Accession of Moldova to the European Union

This article is about the accession process of Moldova to the European Union. For the formal international relations between the European Union and Moldova, see Moldova–European Union relations.

Accession of Moldova to the European Union
Status	Candidate negotiating
Earliest possible entry	2030
Application Potential candidate 17 June 2022 Membership application 3 March 2022 Candidate status 23 June 2022 Screened & negotiations commence 25 June 2024
Negotiations Clusters unopen 6 Chapters unopen 35 Clusters open 0 Chapters open 0 Clusters closed 0 Chapters closed 0
Memberships & Treaties Association Agreement 1 July 2016 Economic and monetary policy EU Free Trade Agreement Free trade area part of the Moldova-EU Association Agreement World Trade Organization (WTO) The Republic of Moldova has been a member of WTO since 26 July 2001 [1] Euro & the Eurozone The euro is widely accepted in Moldova, although it has no formal approval, and the official currency of the country is the Moldovan leu Travel Energy Energy Community Member since March 2010 Euratom The Republic of Moldova has no nuclear power plants and research reactors and has no plans to introduce in the near future nuclear energy as an option for power generation or any research instrument. [2] ENTSO-E Moldelectrica has been an Observer Member since 22 November 2023 [3] Foreign and military policy North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Individual Partnership Action Plan since 19 May 2006 Neutrality is enshrined in Moldova's Constitution, meaning NATO accession is unlikely, excluding a constitutional reform Main article: Moldova–NATO relations Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Member since 30 January 1992 Human rights and international courts Council of Europe (CoE) Moldova became a member of the Council of Europe on 13 July 1995 [4] International Criminal Court (ICC) On 12 October 2010, the Republic of Moldova confirmed ratification of the Rome Statute. [5] International Court of Justice (ICJ) Moldova has been entitled to appear before the Court since 2 March 1992.
Impact(27+1) Population 446,828,803 450,900,630 0.5% Area 4,233,262 km2 1,634,472 mi2 4,267,105 km2 1,647,539 mi2 1% incl. Transnistria HDI 0.896 0.891 0.5% GDP (PPP) $25.399 trillion $25.821 trillion 1.6% GDP per capita (PPP) $56,928 $57,625 1.2% GDP $17.818 trillion $17.834 trillion 0.1% GDP per capita $39,940 $39,552 0.1% Gini 30.0 29.86 0.1% Official Languages 24 24 (no changes) Romanian is the official language of Moldova and it is already an official language of the EU since Romania acceded to the EU in 2007.

The accession of Moldova to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

Following an application by Moldova in March 2022, Moldova was officially granted candidate status by the EU on 22 June 2022.

Moldova set a target date of 2030 for EU Accession. ^[6]

On 14 December 2023, the European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Moldova. ^[7] It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. Accession negotiations officially began on 25 June 2024, simultaneously with those with Ukraine. ^{[8] [9]}

History

Main article: Moldova–European Union relations

Moldovan President Maia Sandu with President of the European Council Charles Michel in Brussels, 29 April 2024

European perspective

The European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that "in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights". ^[10]

Membership application

After the outbreak of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, President of Moldova Maia Sandu signed the application for EU membership on 3 March 2022, together with Igor Grosu, President of the Moldovan Parliament; and Natalia Gavrilița, Prime Minister of Moldova. ^[11]

Questionnaire

On 11 April 2022, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova Nicu Popescu received a questionnaire from the European Commission (EC) following a meeting with the European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Olivér Várhelyi as a result of Moldova's application for candidacy. ^[12] The response to the first part of the questionnaire was submitted back to the EC through the Delegation of the European Union to Moldova's head Janis Mazeiks by the Prime Minister of Moldova Natalia Gavrilița on 22 April, ^[13] while the responses to the second part were submitted on 12 May 2022. ^[14]

Recommendation

On 17 June 2022, the European Commission formally recommended that the European Council grant the Republic of Moldova the perspective to become a member of the European Union and candidate status for accession, with a number of conditions for the opening of accession negotiations.^{[ citation needed ]}

