The Republic of Texas was a North American nation from 1836 to 1846; in its short time it established diplomatic relations worldwide, mainly through the cotton trade.
William H. Daingerfield, a representative of Texas, visited Austria in February 1845 and found the people of Vienna to have a favorable impression of the Republic. While in Vienna, Daingerfield received news of Texas' annexation to the United States, and therefore was prohibited to communicate with the Austrian government despite repeated entreaties.[1]
The Austrian Empire was well aware of the Republic of Texas; František Ladislav Rieger used the ideals of popular sovereignty in the Texan Constitution to craft a constitution of Austria-Hungary,[2] and many Austrians moved to Texas.[3] In Hungary, the newspaper Vasárnapi Újság[hu], which published extensive information about the Republic, put out a call for ladies to move to Texas.[4] Many Czechs also immigrated to the Republic.[5]
Texas had a consulate in Antwerp.[6] Just five years after Belgian independence, Texas declared independence. Texas exported cotton, corn, and other raw materials to Belgium. Belgium exported iron, tea, beer, and many other products to Texas. Belgium had a legation in Austin, and Texas had an embassy in Brussels.
Denmark was very hesitant to recognize Texas at first, as it deemed its relations with Mexico a priority, and worried that recognition of Texas would violate the 1827 Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation it had signed with Mexico.[7][dubious–discuss] Denmark, though not extending itself diplomatically, did however go as far as allowing Texan goods into Danish ports but would later put a tariff on all imports from Texas. Aside from the almost one-way trading, relations between the two nations were almost non-existent.
Trade between the two nations was minimal, but the Texas did export some cotton and corn to Denmark and its colonies.[8] Denmark may have exported some wheat and finished goods to the Texas republic; however, this cannot be proven.[9] Trade did not last long before Denmark put a tariff on Texan goods.
In 1823 Mexico's southernmost provinces seceded from the union forming a Federation of their own, under the name Federal Republic of Central America.[10] Texas seceded in a much different fashion, and for different reasons, but with the same intention of being free from Mexico. Thus the two nations were seen as destined for diplomacy but few missions were ever enacted, due to their differences in religion, language, and ethics. Perhaps Texas' greatest influence over the Federation was the encouragement of nationalism, and in fact the strong feeling of nationalism Texas had was growing in The Central American States, triggering the fragmentation of the Federation into five independent states.[11] Trade and relations between Texas and the former FRCA remained at a minimum, but Guatemala continued relations, and in 1845 was considering opening an embassy in Austin, Texas; however, Texas was annexed by the United States before this was possible.
France
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The Hôtel Bataille de Francès, place Vendôme in Paris, housed the Embassy of the Republic of Texas
France began the steps toward official recognition of Texas on September 25, 1839. In 1841 the French opened a legation in Austin, and Texas opened an embassy in Paris.[6] A legation is the equivalent of an embassy, but in that era monarchies sent only legations to republics, with embassies only being sent to other monarchies.
Texas had a consulate in London; Britain had a consulate in Houston. In 1845 Texas was in the process of applying for an embassy in London; the United States annexed Texas before this was possible. The British never intended to open an embassy in Austin.[12] France also considered putting a consulate general in Houston.
The British Empire had strong diplomatic relations with Mexico since 1824. When Texas seceded from Mexico, the Mexican government refused to recognize its sovereignty. The British Empire wanted to maintain its diplomacy with Mexico, thus denying recognition of the Republic of Texas.[13] The British went so far as to supply the Mexican Navy with ironclad warships.[14] At the same time, London ports were secretly accepting Texan goods.[15] Of all the reasons for refusal of recognition, none were so important as the practice of slavery, which was outlawed throughout the British Empire but practiced in Texas, thus creating an ethical divide between the two nations, solidifying Britain's stance on the Texas sovereignty issue.[16]
The British Empire and the Republic of Texas, regardless of the former's refusal to recognize the latter as independent, imported and exported trade goods. The British allowed more imports than exports, Texan cotton was needed for textile work in England, some of the finished product, which was sold world wide, found its way back to Texas on British ships.[17]
Eventually, the British Empire recognized the Republic of Texas in the summer of 1842.
