British degree abbreviations

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Degree abbreviations are used as an alternative way to specify an academic degree instead of spelling out the title in full, such as in reference books such as Who's Who and on business cards. Many degree titles have more than one possible abbreviation, with the abbreviation used varying between different universities. In the UK it is normal not to punctuate abbreviations for degrees with full stops (e.g. "BSc" rather than "B.Sc."), although this is done at some universities.

Contents

Overview

The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies lays down five levels of qualification with the title of degree: foundation (not in Scotland), ordinary and honours bachelor's (only separate levels in Scotland), master's and doctoral. These relate to specific outcome-based level descriptors and are tied to the Bologna Process. [1]

It is common to put the name of the awarding institute in brackets after the degree abbreviation, e.g. BA (Lond). A list of standard abbreviations for British universities can be found at Universities in the United Kingdom § Post-nominal abbreviations.

Note that the lists below include historical degrees that may not currently be offered in British universities.

Anomalies

For historical reasons some universities (the ancient universities of England and Scotland) do not fully adhere to the Framework (particularly with respect to the title of Master of Arts), and degrees in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine are titled as bachelor's degrees despite being at master's level. [2]

Undergraduate Master of Arts degrees

The usage in the ancient universities is not consistent with the Framework or the Bologna Process. The ancient universities of England (Oxford and Cambridge) grant an MA degree that is not a substantive qualification but reflects the ancient practice of these universities of promoting BAs to MAs (and thus full membership of the University) a few years after graduating (see Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)). The ancient universities of Scotland award an undergraduate MA (see Scottish MA) instead of a BA. For students to obtain a master's degree consistent with the framework in these ancient English universities, they have created the MSt (Master of Studies) to address this anomaly and differentiate between the degrees, both master's.

The MAs from Aberdeen, Heriot-Watt, Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews are considered bachelor's level qualifications on the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and first cycle qualifications under the Bologna Process, while the Oxbridge MAs are considered "not academic qualifications" (the actual qualification being the BA). [2]

Master's level bachelor's degrees

Conversely, some bachelor's degrees in the "higher faculties" at the older universities in the UK (e.g. those other than arts at Oxford and Cambridge) are postgraduate qualifications (e.g. the BCL and BMus at Oxford). Many have been changed to the corresponding master's degree (e.g. BSc is now MSc at Oxford), but only within the last generation. The BD (Bachelor of Divinity) remains a higher degree at some universities (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews and, until recently, Durham) but is an undergraduate degree at most (e.g. London, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Glasgow).

Bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science, while undergraduate degrees, are longer courses and are considered to be master's level qualifications in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and second cycle qualifications under the Bologna Process. [2]

Bachelor/Master/Doctor of Philosophy

There is an international (but not universal) custom that certain degrees will be designated '.... of Philosophy'. Examples are the BPhil (Bachelor of Philosophy), MPhil (Master of Philosophy) and PhD or DPhil (Doctor of Philosophy). Most recipients of such degrees have not engaged in a specialised study of academic philosophy - the degree is available for almost the whole range of disciplines. The origins lie in the ancient practice of regarding all areas of study as elements of 'philosophy' with its Greek meaning, 'friend of wisdom'. Thus holders of an MPhil degree may have earned it in any academic discipline.

Foundation level qualifications

These qualifications sit at level 5 (foundation level) of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and are short cycle (within or linked to the first cycle) qualifications under the Bologna Process. [3]

See also Foundation degree.

Bachelor's level qualifications

These qualifications sit at level 6 (bachelor's level) of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and are first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications under the Bologna Process. [3]

Most British bachelor's degrees are honours degrees and indicated by putting "(Hons)" after the degree abbreviation. A student achieving a pass grade, below honours standard, may be awarded an "ordinary degree" or a "pass degree" and may not add "(Hons)".

As noted above, the MAs of the ancient universities of Scotland are also at this level and may also add "(Hons)" after their acronyms. Both these and bachelor's degrees with honours at Scottish universities are four-year courses at level 10 of the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland. Scottish bachelor's degrees without honours (including non-honours MAs from the ancient universities of Scotland) are three-year course with less specialisation (an Ordinary Degree or a General Degree) at level 9 of the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland. [6]

Some of the following are postgraduate degrees in a few universities, but generally bachelors are undergraduate degrees.

