International Standard Classification of Education

Last updated April 01, 2024

The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) is a statistical framework for organizing information on education maintained by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It is a member of the international family of economic and social classifications of the United Nations.^[1]

History

The ISCED was designed in the early 1970s to serve as an instrument suitable for assembling, compiling and presenting statistics of education both within individual countries and internationally.^[2] The first version, known as ISCED 1976, was approved by the International Conference on Education (Geneva, 1975), and was subsequently endorsed by UNESCO's 19th General Conference in 1976.

The second version, known as ISCED 1997, was approved by the UNESCO General Conference at its 29th session in November 1997 as part of efforts to increase the international comparability of education statistics. It covered primarily two cross-classification variables: levels (7) and fields of education (25). The UNESCO Institute for Statistics led the development of a third version, which was adopted by UNESCO's 36th General Conference in November 2011 and which will replace ISCED 1997 in international data collections in the coming years.^[3] ISCED 2011 has nine rather than seven levels, created by dividing the tertiary pre-doctorate level into three levels. It also extended the lowest level (ISCED 0) to cover a new sub-category of early childhood educational development programmes, which target children below the age of three years.

During the review and revision, which led to the adoption of ISCED 2011, UNESCO Member States agreed that the fields of education should be examined in a separate process. This review is now underway with the view to establishing an independent but related classification called the ISCED Fields of Education and Training.

Related materials from the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training and also Eurostat provide further information and statistical guidance for the classification of sub-fields of education as a companion to ISCED.^[4]^[5]

2011 version

ISCED 2011 levels of education
Level	Label	Description
0	Early childhood education (01 Early childhood educational development)	Education designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society. Programmes designed for children below the age of 3.
0	Early childhood education (02 Pre-primary education)	Education designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society. Programmes designed for children from age 3 to the start of primary education.
1	Primary education	Programmes typically designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning.
2	Lower secondary education	First stage of secondary education building on primary education, typically with a more subject-oriented curriculum.
3	Upper secondary education	Second/final stage of secondary education preparing for tertiary education or providing skills relevant to employment. Usually with an increased range of subject options and streams.
4	Post-secondary non-tertiary education	Programmes providing learning experiences that build on secondary education and prepare for labour market entry or tertiary education. The content is broader than secondary but not as complex as tertiary education.
5	Short-cycle tertiary education	Short first tertiary programmes that are typically practically-based, occupationally-specific and prepare for labour market entry. These programmes may also provide a pathway to other tertiary programmes.
6	Bachelor's or equivalent	Programmes designed to provide intermediate academic or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a first tertiary degree or equivalent qualification.
7	Master's or equivalent	Programmes designed to provide advanced academic or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a second tertiary degree or equivalent qualification.
8	Doctorate or equivalent	Programmes designed primarily to lead to an advanced research qualification, usually concluding with the submission and defense of a substantive dissertation of publishable quality based on original research.

ISCED 2011 levels, categories, and sub-categories

Source:International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).^[6]

