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Georgia portal |
The accession of Georgia to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.
Following an application by Georgia in March 2022, the EU established Georgia's eligibility to become a member of the Union, recognizing the country as a potential candidate. On 8 November 2023, the European Commission issued an official recommendation to grant candidate status to Georgia, [2] which was confirmed on 14 December 2023. [3]
It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.
The European Union and Georgia have maintained relations since 1992, following an agreement between the former European Community and the newly independent Georgia. [4] On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Georgia may enter the EU in the future. [5] In 2006, a five-year "Action Plan" of rapprochement was implemented in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In 2009, relations between the two were further upgraded under the auspices of Eastern Partnership. In 2016, a comprehensive Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia went into force, providing Georgia with visa-free travel to the EU, as well as access to some sectors of the European Single Market. Following Brexit, most of the existing EU-Georgia agreements applicable to the United Kingdom were renegotiated and agreed upon in 2019 bilaterally with the United Kingdom.
Both the governing Georgian Dream and opposition United National Movement support Georgia's integration in the EU, and nearly all parties in the Georgian parliament are pro-Western in orientation. A European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia has been operating since 2009. In January 2021, Georgia was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024. [3] [6] However, on 3 March 2022, Georgia submitted its membership application ahead of schedule, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [7] In June 2022, the European Commission established Georgia's eligibility to become a member of the EU, but deferred giving it official candidate status until after certain conditions were met. [8] Later that month, the European Council expressed readiness to grant Georgia the status of a candidate after completing a set of reforms recommended by the commission. [9] In April 2023, a nationwide poll by the International Republican Institute found that 89 percent of Georgians support joining the EU, the highest number recorded for years. [10] On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended giving candidate status to Georgia. [11] [12] [13] On 14 December, 2023, Georgia was given candidate status by the EU.
To enhance their relationship, the EU and Georgia began negotiating an Association Agreement (AA) and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement. [14] In November 2012, European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Stefan Fule stated that the AA negotiations could be finalized by November 2013. [15] In February 2013, Tamar Beruchachvili, the Deputy State Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Georgia, stated that Georgia had no plans to join the Eurasian Economic Union, [16] which Fule has warned Ukraine would be incompatible with the agreements with the EU. [17] A ceremony on the initialling of the AA by the Georgian Foreign Minister Maia Panjikidze and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton was held at the Eastern Partnership summit on 29 November 2013. [18] [19] It was formally signed on 27 June 2014, [20] and had to be ratified by the EU, Euratom, their member states and Georgia. A second agreement, governing the country's involvement in EU crisis management operations, was also signed. [21]
The Association Agreement, much of which provisionally came into force in September, has been fully ratified by Georgia and all EU member states. [22] On 18 December 2014 the European Parliament approved the Association Agreement. Members backed the treaty by 490 votes in favour to 76 against, with 57 abstentions. [23] The agreement entered into force on 1 July 2016. [22]
Signatory | Date | Institution | AB | Deposited [22] | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 8 July 2015 | National Council | Approved | 28 August 2015 | [24] | ||
23 July 2015 | Federal Council | Approved | [24] | ||||
Presidential Assent | Granted | ||||||
Belgium | |||||||
23 April 2015 | Chamber of Representatives | 101 | 17 | 20 | 1 February 2016 | [25] [26] | |
Royal Assent (federal law) | |||||||
1 July 2015 |
| 63 | 2 | 4 | [27] | ||
61 | 2 | 4 | [27] | ||||
22 June 2015 | German-speaking Community | 16 | 2 | 1 | [28] | ||
24 June 2015 | French Community | 71 | 0 | 8 | [29] | ||
20 November 2015 | Brussels Regional Parliament | 69 | 3 | 3 | [30] [31] | ||
20 November 2015 |
| 53 | 3 | 1 | [33] [34] | ||
