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Foreign relations of Yugoslavia were international relations of the interwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Cold War Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During its existence, the country was the founding member of numerous multilateral organizations including the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, International Monetary Fund, Group of 77, Group of 15, Central European Initiative and the European Broadcasting Union.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, ruled by the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty, was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of the former Austria-Hungary, encompassing Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of Croatia and Slovenia) and Banat, Bačka and Baranja (that had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia. In the same year, the Kingdom of Montenegro also proclaimed its unification with Serbia, whereas the regions of Kosovo and Vardar Macedonia had become parts of Serbia prior to the unification. [1] The first country in the world to officially recognize the new state was the United States. [2] After the creation of Yugoslavia the newly formed state was a status quo state in Europe which was opposed to revisionist states. [3] In this situation the country prominently was a part of the Little Entente and the first Balkan Pact. Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact resulted in Yugoslav coup d'état and ultimately the Invasion of Yugoslavia.
During the World War II in Yugoslavia the country was formally represented by the Yugoslav government-in-exile while Yugoslav Partisans headed by Josip Broz Tito progressively gained support of the Allies. At the same time the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia challenged the authority of the government in exile and among other issues proposed a review of country's international legal obligations with the aim of annulment or re-negotiation. [4] The new foreign policy was based on the pre-war and war era foreign policy positions of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia which included support for the Soviet Union, Bavarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Yugoslav support for the Spanish Republic, rejection of Anschluss and vocal support for Czechoslovakia’s independence after Munich Agreement. [4] The new socialist Federal Executive Council of Josip Broz Tito was formed on 7 March 1945, recognized by United Kingdom on 20 March 1945, and the Soviet Union and the United States a week after that. [4]
During the first post-war years new Yugoslav state was closely aligned with the Soviet Union and involved into dispute over the Free Territory of Trieste and the Greek Civil War. In May 1945, 4,650 Greek refugees, mostly male members of ELAS, settled in the village of Maglić with the help of Yugoslav government. From 1945 to 1948, it was a sui generis case of Greek extraterritorial jurisdiction. [5] This period was sharply ended in 1948 after the Tito–Stalin split.
Yugoslavia initially pursued development of relations among non-bloc neutral European states as a way to avoid isolation and preserve certain level of independence without alienating major powers. In this period Yugoslavia joined the Second Balkan Pact. Belgrade however perceived that in deeply divided Europe there was shrinking maneuvering space for neutral countries and followed the development of what will be called process of Finlandization with great concern. In 1956 the Belgrade declaration ended the period of significant dependence on the Western bloc. The Declaration guaranteed noninterference in Yugoslavia’s internal affairs and legitimized right to different forms of socialist development in different countries. [6] While the declaration failed in achieving lasting rapprochement between the two countries (result of the Yugoslav anxiety over the Hungarian Revolution of 1956) it had an effect on Yugoslav disengagement from the Balkan Pact with NATO member states of Turkey and Greece. [7]
Yugoslavia subsequently discovered new allies among former colonies and mandate territories beyond Europe. [8] Yugoslavia supported Egypt during the Suez Crisis. Yugoslavia developed its relations with India beginning with the time of their concurrent mandate at the UN Security Council from the end of 1949 onward. [9] Yugoslavia was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement which enabled this comparatively small and underdeveloped country to play one of the most prominent diplomatic role during the Cold War.
Yugoslav crisis which escalated into breakup of the country and Yugoslav Wars turned into one of the major policy and security issues in the first decade after the end of the Cold War.
