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Executive:
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 Nepalportal |
The provinces of Nepal are governed by provincial governments which form the second level of governance in the country; after the federal government. The provincial governments are established, and their structure is defined by Part 13 of the Constitution of Nepal.
Each province has a unicameral provincial legislature, varying in size according to the population of the province. The members are elected through first-past-the-post voting and party-list proportional representation for a term of five years, unless dissolved sooner. The first provincial election was held in 2017.
The provincial assemblies are presided over by the Speaker who is elected from amongst the members of the assembly and is not a part of the debates. The speaker is helped by a Deputy Speaker who is also elected from amongst the members. At least one of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker must be a woman and they must not belong to the same party unless only one party is represented in the assembly. [1] Nanda Gurung is the first and only woman to be elected as the speaker of a provincial assembly. She is currently serving as the Speaker of Karnali Provincial Assembly having been elected in 2023. [2]
The governors of the provinces have the power to summon and prorogue the sessions of the assembly pursuant to the Constitution. The interval between two consecutive sessions of the assemblies cannot exceed six months. If one-fourth of the total members of an assembly make a petition during a prorogation or recess of the assembly, the governor must call a session or a meeting. [3]
| Assembly | Meeting place | Seats | Speaker | Deputy Speaker | Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koshi Province | Biratnagar, Morang | 93 | Ambar Bahadur Bista | Sirjana Danuwar | 2nd Assembly |
| Madhesh Province | Janakpur, Dhanusha | 107 | Ram Chandra Mandal | Babita Devi Raut Ishar | 2nd Assembly |
| Bagmati Province | Hetauda, Makwanpur | 110 | Bhuwan Kumar Pathak | Apsara Chapagai | 2nd Assembly |
| Gandaki Province | Pokhara, Kaski | 60 | Krishna Prasad Dhital | Bina Kumari Thapa | 2nd Assembly |
| Lumbini Province | Bhalubang, Dang | 87 | Tularam Gharti Magar | Menuka Khand K.C. | 2nd Assembly |
| Karnali Province | Birendranagar, Surkhet | 40 | Nanda Gurung | Yashoda Neupane | 2nd Assembly |
| Sudurpashchim Province | Godawari, Kailali | 53 | Bhim Bahadur Bhandari | Koili Devi Chaudhary | 2nd Assembly |
 | This article needs to be updated.(July 2024) |
The executive power of a province is vested in the provincial cabinet. If a cabinet does not exist, the executive power is exercised by the governor of the province. [4]
The head of the provincial cabinet is the chief minister. The governor appoints the leader of the parliamentary party that commands a majority, either alone or with the support of one or more parties, in the provincial assembly as the chief minister. The governor appoints members to the provincial cabinet on the recommendation of the chief minister. The members of the provincial cabinet are responsible for the various departments of the provincial administration. A provincial cabinet can only consist of a maximum of 20% of the total number of members of the provincial assembly. [5] A non-member of a provincial assembly can be appointed as a minister in the cabinet, but must obtain membership of the assembly within six months of their appointment. [6]
The assembly can force the resignation of the chief minister with a vote of no confidence. [7]
| Province | Chief Minister | Party | Took office | Cabinet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koshi | Hikmat Kumar Karki | CPN (UML) | 9 May 2024 | H. K. Karki III | |
| Madhesh | Satish Kumar Singh | Janamat | 7 June 2024 | Singh | |
| Bagmati | Bahadur Singh Lama | Congress | 24 July 2024 | Lama | |