14 | 0 | 2 | [33] [34] | ||||
17 June 2015 |
| 82 | 18 | [35] | |||
87 | 19 | [35] | |||||
24 June 2015 | COCOF Assembly | 71 | 0 | 8 | [36] [37] | ||
Bulgaria | 24 July 2014 | National Assembly | 91 | 0 | 0 | 9 September 2014 | [38] |
28 July 2014 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [39] | ||||
Croatia | 12 December 2014 | Parliament | 116 | 0 | 1 | 24 March 2015 | [40] |
18 December 2014 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [41] | ||||
Cyprus | 7 May 2015 | House of Representatives | Approved | 18 August 2015 | [42] | ||
22 May 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [43] | ||||
Czech Republic | 18 March 2015 | Senate | 56 | 0 | 6 | 12 June 2015 | [44] |
29 April 2015 | Chamber of Deputies | 116 | 1 | 51 | [44] [45] | ||
19 May 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [46] | ||||
Denmark | 18 December 2014 | Parliament | 101 | 7 | 0 | 18 February 2015 | [47] |
Estonia | 4 November 2014 | Assembly | 66 | 0 | 0 | 12 January 2015 | [48] [49] |
13 November 2014 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [48] | ||||
European Union and EAEC | 18 December 2014 | European Parliament | 490 | 76 | 57 | 19 April 2016 (EAEC) 23 May 2016 (EU) | [23] |
Council of the European Union | |||||||
Finland | 10 March 2015 | Parliament | Approved | 6 May 2015 | [50] | ||
24 April 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [51] | ||||
France | 29 October 2015 | Senate | Approved | 15 December 2015 | [52] | ||
25 June 2015 | National Assembly | Approved | [52] | ||||
9 November 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [52] | ||||
Germany | 8 May 2015 | Bundesrat | Approved | 22 July 2015 | [53] | ||
26 March 2015 | Bundestag | Approved | [54] | ||||
27 May 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [55] | ||||
Georgia | 18 July 2014 | Parliament | 123 | 0 | 0 | 25 July 2014 | [56] |
Presidential Assent | Granted | ||||||
Greece | 18 November 2015 | Parliament | Approved | 14 December 2015 | [57] | ||
24 November 2015 | Presidential Promulgation | Granted | [58] | ||||
Hungary | 25 November 2014 | National Assembly | 127 | 6 | 0 | 7 April 2015 | [59] |
5 December 2014 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [59] | ||||
Ireland | 27 January 2015 | Dáil Éireann | 58 | 19 | 0 | 17 April 2015 | [60] |
Italy | 26 November 2015 | Senate | 202 | 37 | 10 | 3 February 2016 | [61] |
29 July 2015 | Chamber of Deputies | 310 | 93 | 34 | [61] | ||
7 December 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [62] | ||||
Latvia | 14 July 2014 | Parliament | 81 | 0 | 0 | 2 October 2014 | [63] |
18 July 2014 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [64] | ||||
Lithuania | 8 July 2014 | Parliament | 84 | 0 | 1 | 29 July 2014 | [65] |
11 July 2014 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [66] | ||||
Luxembourg | 18 March 2015 | Chamber of Deputies | 55 | 2 | 0 | 12 May 2015 | [67] |
12 April 2015 | Grand Ducal Promulgation | Granted | [68] | ||||
Malta | 21 August 2014 | House of Representatives | Approved | 29 August 2014 | [69] [70] [71] | ||
Netherlands | 7 July 2015 | Senate | Adopted | 21 September 2015 | [72] | ||
7 April 2015 | House of Representatives | 119 | 31 | 0 | [73] | ||
28 July 2015 | Royal Promulgation | Granted | [72] | ||||
Poland | 5 March 2015 | Senate | 75 | 0 | 0 | 22 May 2015 | [74] |
6 February 2015 | Sejm | 439 | 0 | 1 | [75] [76] | ||
26 March 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [77] | ||||
Portugal | 2 April 2015 | National Assembly | Approved | 8 October 2015 | [78] | ||
19 May 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [79] | ||||
Romania | 2 July 2014 | Chamber of Deputies | 298 | 0 | 0 | 14 July 2014 | [80] |
3 July 2014 | Senate | 111 | 0 | 2 | [81] | ||
9 July 2014 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [82] | ||||
Slovakia | 23 September 2014 | National Council | 117 | 0 | 1 | 21 October 2014 | [83] |
16 October 2014 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [84] | ||||
Slovenia | 13 May 2015 | National Assembly | 69 | 3 | 0 | 27 July 2015 | [85] [86] |
21 May 2015 | Presidential Assent | Granted | [87] | ||||
Spain | 27 May 2015 | Senate | Approved | 28 July 2015 | [88] | ||
30 April 2015 | Congress of Deputies | 303 | 0 | 1 | [89] | ||
Royal Assent | Granted | ||||||
Sweden | 26 November 2014 | Parliament | 249 | 44 | 0 | 9 January 2015 | [90] |
United Kingdom | 23 February 2015 | House of Commons | Approved | 8 April 2015 | [91] | ||
9 March 2015 | House of Lords | Approved | [92] | ||||
19 March 2015 | Royal Assent | Granted | [93] |
The ratification was based on The European Union (Definition of Treaties) (Association Agreement) (Georgia) Order 2015, made in accordance with section 1(3) of the European Communities Act 1972, after having been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
