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Constitution |
This article lists the heads of state of Montenegro, from the establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro to the present day.
The list includes the heads of state of the independent monarchies; Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, Principality of Montenegro and Kingdom of Montenegro, as well as Socialist Republic of Montenegro, a constituent country of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and heads of state of the Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006), a constituent country of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Between 1943 and 1974, Montenegro's head of state was the speaker of the Montenegrin parliament.
Prince-Bishop | Reign | Claim | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | House | Reign start | Reign end | Duration | |
1 | ![]() | Danilo I Данило I (1670–1735) | Petrović-Njegoš | July 1696 | 11 January 1735 | 38 years, 6 months | Founder of the House of Petrović-Njegoš |
2 | ![]() | Sava II Сава II (1702–1782) | Petrović-Njegoš | 11 January 1735 | 9 March 1782 | 47 years, 57 days | Relative of Danilo I Ruled jointly with Vasilije III from 1750 until 10 March 1766 |
3 | ![]() | Vasilije III Василије III (1709–1766) | Petrović-Njegoš | 1750 | 10 March 1766 | 16 years | Relative of Danilo I and Sava II Ruled jointly with Sava II |
4 | ![]() | Petar I Петар I (1747–1830) | Petrović-Njegoš | March 1782 | 30 October 1830 | 48 years, 243 days | Relative of Sava II and Vasilije III |
5 | ![]() | Petar II Петар II (1813–1851) | Petrović-Njegoš | 30 October 1830 | 31 October 1851 | 21 years, 1 day | Relative of Petar I |
6 | ![]() | Danilo II Данило II (1826–1860) | Petrović-Njegoš | 1 January 1852 | 13 March 1852 | 72 days | Relative of Petar II |
Prince | Reign | Claim | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | House | Reign start | Reign end | Duration | |
1 | ![]() | Danilo I Данило I (1826–1860) | Petrović-Njegoš | 13 March 1852 | 13 August 1860 (Assassinated) | 8 years, 153 days | Previously ruled as Prince-Bishop |
2 | ![]() | Nikola I Никола I (1841–1921) | Petrović-Njegoš | 13 August 1860 | 28 August 1910 | 50 years, 15 days | Relative of Danilo I |
King | Reign | Claim | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | House | Reign start | Reign end | Duration | ||
1 | ![]() | Nikola I Никола I (1841–1921) [lower-alpha 1] | Petrović-Njegoš | 28 August 1910 | 26 November 1918 | 8 years, 90 days | Previously ruled as Prince | |
From 1918 until 1941 Montenegro (later Zeta) was an oblast and later banovina within Kingdom of Yugoslavia. |
SR Montenegro within Democratic Federal Yugoslavia and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Parties: People's Front Communist Party / League of Communists Democratic Party of Socialists
Status: Denotes Acting President
President | Term of office | Party | Notes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||
President of the Montenegrin Anti-Fascist Assembly of National Liberation 1943–1946 | |||||||
N/A | ![]() | Niko Miljanić Никола Миљанић (1892–1957) | 15 November 1943 | 21 November 1946 | 3 years, 6 days | Independent (People's Front) | Leader of Montenegrin wartime assembly. |
Presidents of the Presidium of the People's Assembly 1946–1953 | |||||||
1 | ![]() | Miloš Rašović Милош Рашовић (1903–1968) | 21 November 1946 | 6 November 1950 | 3 years, 350 days | Communist Party | |
2 | ![]() | Nikola Kovačević Никола Ковачевић (1890–1964) | 6 November 1950 | 4 February 1953 | 2 years, 90 days | Communist Party (renamed) | Communist Party reformed and renamed into the League of Communists. |
League of Communists (renamed) | |||||||
Presidents of the People's Assembly 1953–1974 | |||||||
(2) | ![]() | Nikola Kovačević Никола Ковачевић (1890–1964) | 4 February 1953 | 15 December 1953 | 314 days | League of Communists | |
3 | ![]() | Blažo Jovanović Блажо Јовановић (1907–1976) | 15 December 1953 | 12 July 1962 | 8 years, 209 days | League of Communists | |
4 | ![]() | Filip Bajković Филип Бајковић (1910–1985) | 12 July 1962 | 5 May 1963 | 297 days | League of Communists | |
5 | ![]() | Andrija Mugoša Андрија Мугоша (1912–2006) | 5 May 1963 | 5 May 1967 | 4 years | League of Communists | |
6 | ![]() | Veljko Milatović Вељко Милатовић (1921–2004) | 5 May 1967 | 6 October 1969 | 2 years, 154 days | League of Communists | |
