Standard Telephones and Cables

Last updated

STC plc
Company type Public
Industry Telecommunications
Founded1925
Defunct1991
FateAcquired
Successor Nortel
HeadquartersLondon, UK
Key people
Sir Kenneth Corfield (chairman)

Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd (later STC plc ) was a British manufacturer of telephone, telegraph, radio, telecommunications, and related equipment. During its history, STC invented and developed several groundbreaking new technologies including pulse-code modulation (PCM) and optical fibres.

Contents

The company was founded in 1883 in London as International Western Electric by the Western Electric Company, shortly after Western Electric became the telephone equipment supplier for the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in the United States. In 1925, Western Electric divested itself of all foreign operations and sold International Western Electric to International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), in part to thwart antitrust actions by the American government. [1] In mid-1982, STC became an independent company and was listed on the London Stock Exchange; for a time it was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It was bought by Nortel in 1991.

History

Early days

The company was established in 1883 as an agent for Western Electric, which also had a factory in Antwerp, Belgium. The London operation sold US-designed telephones and exchanges to fledgling British telephone companies. Because of the costs of importing products, the company purchased a failing electrical cable factory at North Woolwich in London, in 1898. In addition to making lead-sheathed cables, the factory started assembling equipment from components imported from Belgium and the US, and subsequently introduced manufacturing. The company was incorporated as a British legal entity in 1910. [2]

World War I brought its progress to a sudden halt. The company contributed to the war effort in military communications with its cable and wireless technologies. With radio technology rapidly developing in the USA after the war, Western Electric had an advantage when radio broadcasting was introduced in Britain. As well as manufacturing radio receivers, the company, in a consortium with its competitors, set up the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) in 1922. Electron tube technology was commercially exploited.

Inter-war growth

In 1925, Western Electric sold off its international operations, as well as the general electrical equipment merchandizing operations. The buyer of the international operations was the infant ITT Corporation, founded by Sosthenes Behn less than ten years previously with an aggressive and thrusting reputation. To fit with its other worldwide operations, ITT renamed its new UK operation Standard Telephones and Cables, its name implying a standard against which others would be measured. The new organization employed entrepreneurial risk taking, based on solid research and brave innovation.[ citation needed ]

In 1933, Brimar was established to manufacture American-pattern electron tubes at Foots Cray, adjacent to the Kolster-Brandes factory. [3]

Within a few years, multi-channel transmission (1932), microwave transmission (1934), coaxial cabling (1936), the entire radio systems for the liners Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth (1936–39), the patenting of pulse-code modulation (1938) all contributed to the hey-day of telephony's development.

Between 1939 and 1945, significant military work was undertaken with many developments particularly with regard to aerial warfare: communications, radar, navigational aids, and especially OBOE

Emergence of telecommunications

Manufacturing at STC's Oslo, Norway-facility in 1965 STK1965.jpg
Manufacturing at STC's Oslo, Norway-facility in 1965

The 1950s were characterised by the establishment of television broadcasting. Technical milestones were numerous and were crowned by the coverage of Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation in 1953. The steady spread of TV transmission and availability over Britain very often used STC technology and equipment.

In other areas, ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore and civil aviation communications took on modern characteristics with STC's products. In time, international and intercontinental submarine telephone contact became possible, feasible and then everyday. Questions of product and installation quality and absolute reliability were overcome and STC became a major player with its production unit in Southampton opened in 1956. Coverage graduated from rivers, estuaries, the English Channel, the North Sea, the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. STC became the world leader in this field after acquiring Submarine Cables Ltd in 1970. [4]

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, STC also supplied signalbox train describer equipment to British Railways; [5] for the 1949 installation of power signalling in the North and South boxes at Doncaster, STC also provided route setting panels for control of points and signals, using a novel "sequential switch interlocking" format based around telephone exchange switching technology. [6]

Digital technology began to supplant analogue with Bell's invention of transistors. STC's first PCM link in 1964 had waited nearly 30 years for material technology to make it work.

Digital age

In 1966, Charles Kao of STC's Standard Telecommunication Laboratories in Harlow demonstrated that light rather than electricity could be used to transmit speech and (more importantly) data accurately at very high speeds. [7] Again materials technology took time to catch up, but by 1977 a commercial fibre optic link had been installed in England. Within ten years BT abandoned metal cables except at the subscriber's premises. Before STC's demise, its plant at Wednesbury Street, Newport came to dominate the recabling of the UK public telephone system.