The agreement applied to the United Kingdom as an EU-member state until Brexit on 31 January 2020. During the transition period that followed Brexit, the agreement until 31 December 2020, the agreement still applied to the UK.
The agreement established a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) between the EU and Georgia, including "the removal of import duties for most goods traded between the EU and Georgia" and "broad mutual access to trade in services for both partners". [94]
A March 2023 survey condected by the International Republican Institute found that 85% of Georgians (70% 'fully', 15% 'somewhat') were in favour of EU membership, up from 75% before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. [95]
Date | Question | Fully support | Somewhat support | Somewhat oppose | Strongly oppose | Don't know/No answer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
September 2022 – IRI [96] | EU membership | 70% | 15% | 3% | 7% | 5% |
March 2023 – IRI [95] | EU membership | 75% | 14% | 3% | 5% | 3% |
Georgia has not yet started the negotiation process.
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Overview | 0 out of 35 | 0 out of 35 | 0 out of 35 | 0 out of 35 | ||||||||||||
1. Free Movement of Goods | ||||||||||||||||
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers | ||||||||||||||||
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | ||||||||||||||||
4. Free Movement of Capital | ||||||||||||||||
5. Public Procurement | ||||||||||||||||
6. Company Law | ||||||||||||||||
7. Intellectual Property Law | ||||||||||||||||
8. Competition Policy | ||||||||||||||||
9. Financial Services | ||||||||||||||||
10. Information Society & Media | ||||||||||||||||
11. Agriculture & Rural Development | ||||||||||||||||
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy | ||||||||||||||||
13. Fisheries | ||||||||||||||||
14. Transport Policy | ||||||||||||||||
15. Energy | ||||||||||||||||
16. Taxation | ||||||||||||||||
17. Economic & Monetary Policy | ||||||||||||||||
18. Statistics | ||||||||||||||||
19. Social Policy & Employment | ||||||||||||||||
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | ||||||||||||||||
21. Trans-European Networks | ||||||||||||||||
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments | ||||||||||||||||
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | ||||||||||||||||
24. Justice, Freedom & Security | ||||||||||||||||
25. Science & Research | ||||||||||||||||
26. Education & Culture | ||||||||||||||||
27. Environment & Climate Change | ||||||||||||||||
28. Consumer & Health Protection | ||||||||||||||||
29. Customs Union | ||||||||||||||||
30. External Relations | ||||||||||||||||
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | ||||||||||||||||
32. Financial Control | ||||||||||||||||
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions | ||||||||||||||||
34. Institutions | ||||||||||||||||
35. Other Issues | ||||||||||||||||
Clusters | Acquis Chapter | February 2023 Report [97] | November 2023 Report [98] |
---|---|---|---|
1. Fundamentals | Public administration reform | - | Moderately prepared |
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | - | Some level of preparation | |
24. Justice, Freedom & Security | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
Economic criteria | - | Moderately prepared | |
5. Public Procurement | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
18. Statistics | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
32. Financial Control | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
2. Internal Market | 1. Free Movement of Goods | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation |
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers | Early stage | Early stage | |
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | |
4. Free Movement of Capital | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | |
6. Company Law | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
7. Intellectual Property Law | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
8. Competition Policy | Early stage | Early stage | |
9. Financial Services | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
28. Consumer & Health Protection | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
3. Competitiveness and inclusive growth | 10. Digital transformation & Media | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation |
16. Taxation | Some level of preparation | Moderately prepared‡ | |
17. Economic & Monetary Policy | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | |
19. Social Policy & Employment | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | |
25. Science & Research | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | |
26. Education & Culture | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | |
29. Customs Union | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | |
4. Green agenda and sustainable connectivity | 14. Transport | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation |
15. Energy | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
21. Trans-European Networks | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
27. Environment & Climate Change | Early stage | Early stage | |
5. Resources, agriculture and cohesion | 11. Agriculture & Rural Development | Early stage | Early stage |
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
13. Fisheries | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | |
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments | Early stage | Some level of preparation† | |
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions | Early stage | Early stage | |
6. External relations | 30. External Relations | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | |
34. Institutions | - | - | |
35. Other Issues | - | - | |
Legend: Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters. † indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "early stage" AND "some level of preparation". ‡ indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "some level of preparation" AND "moderately prepared". totally incompatible early stage considerable efforts needed some level of preparation further efforts needed moderately prepared no major difficulties expected good level of preparation well prepared / well advanced |
Georgia is expected to have to adopt the euro and become a member of the Eurozone in the future if it joins the EU.[ citation needed ]
Since 28 March 2017, Georgian citizens have been able to travel visa-free to the Schengen area. Starting in 2025, like all nationals from visa-exempt countries, Georgians will also need to comply with the EU's ETIAS system before entering any of the EU/Schengen member countries. [99]
Member countries | Population [100] | Area (km2) | GDP (US$) [101] | GDP per capita (US$) | Languages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Georgia | 3,688,647 | 69,700 | 30 billion | 8,164 | Georgian |
EU27 | 447,007,596 | 4,233,262 | 17,046 billion | 38,134 | 24 |
EU27+1 | 450,731,931 (+0.83%) | 4,302,962 (+1.65%) | 17,076 billion (+0.18%) | 37,885 (-0.65%) | 25 (+1) |
After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, the Republic of Moldova established relations with other European countries. A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country's foreign policy guidelines.
The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union. To join the EU, a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria, which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law, and its corresponding freedoms and institutions. According to the Maastricht Treaty, each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration. This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws.
Relations between the European Union (EU) and Moldova are currently shaped via the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), an EU foreign policy instrument dealing with countries bordering its member states.
International relations between the European Union (EU) and Ukraine are shaped through the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA). Ukraine is a priority partner within the Eastern Partnership and the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The EU and Ukraine have been seeking an increasingly close relationship, going beyond co-operation, to gradual economic integration and deepening of political co-operation. On 23 June 2022, the European Council granted Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union.
The Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement is the member of the European Commission in charge of overseeing the accession process of prospective new member states and relations with those bordering the European Union (EU). The present Commissioner, as of December 2019, is Olivér Várhelyi.
The European Union and Georgia have maintained relations since 1992, following an agreement between the former European Community and the newly independent Georgia. In 2006, a five-year "Action Plan" of rapprochement was implemented in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In 2009, relations between the two were further upgraded under the auspices of Eastern Partnership. In 2016, a comprehensive Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia went into force, providing Georgian citizens with visa-free travel to the EU, as well as access to some sectors of the European Single Market. Following Brexit, most of the existing EU-Georgia agreements applicable to the United Kingdom were renegotiated and agreed upon in 2019 bilaterally with the United Kingdom.