7 | ![]() | Vidoje Žarković Видоје Жарковић (1927–2000) | 6 October 1969 | 1 April 1974 | 4 years, 177 days | League of Communists | |
N/A | ![]() | Budislav Šoškić Будислав Шошкић (1925–1979) | 1 April 1974 | 5 April 1974 | 4 days | League of Communists | Acting President |
Presidents of the Presidency 1974–1990 | |||||||
(6) | ![]() | Veljko Milatović Вељко Милатовић (1921–2004) | 5 April 1974 | 7 May 1982 | 8 years, 32 days | League of Communists | |
8 | ![]() | Veselin Đuranović Веселин Ђурановић (1925–1997) | 7 May 1982 | 7 May 1983 | 1 year | League of Communists | |
9 | ![]() | Marko Orlandić Марко Орландић (1930–2019) | 7 May 1983 | 7 May 1984 | 1 year | League of Communists | |
10 | ![]() | Miodrag Vlahović Миодраг Влаховић (1924–2006) | 7 May 1984 | 7 May 1985 | 1 year | League of Communists | |
11 | ![]() | Branislav Šoškić Бранислав Шошкић (1922–2022) | 7 May 1985 | 7 May 1986 | 1 year | League of Communists | |
12 | ![]() | Radivoje Brajović Радивоје Брајовић (born 1935) | 7 May 1986 | 7 May 1988 | 2 years | League of Communists | |
13 | ![]() | Božina Ivanović Божина Ивановић (1931–2002) | 7 May 1988 | 13 January 1989 [lower-alpha 2] | 251 days | League of Communists | |
N/A | ![]() | Slobodan Simović Слободан Симовић (1939–1998) | 13 January 1989 | 17 March 1989 | 63 days | League of Communists | Acting President |
14 | ![]() | Branko Kostić Бранко Костић (1939–2020) | 17 March 1989 | 23 December 1990 | 1 year, 281 days | League of Communists | |
President of the Republic 1990–1992 | |||||||
15 | ![]() | Momir Bulatović Момир Булатовић (1956–2019) | 23 December 1990 | 28 April 1992 | 1 year, 127 days | League of Communists (until 1991) | League of Communists reformed and renamed into the Democratic Party of Socialists. |
Democratic Party of Socialists (from 1991) |
Republic of Montenegro within Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
Parties: Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro Democratic Party of Socialists – Momir Bulatović Social Democratic Party of Montenegro
Status: Denotes Acting President
President | Election | Term of office | Party | Notes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
1 (15) | ![]() | Momir Bulatović Момир Булатовић (1956–2019) | 1990 1992 | 28 April 1992 | 15 January 1998 | 5 years, 262 days | Democratic Party of Socialists (until 1997) | |
DPS – Momir Bulatović (from 1997) | ||||||||
2 (16) | ![]() | Milo Đukanović Мило Ђукановић (born 1962) | 1997 | 15 January 1998 | 25 November 2002 | 4 years, 314 days | Democratic Party of Socialists | |
N/A | ![]() | Filip Vujanović Филип Вујановић (born 1954) | — | 25 November 2002 | 19 May 2003 | 175 days | Democratic Party of Socialists | Acting |
N/A | ![]() | Dragan Kujović Драган Кујовић (1948–2010) | — | 19 May 2003 | 22 May 2003 | 3 days | Democratic Party of Socialists | Acting |
N/A | ![]() | Rifat Rastoder Рифат Растодер (1950–2023) | Social Democratic Party | |||||
3 (17) | ![]() | Filip Vujanović Филип Вујановић (born 1954) | 2003 | 22 May 2003 | 3 June 2006 | 3 years, 12 days | Democratic Party of Socialists |
Montenegro became an independent state on 3 June 2006.
Parties: Democratic Party of Socialists Europe Now! Independent
President | Election | Term of office | Party | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||
(3) (17) | ![]() | Filip Vujanović Филип Вујановић (born 1954) | 2008 2013 | 3 June 2006 | 20 May 2018 | 11 years, 351 days | Democratic Party of Socialists |
4 (16) | ![]() | Milo Đukanović Мило Ђукановић (born 1962) | 2018 | 20 May 2018 | 20 May 2023 | 5 years | Democratic Party of Socialists |
5 (17) | ![]() | Jakov Milatović Јаков Милатовић (born 1986) | 2023 | 20 May 2023 | Incumbent | 1 year, 94 days | Europe Now! (until 2024) |
Independent (from 2024) |
The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro or simply Serbia and Montenegro, known until 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, FR Yugoslavia (FRY) or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Southeast Europe located in the Balkans that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The country bordered Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Albania to the southwest. The state was founded on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro. In February 2003, it was transformed from a federal republic to a political union until Montenegro seceded from the union in June 2006, leading to the full independence of both Serbia and Montenegro.
