Foreign relations of Ireland

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The foreign relations of Ireland are substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United States and United Kingdom are also important to the state. It is one of the group of smaller nations in the EU and has traditionally followed a non-aligned foreign policy. Ireland has historically tended towards independence in foreign military policy, thus it is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality.

Contents

Main relationships

Ireland was not invited to join the United Nations when it was formed in 1945. Both Washington and London were opposed because of Ireland's neutrality during the war. Ireland applied in 1946 and the US and UK voted approval, but the Soviet Union vetoed it. Ireland was finally admitted to the UN in 1955. [1] It joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973; it is now known as the European Union (EU). In 1974 it began the Irish Aid programme to provide assistance to developing countries. In 1991 it established the Irish Institute of International and European Affairs to conduct research and analysis on international and European affairs. In 1992 the Irish Refugee Council began as a humanitarian advocate for the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Ireland. [2]

United Kingdom

Embassy of Ireland in London Irish embassy in London.JPG
Embassy of Ireland in London

Since at least the 1100s Ireland, as a result of military conquest, has had political connections with the United Kingdom and its predecessor states, with the whole island becoming a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. From the time Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1922, the two countries have been involved in a dispute over the status of Northern Ireland. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland formerly claimed Northern Ireland as a part of the "national territory", though in practice the Irish government did recognise the UK's jurisdiction over the region.
From the onset of the Troubles in 1969, the two governments sought to bring the violence to an end. The Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 were important steps in this process. In 1998, both states signed the Good Friday Agreement and now co-operate closely to find a solution to the region's problems. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland were amended as part of this agreement, the territorial claim being replaced with a statement of aspiration to unite the people of the island of Ireland. As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the states also ended their dispute over their respective names: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Each agreed to accept and use the others' correct name.

When the Troubles were raging in Northern Ireland, the Irish Government sought, with mixed success, to prevent the import of weapons and ammunition through its territory by illegal paramilitary organisations for use in their conflict with the security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1973 three ships of the Irish Naval Service intercepted a ship carrying weapons from Libya which were probably destined for Irish Republican paramilitaries. [3] Law enforcement acts such as these additionally improved relations with the government of the United Kingdom. However, the independent judiciary blocked a number of attempts to extradite suspects between 1970 and 1998 on the basis that their crime might have been 'political' and thus contrary to international law at the time.

Ireland is one of the parties to the Rockall continental shelf dispute that also involves Denmark, Iceland, and the United Kingdom. Ireland and the United Kingdom have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area. However, neither has concluded similar agreements with Iceland or Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) and the matter remains under negotiation. Iceland now claims [4] a substantial area of the continental shelf to the west of Ireland, to a point 49°48'N 19°00'W, which is further south than Ireland.

The controversial Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in north-western England has also been a contentious issue between the two governments. The Irish government has sought the closure of the plant, taking a case against the UK government under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, the European Court of Justice found that the case should have been dealt with under EU law. [5] In 2006, however, both countries came to a friendly agreement which enabled both the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland and the Garda Síochána (Irish Police Force) access to the site to conduct investigations. [6]

United States

Embassy of Ireland to the US, in Washington, D.C. Embassy of Ireland in Washington DC.jpg
Embassy of Ireland to the US, in Washington, D.C.

The United States recognised the Irish Free State on 28 June 1924 with diplomatic relations being established on 7 October 1924. In 1927, the United States opened an American Legation in Dublin. [7] Due to the ancestral ties between the two countries, Ireland and the US have a strong relationship, both politically and economically, with the US being Ireland's biggest trading partner since 2000. [8] Ireland also receives more foreign direct investment from the US than many larger nations, with investments in Ireland equal to France and Germany combined and, in 2012, more than all of developing Asia put together. [9]

The use of Shannon Airport as a stop-over point for US forces en route to Iraq has caused domestic controversy in Ireland. Opponents of this policy brought an unsuccessful High Court case against the government in 2003, arguing that this use of Irish airspace violated Irish neutrality. [10] Restrictions such as carrying no arms, ammunition, or explosives, and that the flights in question did not form part of military exercises or operations were put in place to defend Irish neutrality, however, allegations have been made against the Central Intelligence Agency that the airport has been used between 30 and 50 times for illegal extraordinary rendition flights to the U.S. without the knowledge of the Irish Government, despite diplomatic assurances by the US that Irish airspace would not be used for transport of detainees. [11] [12]

