Accession of Serbia to the European Union

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Accession of Serbia to the European Union
European Union Serbia Locator (with internal borders).svg
StatusCandidate negotiating
Application
European perspective21 June 2003
Potential candidate 21 June 2003
Membership application22 December 2009
Candidate status1 March 2012
Screened & negotiations commence25 March 2015
Clusters open0
Chapters open0
Clusters closed0
Chapters closed0†
†Chapter 25 – Science and research and Chapter 26 – Education and culture are provisionally closed. Chapter 34 - Institutions is currently not applicable.
Memberships & Treaties
Association Agreement
1 September 2013
Economic and monetary policy
EU Free Trade Agreement 1 September 2013
World Trade Organization (WTO)Undergoing accession process. [1]
Euro & the Eurozone The euro is widely accepted in Serbia, although it has no formal approval, and the official currency of the country is the Serbian dinar
Travel
Schengen visa liberalisation19 December 2009
Energy
Energy Community Member since 9 August 2006
Euratom Serbia is not a member. Serbia does not have any nuclear power, but it does have a moratorium on the development of nuclear energy. [2]
ENTSO-E Elektromreža Srbije is a member.
Foreign and military policy
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Individual Partnership Action Plan since 15 January 2015
Main article: Serbia–NATO relations
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)1 August 1975 (as Yugoslavia)
Human rights and international courts
Council of Europe (CoE)since 2003 (as Serbia and Montenegro)
International Criminal Court (ICC)Serbia and Montenegro deposited their instrument of ratification of the Rome Statute on 6 September 2001. The Rome Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002. [3]
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Main articles: Bosnian genocide case and Croatia–Serbia genocide case
Impact(27+1)
Population446,828,803455,052,321
Increase2.svg 1.5%
Area4,233,262 km2
1,634,472 mi2		4,310,736 km2
1,664,385 mi2
Increase2.svg 1.8%
(excluding Kosovo)
HDI 0.8960.890
Decrease2.svg 0.67%
GDP (PPP)$25.399 trillion$25.572 trillion
Increase2.svg 0.68%
GDP per capita (PPP)$56,928$56,196
Decrease2.svg 1.29%
GDP$17.818 trillion$17.256 trillion
Increase2.svg 0.4%
GDP per capita$39,940$37,920
Decrease2.svg 5.3%
Gini 30.030.1
Increase Negative.svg 0.39%
Official Languages 2425 Serbian
Increase2.svg 1

Serbia applied to join the European Union (EU) in 2009 and has been a candidate for membership since 2012, along with nine other states. Serbia is the largest country in Southeast Europe seeking entry into the EU. [4] [5] [6]

Contents

A poll in June 2023 found that only 33% of Serbs wanted to join the EU. [7] Obstacles for accession include the requirement to recognize statehood for Kosovo, foreign policy alignment with Russia, democratic backsliding including allegations of fraud in elections in December 2023, and domestic policies such as rule of law and media freedom. [8] [5] [9]

History

Identification

Negotiations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro) intensified following the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in 2000, and the EU officially declared the Balkan states potential candidates for membership following the EU-Western Balkans Summit in Thessaloniki on 21 June 2003. [10]

Stabilisation and Association Agreement

On 7 November 2007, Serbia initiated a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the European Union. The SAA came into force on 1 September 2013.