The early written records of the history of Montenegro begin with Illyria and its various kingdoms until the Roman Republic incorporated the region into the province of Illyricum after the Illyro-Roman Wars.
The Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro is a social-democratic and populist political party in Montenegro. A former long-time ruling party sitting at the opposition for the first time since 2020, it was formed on 22 June 1991 as the successor of the League of Communists of Montenegro, which had governed Montenegro within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia since World War II, and has remained a major force in the country ever since. The party is a member of the Socialist International and the Progressive Alliance, and an associate of the Party of European Socialists. During the 1990s, DPS was the major centre-left, social-democratic party in favour of Serbian–Montenegrin unionism. However, since 1997, the party has embraced Montenegrin independence and has been improving ties with the West, slowly turning into a catch-all party embracing Atlanticism, Montenegrin nationalism, neoliberalism, and pro-Europeanism.
The Socialist People's Party of Montenegro is a political party in Montenegro. It is a social-democratic and socially conservative party, that is positioned on the centre-left on the political spectrum with regard to economic matters. It is supportive of accession of Montenegro to the European Union, and was historically supportive of Serbian–Montenegrin unionism.
Filip Vujanović is a Montenegrin politician who served as the 3rd president of the Republic of Montenegro under Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006, and the 1st president of independent Montenegro from 2006 to 2018.
The President of Serbia and Montenegro was the head of state of Serbia and Montenegro. From its establishment in 1992 until 2003, when the country was reconstituted as a confederacy via constitutional reform, the head of state was known as the President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. With the constitutional reforms of 2003 and the merging of the offices of head of government and head of state, the full title of the president was President of Serbia and Montenegro and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro. In 2006 the office was abolished as the state union was dissolved, with Serbia and Montenegro becoming independent countries and was followed by Kosovo in 2008 although it received limited international recognition.
After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, the constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused a series of inter-ethnic Yugoslav Wars. The wars primarily affected Bosnia and Herzegovina, neighbouring parts of Croatia and, some years later, Kosovo.
The 1992 Montenegrin independence referendum was the first referendum regarding Montenegrin independence, held on 1 March 1992 in SR Montenegro, a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The current Constitution of Montenegro was ratified and adopted by the Constitutional Parliament of Montenegro on 19 October 2007 in an extraordinary session by achieving the required two-thirds supermajority of votes. It was officially proclaimed on 22 October 2007, replacing the constitution of 1992.
The prime minister of Yugoslavia was the head of government of the Yugoslav state, from the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 until the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.
The Socialist Republic of Serbia, previously known as the People's Republic of Serbia, commonly abbreviated as Republic of Serbia or simply Serbia, was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in what is now the modern day states of Serbia and the disputed territory of Kosovo. Its formation was initiated in 1941, and achieved in 1944–1946, when it was established as a federated republic within Yugoslavia. In that form, it lasted until the constitutional reforms from 1990 to 1992, when it was reconstituted, as the Republic of Serbia within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was the largest constituent republic of Yugoslavia, in terms of population and territory. Its capital, Belgrade, was also the federal capital of Yugoslavia.
The Republic of Serbia was a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1992 and 2003 and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006. With Montenegro's secession from the union with Serbia in June 2006, both became sovereign states in their own right for the first time in nearly 88 years.
The Republic of Montenegro was a constituent federated state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and then Serbia and Montenegro between 1992 and 2006. The declaration of independence of Montenegro in 2006 ended the ex-Yugoslav state. After the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), the remaining republics of Montenegro and Serbia agreed to the formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) which officially abandoned communism and nominally endorsed democratic institutions. Montenegro was a constituent republic of the FRY and its successor state until June 2006 when Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro following the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum.
Montenegrin–Serbian relations are foreign relations between Montenegro and Serbia. From 1918 until 2006, the two states were united under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Serbia and Montenegro. Since 2006, there have been sporadic instances of debate on Montenegro's legitimacy as a separate state as well as much more prominent controversial debate on the Montenegrin ethnic identity. Despite this, the two countries have maintained mostly friendly geopolitical and economic relations.
The office of the president of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia existed from the death of the President of the Republic Josip Broz Tito on 4 May 1980 until the dissolution of the country by 1992.
Montenegrin nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that Montenegrins are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Montenegrins.