In July 2006, the former Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dermot Ahern voiced concern over the 2006 Lebanon War. [13] A shipment of bombs being sent to Israel by the United States was banned using Irish airspace or airfields. [14]

In 1995 a decision was made by the U.S. government to appoint a Special Envoy to Northern Ireland to help with the Northern Ireland peace process. During the 2008 presidential campaign in the United States, however, Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama was reported as having questioned the necessity to keep a US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. His remarks caused an uproar within the Republican Party, with Senator John McCain questioning his leadership abilities and his commitment to the ongoing peace process in Northern Ireland. [15]

As of 2023, Geraldine Byrne Nason is the Irish ambassador to the United States while the position of U.S. ambassador to Ireland is held by Claire D. Cronin.

China

Embassy of Ireland in Beijing Irish Embassy in Beijing.JPG
Embassy of Ireland in Beijing

Ireland's official relationship with the People's Republic of China began on 22 June 1979. [16] Following his visit to China in 1999, former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern authorised the establishment of an Asia Strategy. [17] This Strategy aimed to ensure that the Irish Government and Irish enterprise work coherently to enhance the important relationships between Ireland and Asia. [17] In recent years due to the rapid expansion of the Chinese economy, China is becoming a key trade partner of Ireland, with over $6bn worth of bilateral trade between the two countries in 2010. In July 2013, the Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade were invited to China by the Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi on a trade mission to boost both investment and political ties between the two countries. [18]

Ireland has raised its concerns in the area of human rights with China on several occasions. On 12 May 2007, during a visit to Beijing, former Taoiseach Brian Cowen (then Minister for Finance) discussed human rights issues with Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing. [19] Former Tánaiste Mary Coughlan also raised human rights issues and concerns with visiting Chinese Vice-Premier Zeng Peiyan. [19] Ireland also participates in the EU-China Human Rights Dialogue.

Concerning the Taiwan issue, Ireland follows a One-China policy and emphasizes the Taiwan issue being best settled through dialogue "between the parties concerned". Ireland does not maintain official diplomatic ties with Taiwan although there is a Taipei Representative Office that has a representative function about economic and cultural promotion.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Ireland, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps. [20] [21]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Ireland maintains diplomatic relations with:

