Foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda

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Antigua and Barbuda maintains diplomatic relations with the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China, as well as with many Latin American countries and neighbouring Eastern Caribbean states. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, Petrocaribe and the Eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System (RSS).

Contents

As a member of CARICOM, Antigua and Barbuda supported efforts by the United States to implement UN Security Council Resolution 940, designed to facilitate the departure of Haiti's de facto authorities from power. The country agreed to contribute personnel to the multinational force which restored the democratically elected government of Haiti in October 1994.

In May 1997, Prime Minister Bird joined 14 other Caribbean leaders and President Clinton for the first-ever US-regional summit in Bridgetown, Barbados. The summit strengthened the basis for regional co-operation on justice and counter-narcotics issues, finance and development, and trade.

Antigua and Barbuda is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Disputes – international: none

Illicit drugs: considered a minor transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as a drug-money-laundering center.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Antigua and Barbuda has diplomatic relations with:

Diplomatic relations of Antigua and Barbuda.svg
#CountryDate [1]
1Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 1 November 1981 [2]
2Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 1 November 1981 [3]
3Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 1 November 1981 [4]
4Flag of the United States.svg United States 1 November 1981 [5]
5Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 1981 [6]
6Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 17 January 1982 [7]
7Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 2 February 1982 [3]
8Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 3 February 1982 [8]
9Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 18 March 1982 [9]
10Flag of India.svg India 2 April 1982 [10]
11Flag of Germany.svg Germany 4 May 1982 [3]
12Flag of France.svg France 6 May 1982 [3]
13Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 11 May 1982 [3]
14Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 11 June 1982 [3]
15Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 11 June 1982 [3]
16Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 14 September 1982 [3]
17Flag of Japan.svg Japan 4 October 1982 [3]
18Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 6 December 1982 [11]
19Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 1 January 1983 [3]
20Flag of Belize.svg Belize 4 February 1983 [12]
21Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 8 February 1983 [13]
22Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 2 March 1983 [14]
23Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 2 March 1983 [14]
24Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 2 March 1983 [14]
25Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal 20 March 1983 [15]
26Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria 18 April 1983 [3]
27Flag of Israel.svg Israel 22 June 1983 [3]
28Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados 19 September 1983 [16]
29Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983 [17]
30Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 14 December 1983 [3]
31Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas 1983 [18]
32Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia 1983 [19]
33Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 16 January 1984 [3]
34Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 14 September 1984 [20]
35Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 7 December 1984 [21]
36Flag of Austria.svg Austria 25 March 1985 [3]
37Flag of Greece.svg Greece 10 June 1985 [3]
38Flag of Peru.svg Peru 24 June 1985 [3]
39Flag of Italy.svg Italy 20 August 1985 [3]
40Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 26 August 1985 [3]
41Flag of Norway.svg Norway 14 October 1985 [3]
42Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 27 October 1985 [3]
43Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 30 October 1985 [3]
Flag of Vatican City (2023-present).svg Holy See 15 December 1986 [22]
44Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 27 April 1987 [3]
45Flag of Spain.svg Spain 27 June 1988 [3]
46Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname 10 October 1989
47Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 1 November 1989
48Flag of Russia.svg Russia 5 January 1990
49Flag of Chile.svg Chile 10 August 1990 [3]
50Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 27 November 1990
51Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 3 February 1992
52Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 20 February 1992 [3]
53Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 17 March 1993 [3]
54Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 18 March 1993 [3]
55Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 19 March 1993
56Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 4 June 1993
57Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 15 June 1993 [3]
58Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 25 August 1993 [3]
59Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 6 April 1994
60Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia 21 February 1995 [3]
61Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 5 April 1995 [3]
62Flag of Panama.svg Panama 27 September 1996 [23]
63Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 31 January 1997
64Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 11 June 1997
65Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait 9 July 1998 [3]
66Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 15 June 1999
67Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 21 June 1999
68Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey June 1999 [3]
69Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 18 May 2000
70Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 19 May 2000
71Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 7 June 2001
72Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives 25 March 2002
73Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 17 February 2004 [3]
74Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 11 March 2004
75Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 22 July 2004
76Flag of Malta.svg Malta 23 July 2004
77Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 23 September 2004 [24]
78Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 16 May 2005
79Flag of Poland.svg Poland 13 September 2005 [25]
80Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 7 July 2006 [3]
81Flag of Oman.svg Oman 5 October 2006
82Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 9 October 2006
83Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain 20 October 2006
84Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 12 December 2006
85Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia 12 February 2007
86Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 4 May 2007
87Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 3 July 2007 [26]
88Flag of Libya.svg Libya 31 August 2007
89Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 26 September 2007
90Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 5 October 2007 [27]
91Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 16 November 2007
92Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 6 December 2007
93Flag of Finland.svg Finland 26 September 2008
94Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 10 August 2009 [28]
95Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei 21 December 2009
96Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia 28 April 2010
97Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 7 July 2010
98Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 16 July 2010
99Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 7 April 2011
100Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 11 April 2011
101Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan 12 April 2011
102Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 June 2011
103Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 3 June 2011 [29]
104Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 23 September 2011 [3]
105Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 18 November 2011
106Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 19 June 2013
107Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 8 November 2013
108Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 6 October 2014 [30]
109Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia 1 November 2014 [31]
110Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 20 February 2015
111Flag of Iran.svg Iran 1 October 2015
112Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 21 September 2016
113Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 23 September 2016
114Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon April 2017 [32]
115Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal 25 July 2017
116Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 27 September 2017
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg Cook Islands 9 November 2017 [33]
117Flag of Romania.svg Romania 5 April 2018 [34]
118Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 25 September 2018
119Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 28 September 2018
120Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 12 December 2018 [35]
121Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 28 February 2019 [36]
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo 24 July 2019 [37]
122Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 10 December 2019
123Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Before March 2020 [38]
124Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 3 June 2021 [39]
125Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 13 June 2022
126Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 23 June 2022 [40]
127Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde September 2022 [41]
128Flag of Benin.svg Benin 21 December 2023
Flag of Palestine.svg State of Palestine 14 June 2024
129Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles 23 September 2024
130Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Unknown
131Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Unknown
132Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unknown