Master's level qualifications

These qualifications sit at level 7 (master's level) of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and are second cycle qualifications under the Bologna Process. [3]

Undergraduate-entry degrees

Undergraduate-entry "Integrated master's" degrees are offered with honours, and so may add (hons) after the degree abbreviation. These are substantive master's degrees integrating undergraduate and master's level study, with the final qualification being at the same level as postgraduate master's. [2]

Primary qualifications in medicine, dentistry and veterinary medicine are taken as undergraduate-entry courses and are denominated bachelor's degrees, but are normally offered without honours These are also qualifications at the same level as postgraduate master's degrees, but retain the name of bachelor's for historical reasons. [2] The Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery are always taken together as the primary medical qualification in the UK, equivalent to the American MD.

Note that where there is a similarly titled postgraduate master's degree, the formulation " Master in ..." is used for the undergraduate degree and "Master of ..." for the postgraduate degree (e.g. MArt/MA, MSci/MSc). Where there is no equivalent postgraduate degree, either "in" or "of" is used.

Integrated master's degrees

  • MAcc - Master in Accountancy [8]
  • MAccFin - Master of Accounting and Finance [5]
  • MAnth - Master in Anthropology [8]
  • MArabic - Master of Arabic Studies [5]
  • MArc - Master of Archaeology [5]
  • MArch - Master of Architecture [11]
  • MArt - Master in Arts [8]
  • MART - Master of Art [5]
  • MBio - Master of Biomedical Sciences, Master of Biological Sciences [5]
  • MBiochem - Master of Biochemistry [9]
  • MBiol - Master of Biology [5] or Master in Biological Sciences [11]
  • MBiolSci - Master of Biological Science [5]
  • MBiomed - Master in Biomedical Sciences [11]
  • MBioMedSci - Master of Biomedical Science [5]
  • MBioms - Master of Biomedical Sciences [5]
  • MBus - Master in Business and Management [8] or Master of Business [5]
  • MChD - Master in Dental Surgery [5]
  • MChem - Master of Chemistry [4]
  • MChemPhys - Master of Chemical Physics [5]
  • MChiro - Master of Chiropractic [5]
  • MClass - Master of Classical Studies [5]
  • MClassL - Master of Classical Languages [5]
  • MComp - Master of Computer Science [4] or Master of Computing [5]
  • MCompPhil - Master of Computer Science and Philosophy [5]
  • MCompSci - Master of Computer Science [5]
  • MComSC - Master of Community and Social Care [5]
  • M.CMAc - Master of Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture [5]
  • MCreW - Master of Creative Writing [5]
  • MDiv - Master of Divinity [5]
  • MDes - Master of Design [5]
  • MDrama - Master of Drama and Theatre Studies [5]
  • MEarthPhys - Master of Earth Physics [5]
  • MEarthSci - Master of Earth Science [5]
  • MEcol - Master of Ecology [5]
  • MEcon - Master of Economics [5]
  • MEdStud - Master of Education Studies [5]
  • MEng - Master of Engineering [4]
  • MEngLit - Master of English [5]
  • MEnv - Master of Environmental Science [5]
  • MEnvSc - Master of Environmental Science
  • MESci - Master of Earth Science [5]
  • MFin - Master of Finance [5]
  • MFor - Master of Forestry [5]
  • MGeog - Master of Geography [5]
  • MGeogSCI - Master of Geographical Science [5]
  • MGeol - Master of Geology [5]
  • MGeophys - Master of Geophysics [5]
  • MGeoSci - Master in Geology [5]
  • MHist - Master of History [5]
  • MHRM - Master of Human Resource Management [5]
  • MInf - Master of Informatics [5]
  • MLA - Master of Landscape Architecture [5]
  • MLang - Master of Languages [5]
  • MLaw - Master of Law [5]
  • MLibArts - Master of Liberal Arts [5]
  • MLing - Master of Linguistics [5]
  • MMarBiol - Master of Marine Biology [5]
  • MMark - Master in Marketing [8]
  • MMath - Master of Mathematics [4]
  • MMath&Phys - Master of Mathematics and Physics [5]
  • MMathCompSci - Master of Mathematics and Computer Science [9]
  • MMathPhil - Master of Mathematics and Philosophy [9]
  • MMathPhys - Master of Mathematics and Physics [9]
  • MMathStat - Master of Mathematics and Statistics [15]
  • MMBiol - Master of Marine Biology [5]
  • MME - Master of Mechanical Engineering [5]
  • MMedSci - Master of Medical Science [5]
  • MMet - Master of Meteorology [5]
  • MMkt - Master in Marketing [5]
  • MMorse - Master of Mathematics, Operational Research, Statistics and Economics [5]
  • MMSc - Master of Marine Science [5]
  • MNatSc - Master of Natural Science [5]
  • MNeuro - Master in Neuroscience [11]
  • MNeuroSci - Master of Neuroscience [5]
  • MNSW - Master of Nursing and Social Work [5]
  • MNurs - Master of Nursing [5]
  • MNursSci - Master of Nursing Science [5]
  • MNutr - Master of Nutrition [5]
  • MOcean - Master of Oceanography [5]
  • MOptom - Master of Optometry [5]
  • MOSci - Master of Ocean Science [5]
  • MOst - Master of Osteopathy [5]
  • M.Ost. - Master of Osteopathy [16]
  • MPharm - Master of Pharmacy [8]
  • MPharmacol - Master of Pharmacology [5]
  • MPhilSt - Master of Philosophical Studies [5]
  • MPhyPhil - Master of Physics and Philosophy [5]
  • MPhys - Master of Physics [4]
  • MPhysio - Master of Physiotherapy [5]
  • MPhysPhil - Master of Physics and Philosophy [9]
  • MPlan - Master of Town and Regional Planning [5]
  • MPLAN - Master of Planning [5]
  • MPol - Master of Politics and International Relations [5]
  • MPsych - Master of Psychology [5]
  • MRelSt - Master of Religious Studies [5]
  • MSci - Master in Science [4] (Master of Natural Sciences at Cambridge [17] )
  • MScOT or MScOccTher - Master of Science in Occupational Therapy
  • MSLT - Master of Speech and Language Therapy [5]
  • MSoc - Master of Sociology [5]
  • MSocStud - Master of Social Studies [5]
  • MSPRT - Master of Sport [5]
  • MStat - Master of Statistics [12]
  • MTheatre - Master of Theatre [5]
  • MTheol - Master in Theology [5]
  • MTCP - Master of Town and Country Planning [5]
  • MVetPhys - Master of Veterinary Physiotherapy [5]
  • MZOOL - Master of Zoology [5]