0 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
- 01 Early childhood educational development
  - 010 Early childhood educational development
- 02 Pre-primary education
  - 020 Pre-primary education
1 PRIMARY EDUCATION
- 10 Primary education
  - 100 Primary education
2 LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION
- 24 General
  - 241 Insufficient for level completion or partial level completion, without direct access to upper secondary education
  - 242 Sufficient for partial level completion, without direct access to upper secondary education
  - 243 Sufficient for level completion, without direct access to upper secondary education
  - 244 Sufficient for level completion, with direct access to upper secondary education
- 25 Vocational
  - 251 Insufficient for level completion or partial level completion, without direct access to upper secondary education
  - 252 Sufficient for partial level completion, without direct access to upper secondary education
  - 253 Sufficient for level completion, without direct access to upper secondary education
  - 254 Sufficient for level completion, with direct access to upper secondary education^[6]
3 UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION
- 34 General
  - 341 Insufficient for level completion or partial level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 342 Sufficient for partial level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 343 Sufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 344 Sufficient for level completion, with direct access to tertiary education
- 35 Vocational
  - 351 Insufficient for level completion or partial level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 352 Sufficient for partial level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 353 Sufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 354 Sufficient for level completion, with direct access to tertiary education^[6]
4 POST-SECONDARY NON-TERTIARY EDUCATION
- 44 General
  - 441 Insufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 443 Sufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 444 Sufficient for level completion, with direct access to tertiary education
- 45 Vocational
  - 451 Insufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 453 Sufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education
  - 454 Sufficient for level completion, with direct access to tertiary education^[6]
5 SHORT-CYCLE TERTIARY EDUCATION
- 54 General
  - 541 Insufficient for level completion
  - 544 Sufficient for level completion
- 55 Vocational
  - 551 Insufficient for level completion
  - 554 Sufficient for level completion ^[6]
6 BACHELOR'S OR EQUIVALENT LEVEL
- 64 Academic
  - 641 Insufficient for level completion
  - 645 First degree (3–4 years)
  - 646 Long first degree (more than 4 years)
  - 647 Second or further degree (following a bachelor's or equivalent programme)
- 65 Professional
  - 651 Insufficient for level completion
  - 655 First degree (3–4 years)
  - 656 Long first degree (more than 4 years)
  - 657 Second or further degree (following a bachelor's or equivalent programme)
- 66 Orientation unspecified1
  - 661 Insufficient for level completion
  - 665 First degree (3–4 years)
  - 666 Long first degree (more than 4 years)
  - 667 Second or further degree (following a bachelor's or equivalent programme)^[6]
7 MASTER'S OR EQUIVALENT LEVEL
- 74 Academic
  - 741 Insufficient for level completion
  - 746 Long first degree (at least 5 years)
  - 747 Second or further degree (following a bachelor's or equivalent programme)
  - 748 Second or further degree (following a master's or equivalent programme)
- 75 Professional
  - 751 Insufficient for level completion
  - 756 Long first degree (at least 5 years)
  - 757 Second or further degree (following a bachelor's or equivalent programme)
  - 758 Second or further degree (following a master's or equivalent programme)
- 76 Orientation unspecified1
  - 761 Insufficient for level completion
  - 766 Long first degree (at least 5 years)
  - 767 Second or further degree (following a bachelor's or equivalent programme)
  - 768 Second or further degree (following a master's or equivalent programme)^[6]
8 DOCTORAL OR EQUIVALENT LEVEL
- 84 Academic
  - 841 Insufficient for level completion
  - 844 Sufficient for completion of level
- 85 Professional
  - 851 Insufficient for level completion
  - 854 Sufficient for completion of level
- 86 Orientation unspecified
  - 861 Insufficient for level completion
  - 864 Sufficient for completion of level^[6]
9 NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED
- 99 Not elsewhere classified
  - 999 Not elsewhere classified

1997 version

ISCED 1997 levels of education
Level	Label	Description
0	Pre-primary education	Initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to develop their cognitive, physical, social and emotional skills. Designed for children from age 3 to the start of primary education.
1	Primary education or first stage of basic education	Normally starting between the ages of 5 – 7, designed to give a sound basic education in reading, writing and mathematics along with an elementary understanding of other subjects.
2	Lower secondary education or second stage of basic education	Designed to complete basic education, usually on a more subject-oriented pattern. It builds upon the learning outcomes from primary education (ISCED level 1) and aims to lay the foundation for lifelong learning and human development.
3	Upper secondary education	More specialized education typically beginning at age 15 or 16 years or completes secondary education in preparation for tertiary education, or to provide skills relevant to employment, or both.
4	Post-secondary non-tertiary education	Programmes that straddle the boundary between upper- and post-secondary education from an international point of view. ISCED level 4 programmes, considering their content, cannot be regarded as tertiary programmes. They are often not significantly more advanced than programmes at ISCED level 3 but they serve to broaden the knowledge of participants who have already completed a programme at level 3.
5	First stage of tertiary education	Tertiary programmes having an educational content more advanced than those offered at ISCED levels 3 and 4. These programmes may be academically based or practically oriented / occupationally specific. Entry to these programmes normally requires the successful completion of ISCED level 3A or 3B or a similar qualification at ISCED level 4A. All degrees and qualifications are cross-classified by type of programmes, position in national degree or qualification structures and cumulative duration at tertiary.
6	Second stage of tertiary education	Tertiary programmes leading to the award of an advanced research qualification, e.g. Ph.D. These programmes are therefore devoted to advanced study and original research and are not based on course-work only. It typically requires the submission of a thesis or dissertation of publishable quality which is the product of original research and represents a significant contribution to knowledge.

ISCED 1997 fields of education

0 General programmes
- 01 Basic programmes
- 08 Literacy and numeracy
- 09 Personal development
1 Education
- 14 Teacher training and education science
2 Humanities and arts
- 21 Arts
- 22 Humanities
3 Social sciences, business and law
- 31 Social and behavioural science
- 32 Journalism and information
- 34 Business and administration
- 38 Law
4 Science
- 42 Life sciences
- 44 Physical sciences
- 46 Mathematics and statistics
- 48 Computing
5 Engineering, manufacturing and construction
- 52 Engineering and engineering trades
- 54 Manufacturing and processing
- 58 Architecture and building
6 Agriculture
- 62 Agriculture, forestry and fishery
- 64 Veterinary
7 Health and welfare
- 72 Health
- 76 Social services
8 Services
- 81 Personal services
- 84 Transport services
- 85 Environmental protection
- 86 Security services
Not known or unspecified