Bilateral relations

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Flag of Belize.svg Belize 4 February 1983

Antigua & Barbuda and Belize are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1983. [42]

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 1 November 1981

Antigua & Barbuda and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1967. [43] [44]

  • Antigua and Barbuda is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto.
  • The Canadian High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda. [45]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 1 January 1983

Both countries have established diplomatic relations. [46]

Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 21 July 2004
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 28 October 1985

Denmark is represented in Antigua and Barbuda by its Consulate General in New York and an honorary consulate in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda. [48]

Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 3 February 1982
Flag of India.svg India

Both countries have established diplomatic relations and have an Extradition Arrangement. [50] [51]

Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 19 May 2000

Ireland is represented in Antigua and Barbuda through its embassy in Washington DC, United States. [52] [53]

Flag of Israel.svg Israel 22 June 1983

Israel is represented in Antigua and Barbuda through its embassy in Dominican Republic. [54]

Flag of Malta.svg Malta 23 July 2004
Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 14 September 1984
  • Antigua and Barbuda has a non-resident ambassador accredited to Mexico from its capital in St. John's. [56]
  • Mexico is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda from its embassy in Castries, Saint Lucia and maintains an honorary consulate in St. John's. [57]
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 26 June 2004
Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 1 November 1981

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Antigua and Barbuda began on 1 November 1981. [60]

Flag of Spain.svg Spain 27 June 1988

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1988.

Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Feb. 3, 1982 [61] See Antigua and Barbuda–Turkey relations
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 1 November 1981

Both countries have established diplomatic relations. Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.

Flag of the United States.svg United States 1 November 1981

Relations between Antigua and Barbuda and the United States have been friendly since Antigua and Barbuda's independence from the United Kingdom in 1981.

The United States has supported the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's effort to expand its economic base and to improve its citizens' standard of living. However, concerns over the lack of adequate regulation of the financial services sector prompted the US Government to issue a financial advisory for Antigua and Barbuda in 1999. The advisory was lifted in 2001, but the US Government continues to monitor the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's regulation of financial services.

The United States also has been active in supporting post-hurricane disaster assistance and rehabilitation through the US Agency for International Development's (USAID) Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and the Peace Corps. US assistance is primarily channelled through multilateral agencies such as the World Bank and the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), as well as through the USAID office in Bridgetown, Barbados.

Antigua and Barbuda is strategically situated in the Leeward Islands near maritime transport lanes of major importance to the United States. Antigua has long hosted a US military presence. A former US Navy support facility, turned over to the Government of Antigua and Barbuda in 1995, is now being developed as a regional coast guard training facility.

Antigua and Barbuda's location close to the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico makes it an attractive transshipment point for narcotics traffickers. To address these problems, the United States and Antigua and Barbuda have signed a series of counter-narcotic and counter-crime treaties and agreements, including a maritime law enforcement agreement (1995), subsequently amended to include overflight and order-to-land provisions (1996); a bilateral extradition treaty (1996); and a mutual legal assistance treaty (1996). In addition, Antigua and Barbuda receives counter-narcotics assistance and benefits from US military exercise-related and humanitarian civic assistance construction projects.

In 2005, Antigua and Barbuda had 239,804 stay-over visitors, with nearly 28% of Antigua and Barbuda's visitors coming from the United States. It is estimated that 4,500 Americans reside in the country.

In 2005 both countries disputed a World Trade Organization ruling over gambling law. In 2007 relations were strained when Antigua and Barbuda demanded sanctions worth $3.4bn imposed on the US for its failure to obey the WTO gambling ruling stating that "while we realise this is a significant step for Antigua and Barbuda to take, we feel we have no choice in the matter". [64] Nevertheless, relations between the two countries are still strong.

Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 15 June 1982

Antigua and Barbuda enjoys close relations with Venezuela. As of June 2009 it became a formal member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) international co-operation organisation and the Caribbean oil alliance Petrocaribe. In 2009 Antigua and Barbuda received US$50 million from Venezuela because of the country's membership of these initiatives.

"We have benefited from these relationships and so we will continue to forge these alliances, whether it is with Venezuela, Cuba or whoever else that we feel is in the interest of Antigua and Barbuda and the sub-region," said the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda Baldwin Spencer. [65]

See also

References

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