Country | Independence | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Algeria | 5 July 1962 [10] | 2 July 1962 [10] | |
Angola | 11 November 1975 [10] | 1975 [10] | |
Benin | 1 August 1960 [10] | 1962 [10] | |
Botswana | 30 September 1966 [10] | 1970 [10] | |
Burkina Faso | 5 August 1960 [10] | 1968 [10] | |
Burundi | 1 July 1962 [10] | 1962 [10] | |
Cameroon | 1 January 1960 [10] | 1960 [10] | |
Cape Verde | 5 July 1975 [10] | 1975 [10] | |
Central African Republic | 13 August 1960 [10] | 1960 [10] | |
Chad | 11 August 1960 [10] | 1966 [10] | |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 30 June 1960 [10] | 1961 [10] | |
Republic of the Congo | 15 August 1960 [10] | 1964 [10] | |
Djibouti | 27 June 1977 [10] | 1978 [10] | |
Egypt | 28 February 1922 [10] | 1 February 1908 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [10] | |
Equatorial Guinea | 12 October 1968 [10] | 1970 [10] | |
Ethiopia | never colonized in a classical sense (temporary Italian occupation) [10] | 1952 [10] | |
Gabon | 17 August 1960 [10] | 1960 [10] | |
Gambia | 18 February 1965 [10] | 1965 [10] | |
Ghana | 6 March 1957 [10] | 1959 [10] | |
Guinea | 2 October 1958 [10] | 1958 [10] | |
Guinea-Bissau | 10 September 1974 [10] | 1975 [10] | |
Ivory Coast | 7 August 1960 [10] | 1968 [10] | |
Kenya | 12/20 December 1963 [10] | 1963 [10] | |
Lesotho | 4 October 1966 [10] | 1972 [10] | |
Liberia | 26 July 1847 [10] | 1959 [10] | |
Libya | 24 December 1951 [10] | 1955 [10] | |
Madagascar | 26 June 1960 [10] | 1960 [10] | |
Mali | 22 September 1960 [10] | 1961 [10] | |
Mauritania | 28 November 1960 [10] | 1961 [10] | |
Morocco | 2 March 1956 [10] | 2 March 1957 [10] | |
Mauritius | 12 March 1968 [10] | 1969 [10] | |
Mozambique | 25 June 1975 [10] | 1975 [10] | |
Namibia | 21 March 1990 [10] | 1990 [10] | |
Nigeria | 1 October 1960 [10] | 1960 [10] | |
Rwanda | 1 July 1962 [10] | 1971 [10] | |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | 28 November 1984 [11] | ||
Sao Tome and Principe | 12 July 1975 [10] | 1977 [10] | |
Seychelles | 29 June 1976 [10] | 1977 [10] | |
Senegal | 20 August 1960 [10] | 1961 [10] | |
Sierra Leone | 27 April 1961 [10] | 1961 [10] | |
Somalia | 1 July 1960 [10] | 1960 [10] | |
Sudan | 1 January 1956 [10] | 1956 [10] | |
Swaziland | 6 September 1968 [10] | 1968 [10] | |
Tanzania | 1961, 26 April 1964 (unification) [10] | 1961 [10] | |
Togo | 27 April 1960 [10] | 1960 [10] | |
Tunisia | 20 March 1956 [10] | 1957 [10] | |
Uganda | 9 October 1962 [10] | 1963 [10] | |
Zambia | 24 October 1964 [10] | 1964 [10] | |
Zimbabwe | 18 April 1980 [10] | 1980 [10] | |
Country | Formal Relations | Notes |
---|---|---|
Argentina | 29 February 1928 [12] | |
Bahamas | ||
Barbados | ||
Bolivia | 1952 [13] | |
Brazil | 1938 [14] | |
Canada | 9 February 1942 [15] | |
Chile | 1935 [16] | |
Colombia | 1966 [17] | |
Costa Rica | 1952 [18] | |
Cuba | 1943 [19] | |
Dominica | ||
Dominican Republic | 1 March 1912 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [20] | |
Ecuador | 1956 [21] | |
El Salvador | 1956 [22] | |
Grenada | 29 June 1978 [23] | |
Guatemala | 1882 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [24] | |
Guyana | 5 November 1968 [25] | |
Haiti | 1956 [26] | |
Honduras | 1904 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [27] | |
Jamaica | October 1968 [28] | |
Mexico | 24 May 1946 [29] | |
Nicaragua | 23 February 1904 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [30] | |
Panama | 1953 [31] | |
Paraguay | 1950 [32] | |
Peru | 1942 [28] | Both countries established diplomatic relations in October 1942, and renewed them in 1968. An embassy was opened in Belgrade that same year, with the first Peruvian Ambassador arriving in 1969. |
Suriname | 9 July 1976 [33] | |
Trinidad and Tobago | 1965 [34] | |
Uruguay | 1950 [35] | |
United States | ||
Venezuela | 1951 [36] | |
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 30 December 1954 [37] | |
Australia | 1966 [38] | |
Bangladesh | 20 November 1956 [39] | |
Burma | 29 December 1950 [40] | |
Cambodia | 15 July 1956 [41] | |
China | 2 January 1955 [42] | |
Fiji | 1976 [43] | |
India | 5 December 1948 [44] | |
Indonesia | 1954 [45] | |
Iran | 1945 [46] | |
Iraq | 1958 [47] | |
Israel | 19 May 1948 [lower-alpha 1] [48] | |
Japan | ||
Jordan | 1951 [49] | |
Kuwait | 7 May 1963 [50] | |
Laos | 25 November 1962 [51] | |
Lebanon | 1946 [52] | |
Malaysia | 1967 [53] | |
Maldives | ||
Mongolia | 20 November 1956 [54] | |
Nepal | 7 October 1959 [55] | |
New Zealand | 1951 [56] | |
North Korea | 30 October 1948 | |
Oman | 1974 [57] | |
Palestine | 1989 [58] [lower-alpha 2] | |
Pakistan | 18 May 1948 [59] | |
Philippines | 1972 [60] | |
Saudi Arabia | N/a | Saudi Arabia and Yugoslavia did not have diplomatic relations. |
Singapore | 22 August 1967 [61] | |
South Korea | 27 December 1982 | |
Sri Lanka | 14 October 1957 [62] | |
Syria | 1946 [63] | |
Thailand | 1954 [64] | |
Turkey | ||
Vietnam | 10 March 1957 [65] [66] | |
Yemen | 1957 [67] | |
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | ||
Austria | ||
Belgium | ||
Bulgaria | ||
Cyprus | 10 July 1960 [68] | |
Czechoslovakia | 1918 [69] | |