Primary dental qualifications

  • BChD - Bachelor of Dental Surgery [5]
  • BDOS - Bachelor of Dental and Oral Sciences [5]
  • BDS - Bachelor of Dental Surgery [7]
  • DDS - Doctor of Dental Surgery

Primary medical qualifications

Primary veterinary qualifications

  • BVS - Bachelor of Veterinary Surgery [7]
  • BVetM - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine [7]
  • BVetMed - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine [7]
  • BVM&S - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery [7]
  • BVMBVS - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine, Bachelor of Veterinary Science [5]
  • BVMedSci - Bachelor of Veterinary Medical Science [5]
  • BVMS - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine [5]
  • BVMSci - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Science [5]
  • BVSc - Bachelor of Veterinary Science [5]
  • VetMB - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine [7]

Postgraduate degrees

Postgraduate master's degrees may be either taught degrees or research degrees. Taught master's degrees may be awarded by an institution with taught degree awarding powers; master's degrees by research (e g MPhil, MRes), where over half of the student's effort is in original research, require research degree awarding powers. [18] Postgraduate degrees are not normally honours degrees and thus do not add "(Hons)". Some degrees may be offered as either integrated master's or postgraduate master's courses at different institutes, e.g. MEng and MArch.

A few postgraduate degrees at Oxford are titled as bachelor's degrees. These are, nonetheless, master's level qualifications.

Doctoral degrees

UK doctoral degrees are at level 8 of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and are third cycle qualifications under the Bologna Process. All doctoral degrees include "original research or other advanced scholarship" demonstrating "the creation and interpretation of new knowledge". [35]

Due to the flexibility of Latin word order, there are two schools in the abbreviation of doctor's degrees. The two ancient universities of England split on this: at Cambridge, D follows the faculty (e.g. PhD, LittD.), while at Oxford the D precedes the faculty (e.g. DPhil, DLitt). Most universities in the UK followed Oxford for the higher doctorates but followed international precedent in using PhD for Doctor of Philosophy and professional doctorates.

The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications lays down the naming convention that Doctor of Philosophy is reserved for doctorates awarded on the basis of examination by thesis or publication, or by artefact, composition or performance accompanied by written academic commentary. Other doctorates (typically styled professional or specialist doctorates) that have substantial taught elements normally include the field in the name of the degree. [1]

Higher doctorates are normally awarded as honorary degrees (honoris causa), but can also be awarded on the basis of a substantial body of published work. DUniv is only ever an honorary degree. Some degrees awarded as higher doctorates by one institution may be awarded as professional doctorates by another (e.g. EngD).

Professional / specialist doctorates

Doctorates by thesis or composition

Higher and honorary degrees

See also

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