Candidacy

On 23 June 2022, Moldova received the status of candidate together with Ukraine. Both countries received candidate status under the commitment of structural reforms. Moldova's structural reforms include:

1. improving economic efficiency
2. reducing corruption
3. better enforcing property rights
4. reducing the size of state-owned enterprises
5. improving energy efficiency
6. improving the labour market

On 22 June 2023, EU Neighbourhood and Enlargement Commissioner Olivér Várhelyi provided an oral update on Moldova's progress toward the reforms. ^[15]

On 13 September 2023, during the State of the European Union Address, President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen stated that the future of Moldova is "in our Union". ^[16]

On 20 October 2024, Moldova narrowly voted to amend its constitution to include the aim of becoming a European Union member state in the 2024 Moldovan European Union membership referendum.

Negotiations

The 2023 enlargement package report was released by the European Commission on 8 November 2023, including updates on Moldova's acquis alignment and a recommendation for the Council to open accession negotiations. ^{[17] [18]}

On 14 December 2023, the European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Moldova. ^[7] On 21 June 2024, the European Union agreed to start membership negotiations with Ukraine. ^{[8] [19]} Accession negotiations officially opened on 25 June 2024, at the same time as those with Ukraine. ^{[8] [9]} Accession negotiations on the first cluster, Fundamentals, is expected to be officially opened in April 2025. ^[20]

Chapter and screening dates

Progression	23 / 33 69.7%complete	12 / 33 36.4%complete	0 / 33 0%complete	0 / 33 0%complete
Acquis chapter [21]	Screening started	Screening completed	Chapter opened	Chapter closed
Overview	23 out of 33	12 out of 33	0 out of 33	0 out of 33
1. Free Movement of Goods	2025-02-18 [22]
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers	2024-12-03 [23]	2024-12-03 [24]
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services	2024-12-05 [25] [26]	2024-12-06 [27]
4. Free Movement of Capital	2024-12-16 [28]	2024-12-16 [29]
5. Public Procurement	2024-07-09 [30]	2024-07-11 [31]
6. Company Law	2025-03-20 [32]
7. Intellectual Property Law	2024-12-17 [33]	2024-12-18 [34] [35]
8. Competition Policy	2025-01-20 [36]	2025-01-22 [37]
9. Financial Services	2025-02-03 [38] [39]	2025-02-04 [40]
10. Information Society & Media	2025-03-27 [41]
11. Agriculture & Rural Development	2025-09 [42]
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy
13. Fisheries
14. Transport Policy	2025-06 [43]
15. Energy
16. Taxation
17. Economic & Monetary Policy
18. Statistics	2024-11-13 [44]	2024-11-14 [45]
19. Social Policy & Employment
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy
21. Trans-European Networks	2025-06 [43]
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights	2024-10-15 [46]	2024-10-17 [47]
24. Justice, Freedom & Security	2024-09-23 [48]	2024-09-26 [49]
25. Science & Research	2025-05-12 [50]
26. Education & Culture	2025-05-13 [51] [52]
27. Environment & Climate Change	2025-06 [53]
28. Consumer & Health Protection	2025-03-17 [54]
29. Customs Union
30. External Relations	2025-02-05 [55]	2025-02-05 [56]
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy	2025-03 [57]
32. Financial Control	2024-10-14 [58]	2024-10-14
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions
34. Institutions	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
35. Other Issues	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Report history