Diplomatic relations of Ireland.svg
#CountryDate [22]
1Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 6 December 1922 [23]
2Flag of the United States.svg  United States 7 October 1924 [24]
3Flag of France.svg  France 19 October 1929 [25]
Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg  Holy See 27 November 1929 [26]
4Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 7 September 1932 [27]
5Flag of Spain.svg  Spain September 1935 [28]
6Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 27 September 1937 [29]
7Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 11 September 1939 [30]
8Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 1939 [31]
9Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 26 February 1942 [32]
10Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 1945 [33]
11Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 18 July 1946 [34]
12Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 15 October 1946 [35]
13Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 29 January 1947 [36]
14Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 29 July 1947 [37]
15Flag of India.svg  India 1947 [38]
16Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 11 March 1948 [39]
17Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 17 February 1950 [40]
18Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 26 July 1951 [41]
19Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 2 October 1951 [42]
20Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 1 March 1952 [43]
21Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 19 January 1955 [44]
22Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 5 March 1957 [45]
23Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 1960 [46]
24Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 2 November 1961 [47]
25Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 20 December 1961 [48]
26Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark January 1962 [49]
27Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 1962 [50]
28Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 25 January 1964 [51]
29Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 1965 [52]
30Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 19 January 1966 [53]
31Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 29 September 1973 [54]
32Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 18 May 1974 [55]
33Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 12 September 1974 [56]
34Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar September 1974 [57]
35Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia September 1974 [57]
36Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 5 October 1974 [58]
37Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 8 October 1974 [59]
38Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 2 December 1974 [60]
39Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 12 December 1974 [61]
40Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 12 December 1974 [61]
41Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 16 January 1975 [62]
42Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 22 January 1975 [63]
43Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 27 January 1975 [64]
44Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria January 1975 [65]
45Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 19 March 1975 [66]
46Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 18 July 1975 [67]
47Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 21 August 1975 [68]
48Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 1 September 1975 [69]
49Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 17 February 1976 [70]
50Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 30 September 1976 [71]
51Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 1 October 1976 [72]
52Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 2 July 1977 [73]
53Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 1977 [74]
54Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 4 April 1979 [75]
55Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 22 June 1979 [76]
56Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 3 December 1979 [77]
57Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 1979 [78]
58Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 26 September 1980 [79]
59Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 4 October 1983 [80]
60Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe October 1983 [81] [82]
61Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 28 March 1984 [83]
62Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 15 May 1984 [84]
63Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 5 July 1984 [85]
64Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 4 September 1984 [86]
65Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 23 November 1984 [87]
66Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 6 May 1986 [88]
67Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 8 July 1987 [89]
68Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 18 April 1990 [90]
69Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 11 June 1990 [91]
70Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 13 June 1990 [92]
71Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 1990 [93]
72Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 2 September 1991 [94]
73Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 10 September 1991 [95]
74Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 9 October 1991 [96]
75Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 27 March 1992 [97]
76Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 1 April 1992 [98]
77Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 10 April 1992 [99]
78Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 1 June 1992 [100]
79Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 1 January 1993 [101]
80Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 5 October 1993 [102]
81Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 13 December 1994 [103]
82Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 1994 [104]
83Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 1994 [105]
84Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 1994 [106]
85Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 13 January 1995 [107]
86Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 18 January 1995 [108]
87Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 27 January 1995 [109]
88Flag of Albania.svg  Albania January 1995 [110]
89Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 September 1995 [111]
90Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 25 January 1996 [112]
91Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka February 1996 [113]
92Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 5 April 1996 [114]
93Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 13 June 1996
94Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 28 June 1996 [115]
95Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 1 July 1996 [116]
96Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 12 September 1996 [117]
97Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 1996 [118]
98Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 7 November 1997 [119]
99Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 7 December 1997 [120]
100Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 7 August 1998 [121]
101Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 22 December 1998 [122]
102Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 27 June 1999 [123]
103Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 13 July 1999 [124]
104Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 19 August 1999 [125]
105Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 9 October 1999 [126]
106Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 20 October 1999
107Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 27 October 1999 [127]
108Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 30 October 1999 [128]
109Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 10 November 1999
110Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 7 December 1999 [129]
11Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 11 December 1999 [130]
112Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 1999 [131]
113Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 19 January 2000
114Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 2 February 2000
115Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru 21 March 2000
116Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 3 May 2000
117Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 19 May 2000
118Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 23 June 2000 [132]
119Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa 26 June 2000 [133]
120Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 30 June 2000
121Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 12 July 2000 [134]
122Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 13 July 2000 [135]
123Flag of Palau.svg  Palau 14 July 2000
124Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 18 July 2000 [136]
125Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 21 July 2000
126Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 25 July 2000
127Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius August 2000 [137]
128Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 15 September 2000
129Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati September 2000 [138]
130Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu September 2000 [138]
131Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 13 December 2000
132Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2000 [139]
133Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 2000 [140]
134Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 24 January 2001
135Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 14 February 2001
136Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 3 May 2001
137Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 15 May 2001
138Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 29 May 2001
139Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 6 July 2001
140Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 6 July 2001
141Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 24 October 2001 [141]
142Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 19 February 2002 [142]
143Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 13 March 2002 [143]
144Flag of Afghanistan (2013-2021).svg  Afghanistan 19 September 2002
145Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 2002 [144]
146Flag of East Timor.svg  East Timor 31 January 2003
147Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 9 September 2003
148Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 10 December 2003 [145]
149Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 10 February 2004 [146]
150Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Federated States of Micronesia 27 October 2004
151Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 2004 [147]
152Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 2004 [148]
153Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 2004 [149]
154Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 14 June 2005 [150]
155Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 20 June 2006 [151]
156Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 14 December 2006 [152]
157Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 23 April 2007
158Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 23 April 2007
159Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 1 May 2007
160Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 16 October 2007 [153]
161Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 30 June 2008 [154]
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo 11 November 2008 [155]
162Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 6 July 2009 [156]
163Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 4 December 2009 [157]
164Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 15 December 2009 [158]
165Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 26 January 2012
166Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan 4 May 2012 [159]
167Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 28 November 2013 [160]
168Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10 December 2013 [161]
169Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 2017 [139]
170Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 26 June 2018
171Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 27 June 2018
172Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 28 May 2019 [162]
173Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 19 November 2019 [163]
174Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 2019 [164]
175Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 26 October 2020 [165]
176Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 3 November 2020 [166]
177Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands 8 January 2021 [167]
178Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 19 March 2021 [168]
179Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 27 July 2021 [169]
180Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 25 November 2021 [170] [171]
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg  Cook Islands 21 November 2022 [172]
181Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 1 December 2022 [173]
182Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis June 2023 [174] [175]
183Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 21 September 2023 [176]
184Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo Unknown
185Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar Unknown
186Flag of Mali.svg  Mali Unknown [177]
187Flag of Niger.svg  Niger Unknown
188Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal Unknown
189Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu Unknown (Before April 2008) [178]