Hanseatic Cities
From the early to mid 1840s, Texas sought to, and technically did establish diplomatic and trade relations with the three Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, though the trade negotiations were finalized too late to really bear any fruit. The three Hanseatic Republics were each for themselves sovereign city-states, yet linked through a joint foreign policy. They already maintained a consulate in Galveston (later also Indianola), and were Texas' third largest trading partner, after the U.S. and Britain.[18]
Negotiations for a Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation Treaty[18][19] were initiated by the Texan Envoy and Minister to the Netherlands, and commenced in 1841. The treaty foresaw a most favored nation-clause not only between the three city-states and Texas, but also extendable to any state of the German Confederation.[18] Talks were initially held in Hamburg, but later moved to Paris. It took until April 1844 for the treaty to be signed, by which time Lübeck, Hamburg, and Texas foresaw the coming accession of Texas to the U.S., and did not bother ratifying the treaty. Bremen was the only party where the treaty was ratified, coming into effect in December 1844.
Mexico never recognized Texas' independence. Instead the Mexican government considered Texas a rebellious territory still belonging to Mexico. By 1838 Texas had a firm hold on its eastern lands, but the majority of Texas remained under Mexican control. Texas claimed the official southern and western border between the two countries to be the Rio Grande.[citation needed] Mexico considered it a ridiculous compromise to allow even the eastern part of Texas to remain independent.
It did not take long for the Netherlands to decide to open an embassy in Austin, in mimicry of Belgium. In response, Texas opened an embassy in Amsterdam.[20] France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were the only three European nations to fully and officially recognize Texas as a sovereign nation.[12]
A marginal number of Dutch immigrants began to settle in Texas; however, the percentage of Dutch Texans would remain below 3% until after the Civil War and the end of the American Restoration, when Dutch majority towns, such as Nederland, began to pop up across the state.[21] Very few, if any Texans moved to the Netherlands.
Texas exported cotton, corn and other raw materials to the Netherlands, the Netherlands exported textiles, chocolate, beer and many other products to Texas.[22]
Russia did not commence diplomacy with Mexico until 1890. Attempting to maintain its relations with the US, Russia recognized Texas as an independent state from 1836 until the annexation of Texas by the United States, which Russia also fully supported. Neither Russia nor Texas built an embassy in the other's capital, and it is not known if diplomats were sent.[23]
Texas exported cotton, and possibly some corn to Russia; however the amount was minute in comparison to that sent to Western Europe.[16] Russia exported nothing to Texas, but did export wheat and grain to the United States,[24] some of which may have been exported to Texas.
United States
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Yucatán had an embassy in Austin, Texas had an embassy in Mérida.[26] Both insurgencies had tried to secede from Mexico, and aided each other in disputes with Mexico. The Yucatán insurgency was unsuccessful.
The Treaties of Velasco were two documents signed at Velasco, Texas, (which is now Freeport, Texas) on May 14, 1836, between President of Mexico, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, and victorious Texians, in the aftermath of Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836). At the time, Santa Anna was held prisoner and entered into the agreements under duress. The signatories were Interim PresidentDavid G. Burnet for Texas and General Santa Anna for Mexico. The Treaties were intended, on the part of the Texans, to provide a conclusion of hostilities between the two belligerents and offer the first steps toward the official recognition of the breakaway region's independence. However, there was a public treaty and a secret treaty, and the treaty was never ratified by the Mexican Congress. Moreover, the documents were not even called "treaties" until so characterized by U.S. President James K. Polk in his justifications for war some ten years later, as was pointed out by Congressman Abraham Lincoln in 1848.[27]
The Treaty of Tehuacana Creek (or the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce) was signed at Tehuacana Creek on October 9, 1844 between representatives from the Republic of Texas and various Native American tribes. The tribes involved in the signing of the treaty were the Comanche, the Keechi, the Waco, Caddo, Anadarko, Ioni, Delaware, Shawnee, Cherokee, Lipan Apache, and Tawakoni tribes. Based on the terms of the treaty, both Native Americans and Texans agreed to cease all hostilities and establish more cooperative political and commercial ties. Texas violated the terms of all treaties. The Cherokee, Delaware, and Shawnee were driven out by unprovoked attacks. The Tonkawa were nearly exterminated. The Lipan were either driven to Mexico or took refuge with the Mexican population.
The Republic of Texas, or simply Texas, was a breakaway state in North America. It existed for close to 10 years, from March 2, 1836 to February 19, 1846. Texas shared borders with Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America. The Republic of Texas had engaged in some complex relations with various nations. The United States was one of the key players had recognized Texas's independence however, they hesitated to annex the Republic due to domestic affairs with Mexico. European powers had extended their recognition and wanted to engage in trade with Texas. These relations were very significant and shaped Texas's republic. This had led to the annexation by the US which led to the Mexican-American War.