Clusters	Acquis Chapter	February 2023 Report [59]	November 2023 Report [60]	October 2024 Report [61]
1. Fundamentals	Public administration reform	-	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights	-	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	24. Justice, Freedom & Security	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	Economic criteria	-	Early stage / Some	Early stage / Some
	5. Public Procurement	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	18. Statistics	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	32. Financial Control	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
2. Internal Market	1. Free Movement of Goods	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	2. Freedom of Movement For Workers	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
	3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	4. Free Movement of Capital	Some level of preparation	Some / Moderate	Some / Moderate
	6. Company Law	Early stage	Early stage / Some	Early stage / Some
	7. Intellectual Property Law	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	8. Competition Policy	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	9. Financial Services	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	28. Consumer & Health Protection	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
3. Competitiveness and inclusive growth	10. Digital transformation & Media	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	16. Taxation	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	17. Economic & Monetary Policy	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	19. Social Policy & Employment	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	25. Science & Research	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	26. Education & Culture	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some / Moderate
	29. Customs Union	Some level of preparation	Some / Moderate	Moderately prepared
4. Green agenda and sustainable connectivity	14. Transport	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	15. Energy	Some level of preparation	Some / Moderate	Moderately prepared
	21. Trans-European Networks	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	27. Environment & Climate Change	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage / Some
5. Resources, agriculture and cohesion	11. Agriculture & Rural Development	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
	12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
	13. Fisheries	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
	22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments	Early stage	Early stage	Some level of preparation
	33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage
6. External relations	30. External Relations	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
	31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy	Moderately prepared	Moderate / Good	Moderate / Good
	34. Institutions	N/A	N/A	N/A
	35. Other Issues	N/A	N/A	N/A
Legend:   Well advanced   Good / Well advanced   Good level of preparation   Moderate / Good   Moderately prepared   Some / Moderate   Some level of preparation   Early stage / Some   Early stage

Challenges

According to Octavian Calmîc, who served as Moldova's Minister of Economy from 2016 to 2017, the accession of Moldova to the EU presents potential benefits but also risks. These include the loss of agricultural productivity due to the concentration of land ownership and business operations in multinational corporations, similar to what has occurred in other EU countries. Calmîc has said that the loss of agricultural productivity could lead to a reduction in domestic food production and job losses in rural areas. Additionally, Moldova's local industries face challenges, particularly the risk of decreased competitiveness in both domestic and international markets, which could result in plant closures and unemployment. Furthermore, the energy sector is vulnerable, as Moldova may face high energy prices and a lack of investment in energy infrastructure, according to Calmîc. ^[62]

Treaties

Association Agreement

Main article: Moldova–European Union Association Agreement

The EU Association Agreement (AA) was initialed on 29 November 2013 in Brussels. ^[63] It was signed on 27 June 2014 and was being provisionally applied (in particular the DCFTA) starting 1 September 2014.

On 1 July 2016, the Association Agreement (AA) between the European Union and the Republic of Moldova fully came into force, following ratification by all 31 signatories. ^[64]

The parties committed to co-operate and converge economic policy, legislation, and regulation across a broad range of areas, including equal rights for workers, the exchange of information and staff in the area of justice, the modernisation of Moldova's energy infrastructure, and access to the European Investment Bank. The parties committed to regular summit meetings, and meetings among ministers, other officials, and experts.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Association Agreement commits Moldova to economic, judicial and financial reforms to converge its policies and legislation to those of the European Union.^{[ citation needed ]}

The 30 parties are Moldova, the EU and Euratom and the 27 EU members.^{[ citation needed ]}