Ireland maintains diplomatic relations with 189 United Nations member states, the Cook Islands, Kosovo and the Holy See. Ireland does not have diplomatic relations with the following countries:

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria January 1975 [65]
  • Ireland is represented in Algeria through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland).
  • Algeria has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 1,047 Algerians living in Ireland. [179]
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 24 January 2001 [180]
  • Ireland is represented in Angola through its embassy in Maputo (Mozambique).
  • Angola is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Between 2006 and 2010 Angola received almost €7.6 million from the government of Ireland through Irish Aid. [181]
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 1 May 2007 [182]
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 23 April 2007 [184]
  • Ireland is represented in Cameroon through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria).
  • Cameroon is represented in Ireland through an honorary consulate in Dublin.
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of Congo 2000 [139]
  • Ireland is represented in the Democratic Republic of Congo through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
  • Democratic Republic of Congo received €7.4 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
  • There are 1,770 citizens from between both the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo living in Ireland. The exact number from each is uncertain due to the fact Congo with no distinction was used solely in census reports. [179]
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt December 1974 [65]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria. [186]
  • Egypt has an embassy in Dublin, the first embassy of an Arab country in Ireland. [187]
  • There are 1,055 Egyptians living in Ireland. [179]
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 1994 [104] See Ethiopia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia closed its embassy in Dublin in 2021.
  • In 2011, Ethiopia received €36.4 million in aid from Ireland. [185]
  • In November 2014 the President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins visited Ethiopia on a state visit to celebrate 20 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries. During this visit a bilateral transport agreement was signed which paved the way for Ethiopian Airlines to commence direct flights to Dublin from Addis Ababa, the first between Ireland and Sub-Saharan Africa. [188]
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 1990 [93]
  • Ireland is represented in Ghana through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria). Ireland also maintains a visa applications centre in Accra.
  • Ghana is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • There are 1,158 Ghanaians living in Ireland. [179]
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 3 May 2000 [189]
  • Although diplomatic relations with the Ivory Coast are maintained through Ireland's Embassy in London, (United Kingdom), Ireland is represented in the Ivory Coast consular through its embassy in Monrovia (Liberia). [190]
  • Ivory Coast is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 4 April 1979 [75]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Kenya received €9.3 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
  • There are approximately 2,000 Irish citizens living in Kenya. [191]
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho
  • Ireland is represented in Lesotho through its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa after closing its embassy in Maseru in 2014.
  • Lesotho has an embassy in Dublin.
  • In June 2006 the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese made a state visit to the country. [192]
  • Lesotho received €11.3 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 2004 [149]
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 2 July 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1977 [73]
  • Ireland is represented in Libya through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Libya is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).

Under Muammar Gaddafi, the prime governor of Libya from 1969 to 2011, relations between both countries were strained due to Gaddafi's support of the Irish Republican Army. Gaddafi was sympathetic to their cause and also wanted revenge for the US Air Force's bombing attacks on Tripoli and Benghazi in 1986. Between 1984 and 1987 Libya sent the IRA about 1,000 AK47 assault rifles and six tonnes of Semtex explosive alongside other weapons. This shipment ensured The Troubles could continue for many more years, mainly until the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 ended the conflict. [194]

Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 2005Ireland and Madagascar maintain diplomatic relations in 2005.
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 2002
  • Ireland has an embassy in Lilongwe and an honorary consulate in Blantyre. [196]
  • Malawi has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • Malawi received €17.5 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
  • In 2014 the President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, made a state visit to Malawi. [197]
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius August 2000 [137]
  • Ireland is represented in Mauritius through its embassy in Pretoria, (South Africa).
  • Mauritius is represented in Ireland through its high commission in London (United Kingdom).
  • There are 2,844 citizens of Mauritius living in Ireland. [198]

Following the murder of Irish tourist Michaela McAreavey on the island in January 2011, several Irish businesses proposed a boycott of the island due to the questionable trial in which all 3 suspects were acquitted. [199] Another source of discontent was the investigation by the Mauritian authorities. The Major Crime Investigation Team (MCIT), who was in charge, admitted they failed to interview fellow guests at the hotel who were staying close to the room in which the murder occurred. They also failed to preserve the crime scene and did not provide any solid DNA evidence against the accused. [200] As a result, the Irish ambassador to Mauritius conveyed in person to the Prime Minister of Mauritius, Navin Ramgoolam, a formal government to government protest over what happened. [201] [202]

Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 19 March 1975 [66]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rabat. [203]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Dublin.