Comparison between versions

Comparison of levels between ISCED 2011 and ISCED 1997 versions
ISCED 2011	ISCED 1997
Level 0: Early childhood education (01 Early childhood educational development)	None
Level 0: Early childhood education (02 Pre-primary education)	Level 0: Pre-primary education.
Level 1: Primary education	Level 1: Primary education or first stage of basic education.
Level 2: Lower secondary education	Level 2: Lower secondary education or second stage of basic education
Level 3: Upper secondary education	Level 3: Upper secondary education
Level 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary education	Level 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary education
Level 5: Short-cycle tertiary education	Level 5B: First stage of tertiary education: typically shorter, more practical/technical/occupationally specific programmes leading to professional qualifications.
Level 6: Bachelor's or equivalent	Level 5A: First stage of tertiary education: largely theoretically based programmes intended to provide qualifications for gaining entry into more advanced research programmes and professions with higher skills requirements.
Level 7: Master's or equivalent	Level 5A: First stage of tertiary education: largely theoretically based programmes intended to provide qualifications for gaining entry into more advanced research programmes and professions with higher skills requirements.
Level 8: Doctorate or equivalent	Level 6: Second stage of tertiary education (leading to an advanced research qualification).

Related Research Articles

Higher education is tertiary education leading to the award of an academic degree. Higher education, which makes up a component of post-secondary, third-level, or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. It represents levels 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the 2011 version of the International Standard Classification of Education structure. Tertiary education at a nondegree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education.

Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale. Level 2 or lower secondary education is considered the second and final phase of basic education, and level 3 upper secondary education or senior secondary education is the stage before tertiary education. Every country aims to provide basic education, but the systems and terminology remain unique to them. Secondary education typically takes place after six years of primary education and is followed by higher education, vocational education or employment. In most countries secondary education is compulsory, at least until the age of 16. Children typically enter the lower secondary phase around age 12. Compulsory education sometimes extends to age 20.

Tertiary education, also referred to as third-level, third-stage or post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of secondary education. The World Bank, for example, defines tertiary education as including universities as well as trade schools and colleges. Higher education is taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, while vocational education beyond secondary education is known as further education in the United Kingdom, or included under the category of continuing education in the United States.

Vocational education is education that prepares people for a skilled craft as an artisan, trade as a tradesperson, or work as a technician. Vocational education can also be seen as that type of education given to an individual to prepare that individual to be gainfully employed or self employed with requisite skill. Vocational education is known by a variety of names, depending on the country concerned, including career and technical education, or acronyms such as TVET and TAFE.

Education in the Netherlands is characterized by division: education is oriented toward the needs and background of the pupil. Education is divided over schools for different age groups, some of which are divided in streams for different educational levels. Schools are furthermore divided in public, special (religious), and general-special (neutral) schools, although there are also a few private schools. The Dutch grading scale runs from 1 to 10 (outstanding).

Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter with each of the countries of the United Kingdom having separate systems under separate governments. The UK Government is responsible for England, whilst the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Executive are responsible for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, respectively.

A secondary school or high school is an institution that provides secondary education and also usually includes the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools provide both lower secondary education and upper secondary education, i.e., both levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale, but these can also be provided in separate schools.

In Russia, the state provides most education services regulating education through the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia's expenditure on education has grown from 2.7% of the GDP in 2005 to 4.7% in 2018 but remains below the OECD average of 4.9%.

Education in Denmark is compulsory for children below the age of 15 or 16, even though it is not compulsory to attend Folkeskole. The school years up to the age of fifteen/sixteen are known as Folkeskole, since any education has to match the level offered there. About 82% of young people take further education in addition to this. Government-funded education is usually free of charge and open to all. Denmark has a tradition of private schools and about 15.6% of all children at basic school level attend private schools, which are supported by a voucher system.

Education in Poland is compulsory; every child must receive education from when they are 6 years old until they are 18 years old. It is also mandatory for 6-year-old children to receive one year of kindergarten education, before starting primary school at 6 years old. Primary school lasts eight years, and students must take a final exam at the end of the eighth grade. After graduating from primary school, people typically go on to attend secondary school, which lasts 4 or 5 years. They can also choose to educate themselves towards a specific profession or trade, and receive work experience and qualifications through apprenticeships. After graduating from secondary school and passing the final exam, called the matura, one can pursue a higher education at a university, college, etc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Qualifications Framework</span> Educational standards organization

The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) specifies the standards for educational qualifications in Australia. It is administered nationally by the Australian Government's Department of Industry, with oversight from the States and Territories, through the Standing Council of Tertiary Education Skills and Employment. While the AQF specifies the standards, education and training organisations are authorised by accrediting authorities to issue a qualification.

