only factors
b – indicates significantly higher (+), significantly lower (-) or no significant difference from expected rate (blank)

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The University of the Arts London is a public collegiate university in London, England, United Kingdom. It specialises in arts, design, fashion, and the performing arts. The university is a federation of six arts colleges: Camberwell College of Arts, Central Saint Martins, Chelsea College of Arts, the London College of Communication, the London College of Fashion and the Wimbledon College of Arts.

The Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF) is a government assessment of the quality of undergraduate teaching in universities and other higher education providers in England, which may be used from 2020 to determine whether state-funded providers are permitted to raise tuition fees. Higher education providers from elsewhere in the United Kingdom are allowed to opt-in, but the rating has no impact on their funding. The TEF rates universities as Gold, Silver or Bronze, in order of quality of teaching. The first results were published in June 2017. This was considered a "trial year" and is to be followed by a "lessons learned exercise" that will feed into the 2018 TEF and longer-term plans for subject-level ratings.

Colin G. Bailey is a researcher in structural engineering, who became the President and Principal of Queen Mary University of London in September 2017. Prior to that, Bailey was Deputy President and Deputy Vice-Chancellor at the University of Manchester. He is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Structural Engineers and a member of the Institution of Fire Engineers.

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