In November 2012 Morocco recalled its ambassador to Ireland temporarily due to the fact the leader of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Mohamed Abdelaziz, met with top Irish officials, including the President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Eamon Gilmore. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims sovereignty over Western Sahara, a disputed territory that Morocco also claims to own. [204]

Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 13 June 1996 [205]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Maputo. [206]
  • Mozambique is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Mozambique received €42.2 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 1994 [207]

Following Namibia's Independence from South Africa in 1990, Ireland sent 50 Garda officers as well as 20 military observers to the country as part of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group. This group was sent to monitor the peace process and elections taking place there at the time. [208]

Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 9 October 1999 [126]
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 19 January 2000 [210]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Freetown since 2014.
  • Sierra Leone is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Muine Bheag in County Carlow.
  • Sierra Leone received €9.1 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
  • Between 2005 and 2014 Ireland provided over €88 million in assistance to projects in Sierra Leone. [211]
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 1993 [213]

A principled stand against apartheid by Ireland came to prevent the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. As a result, Ireland was the only EU country that did not have full diplomatic relations with South Africa until 1993, when an exchange of ambassadors was agreed with the De Klerk administration in anticipation of the ending of apartheid.

Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 1979 [216]
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 1994
  • Ireland has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Uganda is represented in Ireland through its high commission in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • In 2011 Uganda received €42.7 million from Ireland through a variety of aid programmes. [185]
  • Irish people are one of the few citizens that do not need a visa to travel to Uganda. [218]

It was found in November 2012 that €4 million worth of Irish foreign aid was misappropriated by senior officials of the country. Instead of going towards aiding the development of the country, this money was redirected into the personal account of the prime minister of Uganda. The Irish government then halted all aid payments towards Uganda until the money was recouped, which eventually occurred in January 2013. [219]

Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 1984
  • Ireland is represented in Zimbabwe through an honorary consulate in Harare. [220]
  • Zimbabwe is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Zimbabwe received €7.6 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
  • There are 1,537 Zimbabweans living in Ireland. [179]

Americas

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 21 July 1947 [221] See Argentina-Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Dublin.
  • In 2012 the Irish president Michael D. Higgins became the third Irish President in succession to visit Argentina on a state visit.
  • In March 2008, a new visa programme between the two countries allowing young people from each country to work in the other for up to 9 months was announced. [222]
  • See Also: Irish Argentine
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 23 April 2007 [223]
  • Ireland is represented in The Bahamas through its embassy in Ottawa (Canada) and an honorary consulate in Nassau. [224]
  • The Bahamas are represented in Ireland through their High Commission in London, (United Kingdom).
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 19 September 1975 [225] See Brazil–Ireland relations
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 11 September 1939 [227] See Canada–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver. [228]
  • Canada has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 2,384 Canadian citizens residing in Ireland. [198]
  • Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Approximately 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 1 June 1992 [229] See also: Chile–Ireland relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Dublin. [230]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Santiago de Chile. [231]
  • A special visa programme allowing young people from both countries to work in the other country for up to a year was announced in 2016. [232]
  • See also: Irish Chilean
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 10 November 1999 [233] See Colombia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Bogotá. [234]
  • Colombia has an embassy in Dublin. [235]
  • Colombia received over €1 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 15 September 2000 [236]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 27 October 1999 [239]
  • Ireland has an honorary consulate in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Dublin.
  • A large number of Irish people migrated to Cuba in the 19th century.
  • The Irish Republican political party, Sinn Féin is also known to have close political links to the Cuban government. In 2015 Sinn Féin party leader, Gerry Adams made an official visit to the country. [240]
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 13 July 2000 [241]
  • Ireland is represented in the Dominican Republic through its embassy in Bogota, Colombia
  • The Dominican Republic is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 20 October 1999 [242]
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 26 January 2012 [243]
  • Ireland is represented in Haiti through Ireland's embassy in Mexico City, (Mexico).
  • In 2014 Haiti received €2.1m from Ireland in development aid. [244]
  • Following the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake, Ireland donated €37.3m to the country in response through governmental bodies such as Irish Aid and through donations to NGO'S from the public. [245]
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 7 December 1997 [246]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 10 January 1974 [247] See Ireland–Mexico relations
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 14 February 2001 [251]
  • Although diplomatic relations with Panama are maintained through Ireland's embassy in Bogotá, (Colombia), Ireland is represented in Panama consularly through its embassy in Mexico City (Mexico) and through an honorary consulate in Panama City. [252]
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 27 June 1999 [123]
  • Ireland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Dublin.
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 7 October 1924 [253] See above and Ireland–United States relations