In telephone switching apparatus, STC (New Southgate) was also a major player. In 1971 the company installed a fully digital (PCM) controlled telephone exchange at Moorgate in the City of London. [8] It was a tandem exchange, switching PCM multiplexes between several other exchanges. Until 1980, STC's TXE4 analogue electronic switch was an early replacement for electro-mechanical systems. [9] Before a politically engineered withdrawal in 1982, STC and its (now equally defunct) partners Plessey and GEC, developed the fully digital System X switch which is still in service in the UK as of 2005. [10]

Decline and sale

ITT Corporation needed to raise cash to fund continued development of its System 12 telephone switching system [11] and sold off all but a minority shareholding of STC between 1979 and 1982. [12]

With developments in computer technology influencing and stimulating telecoms, the buzzword of the late 1980s became "convergence". An attempt to enter the mainframe computer market with the takeover of ICL led to financial strains. The rationale was the convergence of computing and telecoms but the vision was too early. Almost immediately, STC had financial problems and ICL was ring-fenced to preserve it as a profit centre. By 1991, with an ageing workforce, loss of business from the newly privatised BT, production spread over too many expensive sites and no clear leadership succession to its former chairman, Sir Kenneth Corfield, STC was bought by Canadian company Northern Telecom (Nortel). [13] [14]

Operations

The company was based in the United Kingdom but also had an operation in Australia, which was acquired by Alcatel Australia in 1987. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ericsson</span> Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company

Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, commonly known as Ericsson, is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company headquartered in Stockholm. The company sells infrastructure, software, and services in information and communications technology for telecommunications service providers and enterprises, including, among others, 3G, 4G, and 5G equipment, and Internet Protocol (IP) and optical transport systems. The company employs around 100,000 people and operates in more than 180 countries. Ericsson has over 57,000 granted patents.

Nortel Networks Corporation (Nortel), formerly Northern Telecom Limited, was a Canadian multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in Montreal, Quebec in 1895 as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company. Until an antitrust settlement in 1949, Northern Electric was owned mostly by Bell Canada and the Western Electric Company of the Bell System, producing large volumes of telecommunications equipment based on licensed Western Electric designs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ITT Inc.</span> American worldwide manufacturing company

ITT Inc., formerly ITT Corporation, is an American worldwide manufacturing company based in Stamford, Connecticut. The company produces specialty components for the aerospace, transportation, energy and industrial markets. ITT's three businesses include Industrial Process, Motion Technologies, and Connect and Control Technologies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bell Canada</span> Canadian telecommunications company

Bell Canada is a Canadian telecommunications company headquartered at 1 Carrefour Alexander-Graham-Bell in the borough of Verdun, Quebec, in Canada. It is an ILEC in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec; as such, it was a founding member of the Stentor Alliance. It is also a CLEC for enterprise customers in the western provinces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bell-Northern Research</span> Telecommunications research company

Bell-Northern Research (BNR) was a telecommunications research and development company established In 1971 when Bell Canada and Northern Electric combined their R&D organizations. It was jointly owned by Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. BNR was absorbed into Nortel Networks when that company changed its name from Northern Telecom in the mid-1990s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the telephone</span> Overview of the development of the modern telephone

This timeline of the telephone covers landline, radio, and cellular telephony technologies and provides many important dates in the history of the telephone.

Automatic Electric Company was an American telephone equipment supplier primarily for independent telephone companies in North America, but also had a worldwide presence. With its line of automatic telephone exchanges, it was also a long-term supplier of switching equipment to the Bell System, starting in 1919. The company was the largest manufacturing unit of the Automatic Electric Group. In 1955, the company was acquired by General Telephone and Electronics (GT&E). After numerous reorganization within GTE, the company's assets came under the umbrella of Lucent in the 1990s, and subsequently part of Nokia.

STC may refer to:

System Y is the terminology used by BT, the main operator of the telephone network in the United Kingdom, to refer to the Ericsson AXE digital switching system.