Albania is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the European Union (EU). It applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009, and has since June 2014 been an official candidate for accession. The Council of the European Union decided in March 2020 to open accession negotiations with Albania.
The accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union (EU) is the stated aim of the present relations between the two entities. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been recognised by the European Union as a "candidate country" for accession since the decision of the European Council in 2022 and is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU. Bosnia and Herzegovina takes part in the Stabilisation and Association Process and trade relations are regulated by an Interim Agreement.
Accession of Montenegro to the European Union is on the agenda for future enlargement of the EU.
Serbia applied to join the European Union (EU) in 2009 and has been a candidate for membership since 2012, along with nine other states. Serbia is the largest country in Southeast Europe seeking entry into the EU.
There are nine recognised candidates for membership of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Kosovo formally submitted its application for membership in 2022 and is considered a potential candidate by the European Union.
The EuroNest Parliamentary Assembly is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the European Parliament and the national parliaments of Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia participate and forge closer political and economic ties with the European Union. It was established in 2011 by the European Commission as a component of the Eastern Partnership. After the elections in Belarus in 2010 were declared as flawed by the OSCE, the membership of Belarus in Euronest was automatically suspended. Belarus is welcome to re-join the Assembly once political requirements have been fulfilled. In 2015, Azerbaijan's membership was suspended due to the European Union's criticism of human rights abuses by the government. In September 2016, it was announced that Azerbaijan would take the necessary steps towards restoring ties. As of 2017, the combined population of Euronest members stands at 61,927,521 people.
On 28 February 2022, four days after it was invaded by Russia, Ukraine applied for membership of the European Union (EU). Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy requested immediate admission under a "new special procedure", and the presidents of eight EU states called for an accelerated accession process. European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen stated that she supports Ukrainian accession, but that the process would take time. On 10 March 2022, the Council of the European Union asked the commission for its opinion on the application. On 8 April 2022, von der Leyen presented Zelenskyy with a legislative questionnaire, which Ukraine responded to on 9 May.
The European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement is a European Union Association Agreement between the European Union (EU), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), Ukraine and the EU's 28 member states at the time. It establishes a political and economic association between the parties. The agreement entered into force on 1 September 2017; previously parts had been provisionally applied. The parties committed to co-operate and converge economic policy, legislation, as well as regulation across a broad range of areas, including equal rights for workers, steps towards visa-free movement of people, the exchange of information and staff in the area of justice, the modernisation of Ukraine's energy infrastructure and access to the European Investment Bank (EIB). The parties committed to regular summit meetings and meetings among ministers, other officials and experts. The agreement furthermore establishes a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between the parties.
The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTA) are three free trade areas established between the European Union, and Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine respectively. The DCFTAs are part of each country's EU Association Agreement. They allow Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine access to the European Single Market in selected sectors and grant EU investors in those sectors the same regulatory environment in the associated country as in the EU. The agreements with Moldova and Georgia have been ratified and officially entered into force in July 2016, although parts of them were already provisionally applied. The agreement with Ukraine was provisionally applied since 1 January 2016 and formally entered into force on 1 September 2017.
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The Moldova–European Union Association Agreement is a treaty between the European Union (EU), Euratom, their 27 Member States and Moldova that establishes a political and economic association between the two parties.
Poland has been a member state of the European Union since 1 May 2004, with the Treaty of Accession 2003 signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens as the legal basis for Poland's accession to the EU. The actual process of integrating Poland into the EU began with Poland's application for membership in Athens on 8 April 1994, and then the confirmation of the application by all member states in Essen from 9–10 December 1994. Poland's integration into the European Union is a dynamic and continuously ongoing process.
The accession of Moldova to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.
Nicolae "Nicu" Popescu is a Moldovan author and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova from 6 August 2021 until 26 January 2024 in the Gavrilita and then Recean cabinets. He was also Moldova's Foreign Minister from 11 June - 14 November 2019 in the Sandu Cabinet. Until his appointment, he was the director of the Wider Europe programme of the European Council on Foreign Relations and visiting professor at Sciences Po-Paris.
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