Ratification

Ratification history

Signatory	Date	Institution			AB	Deposited [65]	Reference
Austria	8 July 2015	National Council	Approved			28 August 2015	[66]
	23 July 2015	Federal Council	Approved				[66]
		Presidential Assent	Granted
Belgium
	23 April 2015	Chamber of Representatives	102	17	18	1 February 2016	[67] [68]
		Royal Assent (federal law)
	1 July 2015	Walloon Parliament (regional) (community)	63	2	4		[69]
			61	2	4		[69]
	22 June 2015	German-speaking Community	16	2	1		[70]
	24 June 2015	French Community	71	0	8		[71]
	20 November 2015	Brussels Regional Parliament	69	3	3		[72] [73]
	20 November 2015	Brussels United Assembly [74] (FR language) (NL language)	53	3	1		[75] [76]
			14	0	2		[75] [76]
	17 June 2015	Flemish Parliament (regional) (community)	83	18			[77]
			88	19			[77]
	24 June 2015	COCOF Assembly	71	0	8		[78] [79]
Bulgaria	24 July 2014	National Assembly	91	0	0	9 September 2014	[80]
	28 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[81]
Croatia	12 December 2014	Parliament	119	0	0	24 March 2015	[82]
	18 December 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[83]
Cyprus	7 May 2015	House of Representatives	Approved			18 August 2015	[84]
	22 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[85]
Czech Republic	18 March 2015	Senate	53	0	10	12 June 2015	[86]
	9 April 2015	Chamber of Deputies	122	0	6		[86]
	19 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[87]
Denmark	18 December 2014	Parliament	101	8	0	18 February 2015	[88]
Estonia	4 November 2014	Assembly	62	0	0	12 January 2015	[89] [90]
	13 November 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[91]
European Union and EAEC	13 November 2014	European Parliament	535	94	44	19 April 2016 (EAEC) 23 May 2016 (EU)	[92]
		Council of the European Union
Finland	10 March 2015	Parliament	Approved			6 May 2015	[93]
	24 April 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[94]
France	3 March 2015	Senate	Approved			3 July 2015	[95]
	16 April 2015	National Assembly	Approved				[95]
	27 April 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[95]
Germany	8 May 2015	Bundesrat	Approved			22 July 2015	[96]
	26 March 2015	Federal Diet	Approved				[97]
27 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted			[98]
Greece	18 November 2015	Parliament	Approved			6 January 2016	[99]
	24 November 2015	Presidential Promulgation	Granted				[100]
Hungary	25 November 2014	National Assembly	133	0	6	7 April 2015	[101]
	5 December 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[101]
Ireland	27 January 2015	Dáil Éireann	58	19	0	17 April 2015	[102]
Italy	26 November 2015	Senate	151	35	11	3 February 2016	[103]
	29 July 2015	Chamber of Deputies	314	88	36		[103]
	7 December 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[104]
Latvia	14 July 2014	Parliament	79	0	0	2 October 2014	[105]
	18 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[106]
Lithuania	8 July 2014	Parliament	84	0	1	29 July 2014	[107]
	11 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[108]
Luxembourg	18 March 2015	Chamber of Deputies	55	2	0	12 May 2015	[109]
	12 April 2015	Grand Ducal Promulgation	Granted				[110]
Malta	21 August 2014	House of Representatives	Approved			29 August 2014	[111] [112] [113]
Moldova	2 July 2014	Parliament	59	4	0	23 July 2014	[114]
	8 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[115]
Netherlands	7 July 2015	Senate	Adopted			21 September 2015	[116]
	7 April 2015	House of Representatives	Adopted				[117]
	28 July 2015	Royal Promulgation	Granted				[116]
Poland	18 December 2014	Senate	79	0	0	24 March 2015	[118]
	5 December 2014	House of Representatives	420	0	0		[119] [120]
	29 December 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[121]
Portugal	20 March 2015	National Assembly	Approved			13 May 2015	[122]
	22 April 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[123]
Romania	2 July 2014	Chamber of Deputies	284	1	1	14 July 2014	[124]
	3 July 2014	Senate	122	0	0		[125]
	9 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[126]
Slovakia	23 September 2014	National Council	117	0	0	21 October 2014	[127]
	16 October 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				[128]
Slovenia	13 May 2015	National Assembly	70	3	0	27 July 2015	[129] [130]
	21 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				[131]
Spain	27 May 2015	Senate	Approved			28 July 2015	[132]
	30 April 2015	Congress of Deputies	303	0	1		[133]
		Royal Assent	Granted
Sweden	26 November 2014	Parliament	249	44	0	9 January 2015	[134]
United Kingdom	9 March 2015	House of Lords	Approved			8 April 2015	[135]
	23 February 2015	House of Commons	Approved				[136]
	19 March 2015	Royal Assent	Order Made				[137]

Malta

The ratification was performed in accordance with article 4(2)(b) of the Maltese European Union Act, ^[111] which reads that:

"Provided that with regard to treaties and international conventions which Malta may accede to as Member State of the European Union, and treaties and international conventions which Malta is bound to ratify in its own name or on behalf of the European Community by virtue of its membership within the European Union, these shall come into force one month following their being submitted in order to be discussed by the Standing Committee on Foreign and European Affairs." ^[112]

As the treaty was submitted to the Standing Committee on Foreign and European Affairs on 21 July 2014, ^[113] the treaty came into force as part of the Maltese legislation on 21 August 2014.^{[ citation needed ]}

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The ratification was based on The European Union (Definition of Treaties) (Association Agreement) (Moldova) Order 2015, made in accordance with section 1(3) of the European Communities Act 1972, after having been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.