The educational system in Hungary is predominantly public, run by the Ministry of Human Resources. Preschool kindergarten education is compulsory and provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is also compulsory until age of sixteen. Primary education usually lasts for eight years. Secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the Gymnasium enrols the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the secondary vocational schools for intermediate students lasts four years and the technical school prepares pupils for vocational education and the world of work. The system is partly flexible and bridges exist, graduates from a vocational school can achieve a two years program to have access to vocational higher education for instance. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) rated 13–14-year-old pupils in Hungary among the best in the world for maths and science.

Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Education. The local authorities take responsibility for implementing state-controlled policy regarding public education and state schools. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, Primary education, Secondary education, and Tertiary education. Nigeria's federal government has been dominated by instability since declaring independence from Britain, and as a result, a unified set of education policies is yet to be successfully implemented. Regional differences in quality, curriculum, and funding characterize the education system in Nigeria. Currently, Nigeria possesses the largest population of out-of-school learning youths in the world. The educational systems in Nigeria are divided into two the public where the student only pays for Parents Teachers Association (PTA) while the private where students pay school fees and some other fees like sports, exam fees, computer fees etc. and they are costly

Before the arrival of European settlers, who introduced a formal education system addressed to the elites, education in Ghana was mainly informal and based on apprenticeship. Economic activities in pre-colonial Ghana were based on farm produce shared within households and members of each household specialized in providing necessities such as cooking utilities, shelter, clothing, and furniture, and trade with other households was therefore practiced on a very small scale. As such there was no need for employment outside the household that would have otherwise called for disciplines, values, and skills through a formal education system. After colonization, Ghana's economy became a hybrid of subsistence and formal economy.

Education in Kyrgyzstan is compulsory for nine years, between ages seven and 15. Following four years of primary and five years of lower secondary school, the system offers two years of upper secondary school, specialized secondary school, or vocational/technical school.

The first documented school in Lithuania was established in 1387 at Vilnius Cathedral. The school network was influenced by the Christianization of Lithuania. Several types of schools were present in medieval Lithuania – cathedral schools, where pupils were prepared for priesthood; parish schools, offering elementary education; and home schools dedicated to educating the children of the Lithuanian nobility. Before Vilnius University was established in 1579, Lithuanians seeking higher education attended universities in foreign cities, including Kraków, Prague, and Leipzig, among others. During the Interbellum a national university – Vytautas Magnus University was founded in Kaunas.

Alternative pathways in education are alternative means of obtaining educational qualifications, other than the traditional means of gaining access to or completing the required study to obtain the educational qualifications.

Post-secondary qualifications are qualifications typically studied for after successful completion of secondary school. In Mauritius, this is usually after successful completion of the Higher School Certificate or its equivalent, although select qualifications may permit early school leaving or require additional study. A variety of different post-secondary qualifications are offered in Mauritius.

The national qualification frameworks in the United Kingdom are qualifications frameworks that define and link the levels and credit values of different qualifications.

References

↑ "United Nations Statistics Division: UN Classifications Registry". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
↑ "UNESCO, International Standard Classification of Education". UNESCO. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
↑ "Revision of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)" (PDF). 2013-01-24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
↑ "CEDEFOR, Manual: Fields of training 1999" (PDF). CEDEFOR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
↑ "Eurostat, 1999. Manual: Fields of education and training" (PDF). Eurostat.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Annex III in the English ISCED 2011, International Standard Classification of Education" (PDF). 2013-01-24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2023-02-06.

External links

Official website
ISCED 2011 classification
Roadmap to compare education systems: examples of how ISCED is applied to national education systems.
EU Council Directive 2009/50/EC: ISCED 1997 education levels required for EU Blue Card Visa.

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[United_Nations_Statistics_Division:_DEClassification_Registry-1] "United Nations Statistics Division: UN Classifications Registry". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2020-02-01.

[UNESCO,_International_Seuisjftandard_Classification_of_Education-2] "UNESCO, International Standard Classification of Education". UNESCO. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[3] "Revision of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)" (PDF). 2013-01-24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2012-05-05.

[CEDEFOR,_Manual:_Fields_of_training_1999-4] "CEDEFOR, Manual: Fields of training 1999" (PDF). CEDEFOR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2013-03-21.

[Eurostat,_1999._Manual:_Fields_of_education_and_training-5] "Eurostat, 1999. Manual: Fields of education and training" (PDF). Eurostat.^{[ permanent dead link ]}

[2011en-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Annex III in the English ISCED 2011, International Standard Classification of Education" (PDF). 2013-01-24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2023-02-06.

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Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany United States