Foreign relations of Yugoslavia

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Map of Yugoslavia from 1945 until 1992 SFRYmap.PNG
Map of Yugoslavia from 1945 until 1992

Foreign relations of Yugoslavia were international relations of the interwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Cold War Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During its existence, the country was the founding member of numerous multilateral organizations including the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, International Monetary Fund, Group of 77, Group of 15, Central European Initiative and the European Broadcasting Union.

Contents

History

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, ruled by the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty, was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of the former Austria-Hungary, encompassing Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of Croatia and Slovenia) and Banat, Bačka and Baranja (that had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia. In the same year, the Kingdom of Montenegro also proclaimed its unification with Serbia, whereas the regions of Kosovo and Vardar Macedonia had become parts of Serbia prior to the unification. [1] The first country in the world to officially recognize the new state was the United States. [2] After the creation of Yugoslavia the newly formed state was a status quo state in Europe which was opposed to revisionist states. [3] In this situation the country prominently was a part of the Little Entente and the first Balkan Pact. Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact resulted in Yugoslav coup d'état and ultimately the Invasion of Yugoslavia.

World War II

During the World War II in Yugoslavia the country was formally represented by the Yugoslav government-in-exile while Yugoslav Partisans headed by Josip Broz Tito progressively gained support of the Allies. At the same time the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia challenged the authority of the government in exile and among other issues proposed a review of country's international legal obligations with the aim of annulment or re-negotiation. [4] The new foreign policy was based on the pre-war and war era foreign policy positions of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia which included support for the Soviet Union, Bavarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Yugoslav support for the Spanish Republic, rejection of Anschluss and vocal support for Czechoslovakia’s independence after Munich Agreement. [4] The new socialist Federal Executive Council of Josip Broz Tito was formed on 7 March 1945, recognized by United Kingdom on 20 March 1945, and the Soviet Union and the United States a week after that. [4]

Socialist Yugoslavia

Federal Executive Council building in New Belgrade Novi Beograd - The SIV building.jpg
Federal Executive Council building in New Belgrade

During the first post-war years new Yugoslav state was closely aligned with the Soviet Union and involved into dispute over the Free Territory of Trieste and the Greek Civil War. In May 1945, 4,650 Greek refugees, mostly male members of ELAS, settled in the village of Maglić with the help of Yugoslav government. From 1945 to 1948, it was a sui generis case of Greek extraterritorial jurisdiction. [5] This period was sharply ended in 1948 after the Tito–Stalin split.

Yugoslavia initially pursued development of relations among non-bloc neutral European states as a way to avoid isolation and preserve certain level of independence without alienating major powers. In this period Yugoslavia joined the Second Balkan Pact. Belgrade however perceived that in deeply divided Europe there was shrinking maneuvering space for neutral countries and followed the development of what will be called process of Finlandization with great concern. In 1956 the Belgrade declaration ended the period of significant dependence on the Western bloc. The Declaration guaranteed noninterference in Yugoslavia’s internal affairs and legitimized right to different forms of socialist development in different countries. [6] While the declaration failed in achieving lasting rapprochement between the two countries (result of the Yugoslav anxiety over the Hungarian Revolution of 1956) it had an effect on Yugoslav disengagement from the Balkan Pact with NATO member states of Turkey and Greece. [7]

Yugoslavia subsequently discovered new allies among former colonies and mandate territories beyond Europe. [8] Yugoslavia supported Egypt during the Suez Crisis. Yugoslavia developed its relations with India beginning with the time of their concurrent mandate at the UN Security Council from the end of 1949 onward. [9] Yugoslavia was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement which enabled this comparatively small and underdeveloped country to play one of the most prominent diplomatic role during the Cold War.

Yugoslav crisis which escalated into breakup of the country and Yugoslav Wars turned into one of the major policy and security issues in the first decade after the end of the Cold War.