The agreement applied to the United Kingdom as an EU-member state until Brexit on 31 January 2020. During the transition period that followed Brexit, the agreement until 31 December 2020, the agreement still applied to the UK. The UK and Moldova announced on 8 October 2020 an agreement replacing the EU-Moldova Association Agreement between them, ^[138] which was provisionally applied from 1 January 2021. ^[139]

Free trade area

The agreement established a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) between the EU and Moldova, including "the removal of import duties for most goods traded between the EU and Moldova" and "broad mutual access to trade in services for both partners". ^[140]

Public opinion

A poll in June 2018 found that 46% preferred that Moldova join the EU versus 36% that preferred to join the Eurasian Economic Union. ^[141] A March 2022 survey conducted by Magenta Consulting found that, after president Maia Sandu announced that her government had officially submitted an application for membership of the European Union, 61% of Moldovans (40% 'totally', 21% 'rather') were in favour of EU membership, up from 52% before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. ^[142]

Date	Question	Totally support	Rather support	Rather don't support	Don't support at all	Don't know/No answer
March 2022 [143]	EU membership	40%	21%	10%	21%	8%

In May 2022, a poll in Moldova found that 56.1% supported EU membership. ^[144]

Two July 2023 polls in Moldova showed respectively 63% support ^[145] and 59% support ^[146] for Moldova joining the EU.

A referendum on joining the EU took place in autumn 2024. There were no voting stations in Transnistria; however, residents there were free to travel to other areas of Moldova to vote. ^[147] A small majority supported the referendum on joining the EU. ^{[148] [149] [150]}

Gagauzia

On 2 February 2014, the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia held two referendums on European integration. In one, 98.4% voted in favour of joining the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia, while in the second 97.2% opposed further integration with the EU. 98.9% also supported the proposition that Gagauzia could declare independence if Moldova unified with Romania. ^[151] There is concern in Gagauzia that Moldova's integration with the EU could lead to such a unification with EU member Romania, which is unpopular in the autonomous region. ^[152]

Schengen visa liberalisation

Moldova citizens have been able to travel to the Schengen area from 28 April 2014 without a visa. However, beginning in 2025, Moldovans will need to comply with the EU's ETIAS system before entering any of the EU/Schengen member countries. ^[153]

Unification of Moldova and Romania

Main article: Unification of Moldova and Romania

There is some support for the unification of Moldova and Romania, which would incorporate the current territory of Moldova into Romania and thus into the EU. ^[154] About 44% of the Moldovans that were polled in 2021 supported such a scenario. ^[155]

Impact of joining

Member countries	Population [156]	Area (km2)	GDP (US$) [157]	GDP per capita (US$)	Languages
Moldova	2,512,758	30,334	16 billion	6,410	Romanian
EU27	447,007,596	4,233,262	17.046 trillion	38,134	24
EU27+1	449,520,896 (+0.56%)	4,263,113 (+0.71%)	17.062 trillion (+0.09%)	37,825 (−0.81%)	24
	[ Figures don't add ]

See also

• Moldova-European Union relations
• Moldova–European Union Association Agreement
• Moldova–Romania relations
• Association Trio
• Enlargement of the European Union
• European Moldova National Assembly
• Future enlargement of the European Union
• Accession of Georgia to the European Union
• Georgia–European Union relations
• Accession of Ukraine to the European Union
• Ukraine–European Union relations
• Moldova–NATO relations

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External links

• europa.eu foreign relations Moldova-EU
• Delegation of the European Commission to Moldova site Archived 2010-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
• www.mfa.md - Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova RM-EU relations page Archived 2008-04-03 at the Wayback Machine