Denmark | 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [70] | |
Estonia | ||
Finland | 1928 [71] | |
France | ||
Germany | ||
East Germany | 15 October 1957 [72] | |
Greece | ||
Holy See | 1920 [73] [lower-alpha 3] | |
Hungary | ||
Ireland | 1977 [74] | |
Italy | ||
Latvia | 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [75] | |
Lithuania | ||
Luxembourg | 1927 [76] | |
Malta | 6 January 1969 [77] | |
Netherlands | ||
Norway | 26 January 1919 [78] | |
Poland | ||
Portugal | 19 October 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [79] [lower-alpha 4] | |
Romania | ||
Soviet Union | 19 December 1945 | |
Spain | ||
Sweden | ||
Switzerland | 1919 [81] | |
United Kingdom | ||
India–Serbia relations are foreign relations between India and Serbia. India has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in Chennai. Both countries are key allies and were founding members of the Non Aligned Movement with Serbia being part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia at the time. India was one of the nations that cosponsored the proposal to readmit the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the United Nations in 2000. India backs Serbia's position regarding Kosovo and supports Serbia's EU integration process. During her visit to Belgrade in 2013, Indian minister of state for external affairs Preneet Kaur stated that she hopes that Serbia will continue to support reforms in international bodies, including the United Nations, and India's bid to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council. In an interview for local media, H.E. Narinder Chauhan, Indian Ambassador to Serbia stated that "Despite of Breakup of Yugoslavia our political relations continue to be exceptional, marked by a long tradition of mutual support on issues of core interest... It is a matter of immense satisfaction that Serbia also supports India’s international role. India sees Serbia as a reliable partner."
North Korea–Serbia relations are the bilateral relations between Serbia and North Korea. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea had established diplomatic relations on October 30, 1948. Relations had been very close during the time of Josip Broz Tito and Kim Il Sung. Both leaders had taken a neutral stance during the Sino-Soviet split and maintained friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and China. Both Serbia and North Korea are members of the Non-Aligned Movement. Yugoslavia, of which Serbia was a part, was one of the movement's founding members. Both countries closed their embassies in each other's capitals in October and November 2001, respectively, for financial reasons. Nevertheless, they continue to enjoy a close relationship. The Serbian Embassy to North Korea is accredited from Beijing, China, and the North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited from Bucharest, Romania.
Indonesia and Serbia established diplomatic relations in 1954, with the legal frameworks was inherited from the Yugoslavian era. Indonesia has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in Jakarta. Both nations are the founders of Non Aligned Movement.
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, an international groupation established to maintain independence of countries beyond Eastern and Western Bloc from the major Cold War powers. Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, hosted the First Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in September 1961 and the Ninth Summit in September 1989.
Czechoslovakia–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, both of which are now-defunct states. Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were both created as union states of smaller Slavic ethnic groups. Both were created after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, itself a multinational empire unable to appease its Slavic populations or implement a trialist reform in its final years.
Finland–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Finland and now split-up Kingdom of Yugoslavia or Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Both countries gained their independence during or in the immediate aftermath of the World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary (Yugoslavia) or Russian Empire (Finland). Two parties established formal bilateral relations in 1928. Two countries developed their relations after the end of the World War II and 1948 Tito–Stalin split. At the time neither one of them was a part of either Eastern or Western Bloc in the Cold War divided Europe. Both countries perceived development of relations among non-bloc neutral European states as a way to avoid isolation and preserve certain level of independence without alienating major powers. Yugoslavia however perceived that in deeply divided Europe there was shrinking maneuvering space for neutral countries and followed the development of what will be called process of Finlandization with great concern. It therefore turned its focus on new allies among former colonies and mandate territories outside of Europe where it developed its policy of equidistant active neutrality via its activities in the newly founded Non-Aligned Movement.