Federal Secretaries of Foreign Affairs

Foreign relations

Africa

CountryIndependenceFormal Relations BeganNotes
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 5 July 1962 [10] 2 July 1962 [10]
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 11 November 1975 [10] 1975 [10]
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 1 August 1960 [10] 1962 [10]
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 30 September 1966 [10] 1970 [10]
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 5 August 1960 [10] 1968 [10]
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 1 July 1962 [10] 1962 [10]
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 1 January 1960 [10] 1960 [10]
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 5 July 1975 [10] 1975 [10]
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 13 August 1960 [10] 1960 [10]
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 11 August 1960 [10] 1966 [10]
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 30 June 1960 [10] 1961 [10]
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo 15 August 1960 [10] 1964 [10]
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 27 June 1977 [10] 1978 [10]
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 28 February 1922 [10] 1 February 1908 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [10]
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 12 October 1968 [10] 1970 [10]
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia never colonized in a classical sense (temporary Italian occupation) [10] 1952 [10]
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 17 August 1960 [10] 1960 [10]
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 18 February 1965 [10] 1965 [10]
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 6 March 1957 [10] 1959 [10]
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 2 October 1958 [10] 1958 [10]
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 10 September 1974 [10] 1975 [10]
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 7 August 1960 [10] 1968 [10]
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 12/20 December 1963 [10] 1963 [10]
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 4 October 1966 [10] 1972 [10]
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 26 July 1847 [10] 1959 [10]
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 24 December 1951 [10] 1955 [10]
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 26 June 1960 [10] 1960 [10]
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 22 September 1960 [10] 1961 [10]
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 28 November 1960 [10] 1961 [10]
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 2 March 1956 [10] 2 March 1957 [10]
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 12 March 1968 [10] 1969 [10]
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 25 June 1975 [10] 1975 [10]
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 21 March 1990 [10] 1990 [10]
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 1 October 1960 [10] 1960 [10]
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 1 July 1962 [10] 1971 [10]
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 28 November 1984 [11]
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  Sao Tome and Principe 12 July 1975 [10] 1977 [10]
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 29 June 1976 [10] 1977 [10]
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 20 August 1960 [10] 1961 [10]
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 27 April 1961 [10] 1961 [10]
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 1 July 1960 [10] 1960 [10]
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 1 January 1956 [10] 1956 [10]
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Swaziland 6 September 1968 [10] 1968 [10]
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 1961, 26 April 1964 (unification) [10] 1961 [10]
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 27 April 1960 [10] 1960 [10]
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 20 March 1956 [10] 1957 [10]
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 9 October 1962 [10] 1963 [10]
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 24 October 1964 [10] 1964 [10]
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 [10] 1980 [10]

Americas

CountryFormal RelationsNotes
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 29 February 1928 [12]
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 1952 [13]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 1938 [14]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 9 February 1942 [15]
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 1935 [16]
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 1966 [17]
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 1952 [18]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 1943 [19]
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 1 March 1912 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [20]
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 1956 [21]
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 1956 [22]
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 29 June 1978 [23]
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 1882 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [24]
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 5 November 1968 [25]
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 1956 [26]
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 1904 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [27]
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica October 1968 [28]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 24 May 1946 [29]
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 23 February 1904 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [30]
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 1953 [31]
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 1950 [32]
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 1942 [28]

Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 1942, and renewed them in 1968. An embassy was opened in Belgrade that same year, with the first Peruvian Ambassador arriving in 1969.

Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 9 July 1976 [33]
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 1965 [34]
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 1950 [35]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 1951 [36]

Asia-Pacific

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan 30 December 1954 [37]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 1966 [38]
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 20 November 1956 [39]
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Burma 29 December 1950 [40]
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 15 July 1956 [41]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 2 January 1955 [42]
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 1976 [43]
Flag of India.svg  India 5 December 1948 [44]
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 1954 [45]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 1945 [46]
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 1958 [47]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 19 May 1948 [lower-alpha 1] [48]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 1951 [49]
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 7 May 1963 [50]
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 25 November 1962 [51]
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 1946 [52]
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 1967 [53]
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 20 November 1956 [54]
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 7 October 1959 [55]
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 1951 [56]
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 30 October 1948
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 1974 [57]
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine 1989 [58] [lower-alpha 2]
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 18 May 1948 [59]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 1972 [60]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia N/aSaudi Arabia and Yugoslavia did not have diplomatic relations.
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 22 August 1967 [61]
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 27 December 1982
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 14 October 1957 [62]
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 1946 [63]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 1954 [64]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 10 March 1957 [65] [66]
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 1957 [67]

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 10 July 1960 [68]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 1918 [69]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [70]
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 1928 [71]
Flag of France.svg  France
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany 15 October 1957 [72]
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece
Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg  Holy See 1920 [73] [lower-alpha 3]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 1977 [74]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [75]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 1927 [76]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 6 January 1969 [77]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 26 January 1919 [78]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 19 October 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia) [79] [lower-alpha 4]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union 19 December 1945
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 1919 [81]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom

See also

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References

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  2. Yugoslavia recognised Palestine on 16 November 1988
  3. Concordat signed in 1914 [73]
  4. Portugal recognised the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1974 following the Carnation Revolution [80]
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