Status of SAA ratification
Event North Macedonia [11] Croatia [12] Albania [13] Montenegro [14] [Note 1] Bosnia and
Herzegovina [16] 		Serbia [17] [Note 2] Kosovo [18] [Note 3]
SAA negotiations start2000-04-052000-11-242003-01-312005-10-102005-11-252005-10-102013-10-28 [20]
SAA initialled2000-11-242001-05-142006-02-282007-03-152007-12-042007-11-072014-07-25 [21]
SAA/IA signature2001-04-092001-10-292006-06-122007-10-152008-06-162008-04-292015-10-27 [22]
Interim Agreement:
EC ratification2001-04-272002-01-302006-06-122007-10-152008-06-162009-12-08N/A [Note 4]
SAP state ratification2001-04-272002-01-302006-10-092007-11-142008-06-202008-09-22N/A [Note 4]
entry into force2001-06-012002-03-012006-12-012008-01-012008-07-012010-02-01N/A [Note 4]
Deposit of the instrument of ratification:
SAP state2001-04-272002-01-302006-11-092007-11-132009-02-262008-09-222016-02-26
Austria 2002-09-062002-03-152008-05-212008-07-042009-09-042011-01-13N/A
Belgium 2003-12-292003-12-172008-10-222010-03-292010-03-292012-03-20N/A
Bulgaria joined the EU later2008-05-302009-03-132010-08-12N/A
Croatia joined the EU laterN/A
Cyprus joined the EU later2008-05-302008-11-202009-07-022010-11-26N/A
Czech Republic joined the EU later2008-05-072009-02-192009-07-232011-01-28N/A
Denmark 2002-04-102002-05-082008-04-242008-06-252009-05-262011-03-04N/A
Estonia joined the EU later2007-10-172007-11-222008-09-112010-08-19N/A
Finland 2004-01-062004-01-062007-11-292009-03-182009-04-072011-10-21N/A
France 2003-06-042003-06-042009-02-122009-07-302011-02-102012-01-16N/A
Germany 2002-06-202002-10-182009-02-192009-11-162009-08-142012-02-24N/A
Greece 2003-08-272003-08-272009-02-262010-03-042010-09-202011-03-10N/A
Hungary joined the EU later2007-04-232008-05-142008-10-222010-11-16N/A
Ireland 2002-05-062002-05-062007-06-112009-06-042009-06-042011-09-29N/A
Italy 2003-10-302004-10-062008-01-072009-10-132010-09-082011-01-06N/A
Latvia joined the EU later2006-12-192008-10-172009-11-122011-05-30N/A
Lithuania joined the EU later2007-05-172009-03-042009-05-042013-06-26N/A
Luxembourg 2003-07-282003-08-012007-07-042009-06-112010-12-222011-01-21N/A
Malta joined the EU later2008-04-212008-12-112010-01-072010-07-06N/A
Netherlands 2002-09-092004-04-302007-12-102009-01-292009-09-302012-02-27N/A
Poland joined the EU later2007-04-142009-02-062010-04-072012-01-13N/A
Portugal 2003-07-142003-07-142008-07-112008-09-232009-06-292011-03-04N/A
Romania joined the EU later2009-01-152010-01-082012-05-22N/A
Slovakia joined the EU later2007-07-202008-07-292009-03-172010-11-11N/A
Slovenia joined the EU later2007-01-182008-02-072009-03-102010-12-07N/A
Spain 2002-10-042002-10-042007-05-032009-03-122010-06-152010-06-21N/A
Sweden 2002-06-252003-03-272007-03-212009-03-112009-09-142011-04-15N/A
United Kingdom 2002-12-172004-09-032007-10-162010-01-122010-04-202011-08-11N/A
European Communities or
European Union and Euratom 		2004-02-252004-12-212009-02-262010-03-292015-04-302013-07-222016-02-24 [Note 5]
SAA entry into force2004-04-012005-02-012009-04-012010-05-012015-06-012013-09-012016-04-01 [26]
EU membership (SAA lapsed)(TBD)2013-07-01(TBD)(TBD)(TBD)(TBD)(TBD)

N/A: Not applicable.