Asia

  No formal diplomatic relations
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan 19 September 2002 [256]
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 28 June 1996 [257]
  • Ireland recognised Armenia's independence in December 1991.
  • Armenia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin. [258]
  • Ireland is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria) and through an honorary consulate in Yerevan. [259]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 1 July 1996 [116]
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 18 May 1974 [55]
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan N/A Ireland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Bhutan.
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 22 June 1979 [76] See above and China–Ireland relations
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 12 September 1996 [263]
  • Ireland is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Kyiv (Ukraine).
  • Georgia has an embassy in Dublin.

Ireland supports EU initiatives to promote peace between Georgia and Russia. Ireland recognises Georgian sovereignty over the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Ireland condemned the decision of Russia to recognise South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states. [264]

The parallel the Abkhaz Parliament referred to stems from the fact that the breakaway and largely unrecognised Irish Republic (1919–22), enjoyed some form of recognition from the RSFSR.[ citation needed ]

Flag of India.svg  India 1947 [265] See India–Ireland relations
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 4 September 1984 [86] See Indonesia–Ireland relations
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 17 February 1976 [70]
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 1979 [272]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel January 1975 [273] See Ireland–Israel relations
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 5 March 1957 [276] See Ireland–Japan relations
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 15 May 1984 [279]
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 10 April 1992 [281]
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 5 October 1974 [58]
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon January 1975 [65]
  • Ireland is represented in Lebanon through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt) and an honorary consulate in Beirut.
  • Lebanon is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).

From 1978 to 2001, a battalion of 580 Irish troops was deployed in Lebanon, rotating every 6 months, as part of the United Nations led force UNIFIL. In all, 30,000 Irish soldiers served in Lebanon over the 23 years. Over the course of this mission 48 Irish soldiers died in Lebanon. [282]

Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 1974 [283]
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 22 December 1998 [284]
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 19 August 1999 [285]
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 10 December 2003
  • DPR Korea opened an embassy in Ireland after they both established diplomatic relations. However, on 16 July 2005, North Korea closed the embassy in Dublin.
  • Ireland is represented to DPR Korea from its embassy in Seoul.
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman July 1987 [287]
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan See Ireland–Pakistan relations
  • Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) and an consulate general in Karachi and is planning to open in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 6,847 Pakistanis living in Ireland. [215]
  • Pakistan received over €1.5 million in aid from Ireland in 2011. [185]
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine 2000 [288] See Ireland-Palestine relations
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 1984 [292] See Ireland–Philippines relations
  • Diplomatic relations officially began in 1984 and have become more intense over the years as increasing numbers of Filipinos have migrated to Ireland.
  • Ireland has an embassy in Manila.
  • The Philippines is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • There are 12,791 Filipinos living in Ireland. [215]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia September 1974 [293]
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 2 December 1974 [294]
  • Ireland is represented in Singapore through its embassy in Singapore.
  • Singapore is represented in Ireland through its honorary consulate in Dublin.
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 4 October 1983 [80] The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and Ireland started on 4 October 1983. [295]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 1996 [298]
  • Ireland is represented in Sri Lanka through its embassy in New Delhi (India) and an honorary consulate in Colombo.
  • Sri Lanka is represented in Ireland through an honorary consulate in Dublin.
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 27 January 1975 [64]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 2 October 1951 [299] See Ireland–Turkey relations
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 1974 [301]
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 5 April 1996 [114]