The United States and Belgium maintain a friendly bilateral relationship. Continuing to celebrate cooperative U.S. and Belgian relations, 2007 marked the 175th anniversary of the nations' relationship.
Diplomatic relations between Denmark and the United States of America began in 1783. Both countries are members of the Arctic Council, OECD, OSCE, NATO and the United Nations.
Canada and Chile established diplomatic relations in 1892. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Cairns Group, Organization of American States, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
The nations of Mexico and Turkey established diplomatic relations in 1928. Both nations are members of the G20, OECD and the United Nations.
The nations of Belgium and Mexico established contact in 1836, when Belgium—itself newly independent—recognized the independence of Mexico, however, diplomatic relations were officially established between both nations in 1861. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations.
The nations of Brazil and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1825. Together, Brazil and Mexico account as the most populous nations in Latin America and both nations have the largest global emerging economies and are considered to be regional powers. Both countries are members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, G-20 major economies, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The nations of Denmark and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1827. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations.
Diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the United Mexican States were established in 1972. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Forum of East Asia–Latin America Cooperation, G-20 major economies and the United Nations.
Denmark–Switzerland relations refers to the current and historical relations between Denmark and Switzerland. Denmark has an embassy in Bern. Switzerland has an embassy in Copenhagen, but only offers consular services from the Nordic Regional Consular Centre in Stockholm. Diplomatic relations between Denmark and Switzerland were established in 1945.
The Embassy of Greece in Washington, D.C. is the Hellenic Republic's diplomatic mission to the United States. It is located at 2217 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C. in the Embassy Row neighborhood, near Sheridan Circle. The embassy complex consists of three buildings. The current ambassador is Alexandra Papadopoulou and first woman in this post.
This is a summary history of diplomatic relations of the United States listed by country. The history of diplomatic relations of the United States began with the appointment of Benjamin Franklin as U.S. Minister to France in 1778, even before the U.S. had won its independence from Great Britain in 1783.
Republic of Texas–United States relations refers to the historical foreign relations between the now-defunct Republic of Texas and the United States of America. Relations started in 1836 after the Texas Revolution and ended in 1845 upon the annexation of Texas by the United States.
France – Republic of Texas relations refers to the historical foreign relations between the Republic of Texas and France. Relations began in September 1839 when France appointed Alponse Dubois de Saligny to serve as chargé d'affaires. Relations officially ceased upon annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845.
The nations of Mexico and Sweden established diplomatic relations in 1885. Both members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations.
The nations of Lithuania and Mexico initially established diplomatic relations in 1938, however, diplomatic relations were interrupted with Lithuania's annexation by the Soviet Union. In 1991, both nations re-established diplomatic relations.
The Embassy of Mexico in China, based out of Beijing, is the primary diplomatic mission from the United Mexican States to the People's Republic of China.
Relations between Czechoslovakia and the United States refer to two periods in Czechoslovakia's history. The first being the establishment of Czechoslovakia after its declaration of independence in 1918 from Austria-Hungary initiated by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points following World War I. The second period being the communist era from 1948 when relations were strained, until 1992 when Czechoslovakia split forming the independent nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia as a result of the 1989 Velvet Revolution.
Relations between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the United States began in 1802 with mutual recognition, but formal relations were not established until 1839. Diplomatic relations ceased in 1861 when Sardinia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.
↑ Kann, Robert A. (1964). Das Nationalitätenproblem der Habsburgermonarchie; Geschichte und Ideengehalt der nationalen Bestrebungen vom Vormärz bis zur Auflösung des Reiches im Jahre 1918. Vol.2. H. Böhlau. p.315. OCLC1151738700.
↑ Struve, Walter 1935- (1996). Germans & Texans commerce, migration and culture in the days of the Lone Star republic. University of Texas Press. p.50. ISBN0-292-77701-9. OCLC722954907.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Anderson, H. Allen. “The Delaware and Shawnee Indians and the Republic of Texas, 1820-1845.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 94, no. 2, 1990, pp.231–260. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30241361. Accessed 29 Apr. 2020.
J'Nell, L. Pate. Arsenal of Defense: Fort Worth's Military Legacy. Texas A&M University Press, 2011.
Muckleroy, Anna. “Indian Policy of the Republic of Texas: Chapter VI. Indian Affairs during Houston's Administration and during Jones's Administration.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, 1923, pp.184–206. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30234860. Accessed 29 Apr. 2020.
Pletcher, David M. The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press 1973. ISBN0-8262-0135-0
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