Computer Consoles Inc. or CCI was a telephony and computer company located in Rochester, New York, United States, which did business first as a private, and then ultimately a public company from 1968 to 1990. CCI provided worldwide telephone companies with directory assistance equipment and other systems to automate various operator and telephony services, and later sold a line of 68k-based Unix computers and the Power 6/32 Unix supermini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TXE</span> Family of British telephone exchanges

TXE, was a family of telephone exchanges developed by the British General Post Office (GPO), designed to replace the ageing Strowger switches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rotary system</span> Electromechanical telephone switch

The rotary machine switching system, or most commonly known as the rotary system, was a type of automatic telephone exchange manufactured and used primarily in Europe from the 1910s. The system was developed and tested by AT&T's American engineering division, Western Electric, in the United States, at the same time when Western Electric was also developing the Panel switch. When AT&T selected the Panel System for large American exchanges, development and sales of the No. 7-A Machine Switching System, its formal commercial name, were transferred to Western Electric's international division in Belgium. In Europe and other continents the system was met with considerable commercial success.

British Rail Telecommunications was created in 1992 by British Rail (BR). It was the largest private telecoms network in Britain, consisting of 17,000 route kilometres of fibre optic and copper cable which connected every major city and town in the country and provided links to continental Europe through the Channel Tunnel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bell System</span> American telephone service monopoly (1877-1982)

The Bell System was a system of telecommunication companies, led by the Bell Telephone Company and later by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), that dominated the telephone services industry in North America for over 100 years from its creation in 1877 until its antitrust breakup in 1983. The system of companies was often colloquially called Ma Bell, as it held a vertical monopoly over telecommunication products and services in most areas of the United States and Canada. At the time of the breakup of the Bell System in the early 1980s, it had assets of $150 billion and employed over one million people.

Standard Telecommunication Laboratories was the UK research centre for Standard Telephones and Cables (STC). Initially based in Enfield, North London, and moved to Harlow Essex in 1959. STC was a subsidiary of ITT.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telephone exchange</span> Interconnects telephones for calls

A telephone exchange, also known as a telephone switch or central office, is a crucial component in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or large enterprise telecommunications systems. It facilitates the interconnection of telephone subscriber lines or digital system virtual circuits, enabling telephone calls between subscribers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telex</span> Switched network of teleprinters

Telex is a telecommunication service that provides text-based message exchange over the circuits of the public switched telephone network or by private lines. The technology operates on switched station-to-station basis with teleprinter devices at the receiving and sending locations. Telex was a major method of sending written messages electronically between businesses in the post–World War II period. Its usage went into decline as the fax machine grew in popularity in the 1980s.

Timeline of major events for Nortel.

Sir Frank Gill was a Manx engineer and a pioneer of Telephony, especially international telephony.

References

  1. ↑ John Brooks, Telephone—The First 100 Years, Harper and Row, New York (1975) p.170
  2. ↑ "Standard Telephones and Cables - Graces Guide".
  3. ↑ "Corporate Milestones". Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  4. ↑ Competition Commission Report on Cable Construction 1979 Page 138
  5. ↑ "Doncaster PSB 23rd April 2013". 23 April 2013.
  6. ↑ "THE SIGNAL BOX • View topic - Sequence Switch interlocking". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017.
  7. ↑ Hecht, Jeff (1999). City of Light, The Story of Fiber Optics . New York: Oxford University Press. p.  114. ISBN   0-19-510818-3.
  8. ↑ 100 Years of Telephone Switching By Robert J. Chapuis Page 316
  9. ↑ "Telephone Exchanges: Rectory Automatic Telephone Exchange, Sutton Coldfield". Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  10. ↑ 100 years of Telephone Switching by Robert J. Chapuis, Page 572
  11. ↑ Disconnecting a Telephone Empire Time Magazine, 7 July 1986
  12. ↑ ITT to sell STC stake to Telecom New York Times, 7 October 1987
  13. ↑ Telecom bid to buy STC New York Times, 9 November 1990
  14. ↑ Nortel History - 1980 to 1989 Archived 30 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Vintage Radio

Further reading

• Peter Young, 1983, Power of Speech: A History of Standard Telephones and Cables 1883-1983, George Allen & Unwin;. ISBN   0043820395 (London, UK)

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.