  1. ↑ Montenegro started negotiations in November 2005 while a part of Serbia and Montenegro (SiM). Separate technical negotiations were conducted regarding issues of sub-state organizational competency. A mandate for direct negotiations with Montenegro was established in July 2006. Direct negotiations were initiated on 26 September 2006 and concluded on 1 December 2006. [15]
  2. ↑ Serbia started negotiations in November 2005 while part of SiM, with a modified mandate from July 2006.
  3. ↑ Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008 but is still claimed by Serbia as part of its territory. The European Union remains divided, with five EU member states not recognizing its independence. The EU launched a Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism for Kosovo] on 6 November 2002 with the aim of aligning its policy with EU standards. On 10 October 2012 the European Commission found that there were no legal obstacles to Kosovo signing a SAA with the EU, as independence is not required for such an agreement. [19]
  4. 1 2 3 No Interim Agreement associated with Kosovo's SAA was concluded. [23]
  5. ↑ Kosovo's SAA was the first signed after the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, which conferred a legal personality to the EU. As a result, unlike previous SAAs Kosovo's is exclusively between it and the EU and Euratom, and the member states are not parties independently. [20] [24] [25]

Recommendation

The European Commission recommended making Serbia an official candidate on 12 October 2011. The Council also made the recommendation on 28 February 2012.

Candidacy

Serbia received full candidate status on 1 March 2012. In December 2013, the Council of the European Union approved opening negotiations for Serbia's accession.

Application

Serbia officially applied for European Union membership on 22 December 2009.

Developmental Aid

Until 2020, Serbia had been receiving €2.9bn of developmental aid from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.

Chronology of relations with the EU

Timeline
DateEvent
1998The EU Council of Ministers establishes political and economic conditionality for the development of bilateral relations.
21 June 2003The Stabilisation and Association Process is confirmed as the EU policy for the Western Balkans. The EU's perspective on these countries is confirmed.
October 2004European Council conclusions open up a process for a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SSA).
October 2005Negotiations for a Stabilisation and Association Agreement are launched.
3 May 2006SAA negotiations called off due to lack of progress on cooperation with the ICTY.
13 June 2007SAA negotiations with Serbia resumed, following a clear commitment by the country to achieve full cooperation with the ICTY.
1 November 2007Serbia's SAA is initialed.
1 January 2008Entry into force of the Visa Facilitation and Readmission Agreement between Serbia and the EU.
18 February 2008Council adopts revised European partnership for Serbia.
29 April 2008The Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) and Interim agreement on trade and trade-related issues between Serbia and the EU are signed in Luxembourg.
19 December 2009Visa requirement lifted for Serbs travelling to Schengen countries.
22 December 2009Serbia officially applies for membership in the European Union.
14 June 2010EU members decide to start SAA ratification process
31 January 2011Serbia replies to Commission questionnaire
14 October 2011European Commission delivers its Opinion on Serbia's EU membership application, granting candidate status based on one key priority.
1 March 2012European Council grants Serbia official candidate status for EU membership
28 June 2013European Council endorsed the commission's recommendation to open negotiations with Serbia
1 September 2013Entry into force of the EU-Serbia Stabilisation and Association Agreement
25 September 2013Screening of the acquis started.
17 December 2013Council adopted the negotiating framework with Serbia and agreed to hold the 1st Intergovernmental Conference with Serbia in January 2014
21 January 20141st EU-Serbia Intergovernmental Conference held, signaling the official start of negotiations.
25 March 2015All EU acquis screenings are completed.
14 December 2015Opening of Chapters 32 "financial control" and 35 "other issues – Item 1: Normalisation of relations between Serbia and Kosovo*"
18 July 2016Opening of Chapters 23 "Judiciary and fundamental rights" and 24 "Justice, freedom and security"
13 December 2016Opening of Chapters 5, Public procurement, and 25, Science and Research. Chapter 25, Science and Research, provisionally closed.
27 February 2017Opening of Chapters 20, Enterprise and industrial policy, and 26, Education and culture. Chapter 26, Education and culture, is provisionally closed.
20 June 2017Opening of Chapters 7, Intellectual property law, and 29, Customs Union.
11 December 2017Opening of Chapters 6, Company law, and 30, External relations.
25 June 2018Opening of Chapters 13, Fisheries, and 33, Financial and budgetary provisions.
10 December 2018Opening of Chapters 17, Economic and monetary policy, and 18, Statistics.
27 June 2019Opening of Chapter 9, Financial services
9 December 2019Opening of Chapter 4, Free Movement of Capital
1 February 2021New Methodology comes into effect
14 December 2021Opening of Chapters 14, Transport Policy, 15, Energy, 21, Trans-European Networks and 27, Environment and Climate Change