Indonesia–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Indonesia. Both countries were founding member states of the Non-Aligned Movement. Two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1954. First diplomatic documents were exchanged as early as 1947. Breakup of Yugoslavia, one of the founding and core members of the Non-Aligned Movement, brought into question the very existence of the Movement which was preserved only by politically pragmatic chairmanship of Indonesia.
Afghanistan–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Afghanistan and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Both countries were founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghan Prime Minister Daoud Khan represented the Kingdom of Afghanistan at the 1961 First Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade.
Algeria–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Algeria and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Both countries self-identified with the wider Mediterranean region and shared membership in the Non-Aligned Movement. During the Algerian War Yugoslavia provided significant logistical and diplomatic support to the Algerian side which affected its intra-European relations with France. Yugoslavia was the first European country to openly support the FLN.
Egypt–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Egypt and now break-up Yugoslavia. Both countries were founding members and prominent participants of the Non-Aligned Movement. While initially marginal, relations between the two Mediterranean countries developed significantly in the aftermath of the Soviet-Yugoslav split of 1948 and the Egyptian revolution of 1952. Belgrade hosted the Non-Aligned movement's first conference for which preparatory meeting took place in Cairo, while Cairo hosted the second conference. While critical of certain aspects of the Camp David Accords Yugoslavia remained major advocate for Egyptian realist approach within the movement, and strongly opposed harsh criticism of Cairo or proposals which questioned country's place within the movement.
India–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between India and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia established full diplomatic relations with India on 5 December 1948 following the 1948 Tito–Stalin split. Initially two countries developed their relations at the UN Security Council in 1949 during their shared membership. In the period of the Cold War both countries were the founders and among core members of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Ethiopia–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Ethiopia and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Both countries were among founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. The first contacts between the two countries were established at the United Nations in 1947 where Yugoslavia supported Ethiopian claims on Eritrea while Ethiopia supported Yugoslav claims over the Free Territory of Trieste. After the 1948, Tito-Stalin split Yugoslavia turned towards the non-bloc countries and two countries opened their embassies in 1955. The formal diplomatic relations were established already in 1952. Emperor Haile Selassie was the first African head of state in official visit to Yugoslavia in 1954.
Norway–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Norway and now split-up Yugoslavia.
Morocco–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Morocco and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Two countries established formal bilateral relations on 2 March 1957. Both countries were founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. Moroccan king Hassan II supported Yugoslav bid to host the first conference of the movement in 1961 even over the candidacy of Cairo. The belief was that Yugoslav bid will “increase the possibility of wider Arab participation” irrespective of some internal divisions. Yugoslav diplomacy on its part gave high priority to country's relations with non-bloc Mediterranean countries.
Vietnam–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Vietnam and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Two countries established formal bilateral relations in 1957. Relations were predominantly positive due to positive public image of Vietnam in Yugoslavia which was result of Vietnamese resistance to foreign domination and shared membership in the Non-Aligned Movement.
Mongolia–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Mongolian People's Republic and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Formal bilateral relations between Mongolia and Yugoslavia were established on 20 November 1956. This was the period of normalization of Yugoslav relations with other Eastern Bloc countries which were either suspended or significantly strained after the 1948 Tito-Stalin split.
Iran–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Iran and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Both states became defunct with the dissolution of the Soviet Union between 1988 and 1991 and the breakup of Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1992. Relations between the two countries developed very ambiguously. Until 1940 they were openly hostile, in 1948 they deteriorated again and in 1949 were completely broken. In 1953–1955 period, bilateral relations were restored with the signing of Belgrade declaration, but until the collapse of Yugoslavia they remained very restrained. Relations with Soviet Union were of high priority for Belgrade as those relations or their absence helped the country to develop the principle of Cold War equal-distance on which the Yugoslav non-alignment policy was based.
Iraq–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Iraq and the former Yugoslavia. Iraq established diplomatic relations with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1958. Josip Broz Tito visited Iraq in August 1967 and again in February 1979.
Sri Lanka–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Sri Lanka and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In the period of the Cold War both countries were the founders and among core members of the Non-Aligned Movement. Diplomatic relations were established on 14 October 1957.