Europe

Ireland is consistently the most pro-European of EU member states, with 88% of the population approving of EU membership according to a poll in 2022. Ireland was a founding member of the euro single currency. In May 2004, Ireland was one of only three countries to open its borders to workers from the 10 new member states. EU issues important to Ireland include the Common Agricultural Policy, corporation tax harmonisation and the EU Constitution. The Irish electorate declined to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon in 2008. A second referendum in October 2009 passed the bill, allowing the treaty to be ratified. Before it was ratified Ireland required legal guarantees on issues such as the right of Ireland to remain militarily neutral (and not engage in any kind of "European army"), the right of the state to maintain its low levels of corporation tax and that the treaty would not change the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland making abortion illegal (since deleted). Ireland has held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on seven occasions (in 1975, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2004 and 2013).

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania January 1995 [110]
Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 18 January 1995 [307]
  • Although Ireland is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, (Spain) all consular queries are with regard to Andorra are dealt with through Ireland's consulate-general in Barcelona. [308]
  • Andorra does not have an accreditation to Ireland. [309]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 1 March 1952 [310]
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 27 March 1992 [314]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 7 September 1932 [316]
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 September 1995 [320]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 11 January 1990 [321]
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 27 January 1995 [324] See Croatia–Ireland relations
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 23 November 1984 [87] See Cyprus-Ireland relations
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 1 January 1993 [36]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark January 1962 [49] See Denmark–Ireland relations
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 10 September 1991 [329]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 2 November 1961 [330]
Flag of France.svg  France 19 October 1929 [333] [334] See France–Ireland relations
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 27 October 1929 [337] See Germany–Ireland relations
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 22 January 1975 [340] See Greece–Ireland relations
Flag of Guernsey.svg  Guernsey
  • Ireland has signed several tax treaties with the Guernsey. [343] The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation. [344]
Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg  Holy See 27 November 1929 [345] See Holy See–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • The Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Dublin.
  • In November 2011 Ireland closed its embassy in the Vatican over the Irish Church's handling of sex abuse cases and accusations that the Vatican had encouraged secrecy and obstructed investigations into these matters. [346] The embassy was reopened in January 2014, a sign of thawing relations between the two jurisdictions. [347]
  • The majority of Irish people are Roman Catholic.
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 1 October 1976 [72]
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 3 July 1951 [350] See Iceland–Ireland relations
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 27 September 1937 [353]
Flag of Jersey.svg  Jersey
  • Ireland has signed several tax treaties with Jersey. [343] The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation. [344]
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo 11 November 2008 [356] See Ireland–Kosovo relations
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 9 October 1991 [360]
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 1992
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 2 September 1991 [363]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 20 December 1961 [365]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 13 June 1990 [367]
Flag of the Isle of Man.svg  Isle of Man See Ireland-Isle of Man relations
  • Ireland has signed several tax agreements with the Isle of Man. [370] The agreements provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.
  • Ireland and the Isle of Man have collaborated on preparing reports and jointly opposing the Sellafield nuclear plant to the UK government. [371]
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 13 July 1999 [372]
Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 14 December 2006 [374]
  • Although Ireland has an honorary consulate in Monaco, Ireland is represented through its embassy in Paris (France).
  • Monaco has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 20 June 2006 [375]
  • Ireland is represented in Montenegro through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
  • Montenegro declared its independence from Serbia on 3 June 2006 and Ireland recognised it on 20 June 2006.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 1945 [376]
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 13 December 1994 [378]
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 17 February 1950 [379]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 30 September 1976 [382] See Ireland–Poland relations
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 26 February 1942 [385] [386]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 18 April 1990 [388]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 29 September 1973 [391] See Ireland–Russia relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Moscow. and an honorary consulate in St. Petersburg. [392]
  • Russia has an embassy Dublin and two honorary consulates (Limerick and Thurles, County Tipperary). [393]
  • There are 3,896 Russians living in Ireland. [198]
  • The Russian SFSR drafted a treaty which would have made it the first country to recognise the independence of Ireland in 1920, however, the Russian SFSR failed to ratify it. [394] [395]
  • Cooperation between both countries has been more active since the end of the Cold War. Many bilateral treaties exist between both nations in various fields (taxation, investment protection, cultural and scientific, aviation, etc.).
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 13 January 1995 [396]
  • Ireland is represented in San Marino through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • San Marino has an honorary consulate in Limerick.
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 1977 [397]
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 1 January 1993 [398]

In 2010 Slovak airport security planted actual explosives in the luggage of unsuspecting passengers as part of a security exercise. As result of additional mistakes, the explosives were flown to Dublin, Ireland causing international controversy. [400] Prime Minister Fico refused to dismiss the interior minister after the incident.

Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 25 January 1996 [401]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 3 September 1935 [404] [405] See Ireland–Spain relations
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 18 July 1946 [409] See Ireland–Sweden relations
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 1939 [31]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Bern and an honorary consulate in Zürich.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Dublin.
  • As of 2010 there are 1,449 Swiss people living in Ireland. [410]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 1 April 1992 [411]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 8 January 1923 [414] See above and Ireland–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

  No formal diplomatic relations
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 1945 [418] See Australia–Ireland relations
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 1965 [420] See Ireland–New Zealand relations

United Nations

The United Nations was founded in 1945, but Ireland's membership was blocked by the Soviet Union until 1955, [424] "partly because of Dublin's neutrality" during the Second World War. [425] Since 2017, the Irish ambassador to the UN Office at Geneva has been Michael Gaffey. [426] Ireland has been elected to the UN Security Council as a non-permanent member on four occasions — in 1962, in 1981–1982, in 2001–2002 and most recently in 2021–2022. [427]

Ireland is a member state of the International Criminal Court, having signed the Rome Statute in 1998 and ratified it in 2002. [428]

Irish Aid, the Government of Ireland's programme of assistance to developing countries financed the redesign of the UNV Online Volunteering service website in 2008 and supported its operations from 2007 to 2010, which led to a significant growth in the number of online volunteers and the tasks they completed. [429]

In 2017, Ireland signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. [430]

Peacekeeping missions

Ireland has a long history of participation in UN peacekeeping efforts starting in 1958, just three years after joining the UN. As of August 2018, 90 members of the Irish Defence Forces had been killed on peacekeeping missions. [431]

List of major peacekeeping operations: [432]

As well as these missions, Irish personnel have served as observers in Central America, Russia, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Namibia, Western Sahara, Kuwait and South Africa. [433]

Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations

Ireland was a member state of the British Commonwealth from 1922 until 1949, initially as a Dominion called the Irish Free State from 1922 until 1937, when Ireland adopted a new constitution and changed the name of the state to "Ireland". Although the king was removed from the Constitution in 1936, a republic was only formally declared from 18 April 1949. Under the rules for membership at the time, a republic could not be a member state of the Commonwealth. This was changed a week later with the adoption of the London Declaration.

Since 1998, some people in Ireland have advocated joining the Commonwealth of Nations, most notably Éamon Ó Cuív, Frank Feighan, and Mary Kenny. [434] [435]

International organisations

Ireland is a member of or otherwise participates in the following international organisations: [436]

Foreign aid

Ireland's aid programme was founded in 1974, and in 2017 its budget amounted to €651 million. [437] The government had previously set a target of reaching the Millennium Development Goal of 0.7% of Gross National Product in aid by 2012, which was not met as aid was reduced as a result of the Irish financial crisis. [438] Irish development aid is concentrated on eight priority countries: Lesotho, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zambia, Uganda, Vietnam and East Timor. [439] In 2006, Malawi was announced as the ninth priority country, with a tenth country to follow. [440]

Human rights

There have been no serious civil, human or social rights abuses/problems in the State, according to Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department. [441] [442] The country consistently comes among the top nations in terms of freedom and rights ratings.

IndexRanking (Most Recent)Result
Freedom in the World – Political Rights 1st (Joint)1 ("Free")
Freedom in the World – Civil Liberties 1st (Joint)1 ("Free")
Index of Economic Freedom 9th76.9 ("Mostly Free")
Worldwide Press Freedom Index Ranking 15th−4.00 ("Free")
Global Peace Index 6th (Joint)1.33 ("More Peaceful")
Democracy Index 12th8.79 ("Full Democracy")
International Property Rights Index 13th (Joint)7.9
Corruption Perceptions Index 16th (Joint)7.7
Fragile States Index 170th (7th from the bottom)26.5 ("Sustainable")

See also

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Further reading