Foreign Policy

Serbia refused to join international sanctions against Russia following its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. In response, the European Parliament passed a resolution that stated in part it "strongly regrets Serbia’s non-alignment with EU sanctions against Russia, which damages its EU accession process." [27]

Serbia and Kosovo

The biggest obstacle to Serbia's accession to the EU is its strained relationship with Kosovo, [5] which escalated after the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. The Serbian government has declared that the status of Kosovo should not be tied to the EU negotiations. In September 2012, the EU Enlargement Commissioner, Štefan Füle, denied that the European Union would insist on Serbia's recognition of Kosovo before it can join the organisation. [28]

On 19 April 2013, the governments of Kosovo and Serbia completed the Brussels Agreement, which was hailed as a major step towards normalising relations and enabled the start of EU accession talks with Serbia. [29] In November 2013, Kosovo's Minister of Foreign Affairs Enver Hoxhaj suggested that the EU should approve the accession of Kosovo and Serbia simultaneously due to concerns that if Serbia was admitted first they could veto Kosovo's membership. [30] However, Serbia's accession negotiations were not halted.

In March 2021, the European Parliament adopted a report on Serbia, which, amongst other things, emphasized that the normalization of relationships between Serbia and Kosovo is "a priority and a requirement for EU accession." [31]

Negotiations

Screening and Chapter Dates
Progression34 / 3434 / 3422 / 342 / 34
Acquis Chapter [32] Screening StartedScreening CompletedChapter OpenedChapter Closed
Overview34 out of 3434 out of 3422 out of 342 out of 34
1. Free Movement of Goods2014-06-172014-09-12––
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers2014-01-232014-03-25––
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services2014-01-302014-03-13––
4. Free Movement of Capital2014-10-132014-12-152019-12-10–
5. Public Procurement2014-03-212014-05-132016-12-13–
6. Company Law2014-12-112015-02-052017-12-11–
7. Intellectual Property Law2014-09-242014-11-132017-06-20–
8. Competition Policy2014-03-312014-11-05––
9. Financial Services2015-01-212015-03-172019-06-27–
10. Information Society & Media2014-05-222014-07-02––
11. Agriculture & Rural Development2014-03-182014-09-16––
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy2014-02-032014-10-24––
13. Fisheries2014-09-302014-11-142018-06-25–
14. Transport Policy2014-12-162015-02-272021-12-14–
15. Energy2014-04-292014-06-122021-12-14–
16. Taxation2014-10-142015-03-06––
17. Economic & Monetary Policy2014-12-022015-03-122018-12-10–
18. Statistics2014-05-202014-11-262018-12-10–
19. Social Policy & Employment2014-02-102014-06-26––
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy2014-04-032014-07-022017-02-27–
21. Trans-European Networks2014-04-292015-02-272021-12-14–
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments2014-10-012015-01-29––
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights2013-09-252013-12-102016-07-18–
24. Justice, Freedom & Security2013-10-022013-12-132016-07-18–
25. Science & Research2014-10-062014-12-012016-12-132016-12-13
26. Education & Culture2014-02-202014-04-042017-02-272017-02-27
27. Environment2014-09-152014-11-212021-12-14–
28. Consumer & Health Protection2014-12-042015-02-04––
29. Customs Union2014-03-262014-06-042017-06-20–
30. External Relations2014-07-022014-10-092017-12-11–
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy2014-07-152014-10-10––
32. Financial Control2013-10-172013-11-262015-12-14–
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions2015-01-272015-03-242018-06-25–
34. Institutions––––
35. Other Issues: Relations with Kosovo*2014-01-222015-03-252015-12-14–
Progression34 / 3434 / 3422 / 342 / 34
November 2023 European Commission Report [33]
Progression
  • 12 Unopened Chapters
  • 22 Open Chapters
  • 2 Closed Chapters
 Some level of preparation
5 / 34
Moderately prepared
21 / 34
Good level of preparation
7 / 34
Acquis chapter Chapter StatusAcquis Status
1. Free Movement of GoodsUnopenedModerately prepared
2. Freedom of Movement For WorkersUnopenedModerately prepared
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide ServicesUnopenedModerately prepared
4. Free Movement of CapitalOpenModerately prepared
5. Public ProcurementOpenModerately prepared
6. Company LawOpenGood level of preparation
7. Intellectual Property LawOpenGood level of preparation
8. Competition PolicyUnopenedModerately prepared
9. Financial ServicesOpenModerately prepared
10. Information Society & MediaUnopenedModerately prepared
11. Agriculture & Rural DevelopmentUnopenedSome level of preparation
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary PolicyUnopenedModerately prepared
13. FisheriesOpenModerately prepared
14. Transport PolicyOpenGood level of preparation
15. EnergyOpenModerately prepared
16. TaxationUnopenedModerately prepared
17. Economic & Monetary PolicyOpenGood level of preparation†
18. StatisticsOpenModerately prepared
19. Social Policy & EmploymentUnopenedModerately prepared
20. Enterprise & Industrial PolicyOpenModerately prepared
21. Trans-European NetworksOpenModerately prepared
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural InstrumentsUnopenedModerately prepared
23. Judiciary & Fundamental RightsOpenSome level of preparation
24. Justice, Freedom & SecurityOpenSome level of preparation
25. Science & ResearchChapter ClosedGood level of preparation
26. Education & CultureChapter ClosedGood level of preparation
27. Environment & Climate ChangeOpenSome level of preparation
28. Consumer & Health ProtectionUnopenedModerately prepared
29. Customs UnionOpenGood level of preparation
30. External RelationsOpenModerately prepared
31. Foreign, Security & Defence PolicyUnopenedModerately prepared
32. Financial ControlOpenModerately prepared
33. Financial & Budgetary ProvisionsOpenSome level of preparation
34. InstitutionsCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for Serbia
35. Other Issues – Normalisation with KosovoOpenFurther efforts needed
Legend:

Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters.

† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "moderately prepared" AND "good level of preparation".

  totally incompatible  early stage  considerable efforts needed  some level of preparation  further efforts needed  moderately prepared  no major difficulties expected  good level of preparation  well prepared / well advanced

Report History
Acquis chapter 2010 [34] 2012 [35] 2013 [36] 2014 [37] 2015 [38] 2016 [39] 2018 [40] 2019 [41] 2020 [42] 2021 [43] 2022 [44] 2023 [45] 2024 [46]
1. Free Movement of GoodsFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
2. Freedom of Movement For WorkersFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide ServicesFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
4. Free Movement of CapitalFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
5. Public ProcurementConsiderable efforts neededConsiderable efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
6. Company LawFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
7. Intellectual Property LawFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
8. Competition PolicyFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedGood level of preparationModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
9. Financial ServicesConsiderable efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
10. Information Society & MediaFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
11. Agriculture & Rural DevelopmentEarly stageEarly stageConsiderable efforts neededConsiderable efforts neededEarly stageSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparation
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary PolicyFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
13. FisheriesFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
14. Transport PolicySome level of preparationFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
15. EnergyFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
16. TaxationFurther efforts neededConsiderable efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedGood level of preparation†
17. Economic & Monetary PolicyFurther efforts neededConsiderable efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedGood level of preparation†Good level of preparation†
18. StatisticsFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedGood level of preparation†
19. Social Policy & EmploymentSome level of preparationSome level of preparationFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
20. Enterprise & Industrial PolicySome level of preparationModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
21. Trans-European NetworksConsiderable efforts neededConsiderable efforts neededConsiderable efforts neededSome level of preparationModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedGood level of preparation†
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural InstrumentsConsiderable efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
23. Judiciary & Fundamental RightsConsiderable efforts neededSome level of preparationFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparation
24. Justice, Freedom & SecurityConsiderable efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationModerately prepared††
25. Science & ResearchFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
26. Education & CultureFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededSome level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
27. EnvironmentEarly stageConsiderable efforts neededConsiderable efforts neededSome level of preparationEarly stageSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparation
28. Consumer & Health ProtectionFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
29. Customs UnionFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedFurther efforts neededModerately preparedGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparationGood level of preparation
30. External RelationsSome level of preparationSome level of preparationFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
31. Foreign, Security & Defence PolicyFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedFurther efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
32. Financial ControlEarly stageEarly stageConsiderable efforts neededConsiderable efforts neededModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately preparedModerately prepared
33. Financial & Budgetary ProvisionsEarly stageEarly stageEarly stageEarly stageEarly stageEarly stageEarly stageSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparationSome level of preparation
34. InstitutionsCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for SerbiaCurrently not applicable for Serbia
35. Other Issues Normalisation with KosovoEarly stageEarly stageFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts neededFurther efforts needed
Legend:

Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters.

† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "moderately prepared" AND "good level of preparation".

†† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "some level of preparation" AND "moderately prepared".

  totally incompatible  early stage  considerable efforts needed  some level of preparation  further efforts needed  moderately prepared  no major difficulties expected  good level of preparation  well prepared / well advanced

Clusters of negotiating chapters [47]
Clusters Acquis Chapter State of PlayCluster OpenedCluster Closed
OverviewOverview22 out of 343 out of 60 out of 6
Fundamentals23. Judiciary & Fundamental RightsOpenedOpened–
24. Justice, Freedom & SecurityOpened
Economic criteria–
Functioning of democratic institutions–
Public administration reform–
5. Public ProcurementOpened
18. StatisticsOpened
32. Financial ControlOpened
Internal Market1. Free Movement of GoodsSerbia working on fulfilment of opening benchmarks––
2. Freedom of Movement For WorkersDraft EU Common Position in Council
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide ServicesDraft EU Common Position in Council
4. Free Movement of CapitalOpened
6. Company LawOpened
7. Intellectual Property LawOpened
8. Competition PolicySerbia working on fulfillment of opening benchmarks
9. Financial ServicesOpened
28. Consumer & Health ProtectionDraft EU Common Position in Council
Competitiveness

and inclusive growth

10. Information Society & MediaDraft EU Common Position in Council––
16. TaxationOpening Benchmarks Assessment Report in Council
17. Economic & Monetary PolicyOpened
19. Social Policy & EmploymentOpening Benchmarks Assessment Report in Council
20. Enterprise & Industrial PolicyOpened
25. Science & ResearchClosed
26. Education & CultureClosed
29. Customs UnionOpened
Green agenda

and sustainable connectivity

14. Transport PolicyOpenedOpened–
15. EnergyOpened
21. Trans-European NetworksOpened
27. EnvironmentOpened
Resources, agriculture

and cohesion

11. Agriculture & Rural DevelopmentOpening Benchmarks Assessment Report in Council––
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary PolicySerbia working on fulfilment of opening benchmarks
13. FisheriesOpened
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural InstrumentsOpening Benchmarks Assessment Report in Council
33. Financial & Budgetary ProvisionsOpened
External relations30. External RelationsOpened––
31. Foreign, Security & Defence PolicyScreening Report in Council
34. Institutions–OpenedClosed
35. Other Issues: Relations with Kosovo*OpenedOpened–

Public opinion

Serbia was initially supportive of accession in the past due to better relationships with countries in the European Union, as well as for economic reasons. In the last decades because of the support of Kosovo's independence by most European countries, the economic crisis, the better relationships with the United States in addition to giving sanctions against Russia during the Russian invasion in Ukraine, support for EU membership went down. Serbia has become more opposed to the Western NATO bloc and prefer better ties and relationships with, for example, Russia for its shared Eastern Orthodox Christian Slavic traditions and China with its large economy and similar soft alliance with Russia.[ citation needed ]

A February 2024 NSPM poll recorded that 42.8% were for joining the EU, with 36.8% against. The rest were undecided or refused to give the answer. Another poll recorded the question "Would you support joining the EU if recognizing the independence of Kosovo was a condition for joining it?", 76% answered no, compared to 12.2% who said yes. [48]

An October 2023 Smart Plus poll found that if a referendum on joining the EU would take place, 44% would vote in favour of joining the EU, with 30% voting against, 15% undecided and 10% abstaining. [49]

Data by the Serbian Ministry of European Integration
DateQuestionYesNoUndecided
September 2002 [50] Join EU?68%13%19%
December 2003 [50] Join EU?72%8%20%
September 2004 [50] Join EU?71%12%17%
September 2005 [50] Join EU?64%12%24%
September 2006 [50] Join EU?70%12%18%
June 2007 [51] Join EU?69%15%15%
June 2008 [52] Join EU?67%12%21%
October 2008 [52] Join EU?65%––
December 2008 [53] Join EU?61%13%26%
May 2009 [54] Join EU?61%17%22%
December 2009 [55] Join EU?65%14%21%
June 2010 [56] Join EU?65%15%20%
December 2010 [57] Join EU?57%18%25%
May 2011 [52] Join EU?55%27%18%
June 2011 [58] [59] Join EU?53%24%23%
September 2011 [60] [61] Join EU?46%37%17%
December 2011 [62] [63] Join EU?51%28%21%
December 2012 [64] Join EU?41%31%27%
July 2013 [65] Join EU?50%24%26%
December 2013 [66] Join EU?51%22%27%
June 2014 [67] Join EU?46%19%35%
December 2014 [68] Join EU?44%25%31%
June 2015 [69] Join EU?49%28%23%
December 2015 [70] Join EU?48%28%24%
June 2016 [71] Join EU?41%24%35%
December 2016 [72] Join EU?47%29%24%
June 2017 [73] Join EU?49%27%24%
December 2017 [74] Join EU?52%24%24%
July 2018 [75] Join EU?55%21%24%
December 2018 [76] Join EU?55%25%20%
July 2019 [77] Join EU?53%25%22%
December 2019 [78] Join EU?54%24%22%
December 2022 [79] Join EU?43%32%25%
Other Sources on Serbian Support for EU Accession
DateAgencyQuestionYesNoUndecided
2006 [80] Gallup Balkan MonitorJoin EU?61%––
October 2008 [81] Strategic MarketingJoin EU?61%––
November 2010 [82] Gallup Balkan MonitorJoin EU?63%––
March 2012 [83] B92/Ipsos Strategic MarketingJoin EU?49%34%5%
July 2013 [84] Ipsos Strategic MarketingJoin EU?53%––
December 2014 [85] EU Delegation to SerbiaJoin EU?57%28%15%
December 2014 [86] EurobarometerJoin EU?58%26%16%
August 2017 [87] NSPMJoin EU?51.2%36.3%12.5%
March 2022 [88] IPSOSJoin EU?35%44%21%
June 2022 [89] DemostatJoin EU?34%51%15%
October 2022 [90] NSPMJoin EU?34.7%48.8%16.5%
January 2023 [91] NSPMJoin EU?35.5%47.7%16.8%
April 2023 [92] NSPMJoin EU?42.7%44.2%13.1%
May 2023 [93] NSPMJoin EU?40.6%45.9%13.5%
June 2023 [94] NSPMJoin EU?43.7%46.7%9.6%
October 2023 [49] Smart PlusJoin EU?44%30%15%
February 2024 [48] NSPMJoin EU?42.8%36.8%20.4%

Visa liberalisation process

On 1 January 2008, the Visa Facilitation and Readmission Agreement between Serbia and the EU came into effect. On 19 December 2009, Visa requirements were lifted for Serbs travelling to Schengen countries.

Serbia's foreign relations with EU member states

See also

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