| Gandaki | Surendra Raj Pandey | Congress | 20 May 2024 | Pandey II | |
| Lumbini | Chet Narayan Acharya | CPN (UML) | 24 July 2024 | Acharya | |
| Karnali | Yam Lal Kandel | CPN (UML) | 10 April 2024 | Kandel | |
| Sudurpashchim | Kamal Bahadur Shah | Nepali Congress | 5 August 2024 | Shah II | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Minister responsible | Political Party | Constituency | Assumed office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister All other ministries not allocated to anyone. | Hikmat Kumar Karki | CPN (UML) | Jhapa 5(A) | 9 May 2024 [8] [9] | |
| 2 | Minister of Economic Affairs and Planning | Ram Bahadur Ranamagar | CPN (UML) | Ilam 2(B) | 9 May 2024 | |
| 3 | Minister of Physical Infrastructure Development | |||||
| 4 | Minister for Internal Affairs and Law | Lila Ballabh Adhikari | CPN (UML) | Morang 2(B) | 17 May 2024 | |
| 5 | Minister for Social Development | Panch Karna Rai | CPN (UML) | Khotang 1(A) | 17 May 2024 | |
| 6 | Minister for Water Supply, Irrigation and Energy | Ekraj Karki | CPN (UML) | Jhapa 2(A) | 17 May 2024 | |
| 7 | Minister for Tourism, Forest, and Environment | |||||
| 8 | Minister for Health | |||||
| State ministers | ||||||
| 9 | Minister of State in the OCMCM | Sirjana Rai | CPN (UML) | Party list | 17 May 2024 | |
| 10 | Minister of State for Tourism, Forest, and Environment | |||||
| S.N. | Portfolio | Minister responsible | Political Party | Constituency | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Satish Kumar Singh | Janamat | Saptari 2 (B) | 7 June 2023 [10] | |
| 2 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Saroj Kumar Yadav | CPN (UML) | Mahottari 4 (A) | 7 June 2023 [11] | |
| 3 | Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives | Janardan Singh Chhetri | Nepali Congress | Parsa 3 (B) | 18 July 2024 | |
| 4 | Minister for Education and Culture | Rani Kumari Tiwari | Loktantrik Samajwadi | Mahottari 3 (B) | 18 July 2024 | |
| 5 | Minister for Home, Communications and Law | Raj Kumar Lekhi | CPN (UML) | Saptari 1 (A) | 7 June 2023 [11] | |
| 6 | Minister for Health and Population | Satrudhan Prasad Singh | CPN (UML) | Siraha 2 (B) | 7 June 2023 [11] | |
| 7 | Minister for Finance | Sunil Kumar Yadav | Nepali Congress | Rautahat 3 (B) | 18 July 2024 | |
| 8 | Minister for Sports and Social Welfare | Pramod Kumar Jaiswal | CPN (UML) | Parsa 3 (A) | 7 June 2023 [11] | |
| 9 | Minister for Forests and Environment | Tribhuwan Sah | Janamat | Siraha 4 (A) | 7 June 2023 [11] | |
| 10 | Minister for Energy, Irrigation and Water Supply | Shesh Narayan Yadav | Nepali Congress | Dhanusha 4 (A) | 18 July 2024 | |
| 11 | Minister for Industry, Commerce and Tourism | Sakil Ali Miya | Janamat Party | Saptari 1 (B) | 18 July 2024 | |
| 12 | Minister for Labor and Transport | Kaushal Kishor Ray | Nepali Congress | Sarlahi 2 (B) | 18 July 2024 | |
| State ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Minister of state for Health and Population | Keshav Raya | CPN (UML) | Rautahat 3 (A) | 7 June 2023 [11] | |
| 2 | Minister of state for Education and Culture | Sharada Devi Thapa | CPN (UML) | Mahottari 1 (A) | 7 June 2023 [11] | |
| 3 | Minister of state for Forests and Environment | Ranju Kumari Mandal Khang | Janamat | Party list | 7 June 2023 [12] | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Minister responsible | Political Party | Constituency | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Bahadur Singh Lama | Nepali Congress | Nuwakot 2 (B) | 24 July 2024 | |
| 9 | Minister for Agriculture and Livestock Development | Prakash Shrestha | CPN (UML) | Kathmandu 7 (B) | 24 July 2024 | |
| 2 | Minister for Economic Affairs and Planning | Kundan Raj Kafle | Nepali Congress | Dolakha 1 (A) | 25 July 2024 | |
| 8 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Aman Kumar Maskey | CPN (UML) | Kathmandu 6 (B) | 24 July 2024 | |
| 3 | Minister for Internal Affairs and Law | Suraj Chandra Lamichhane | Nepali Congress | Kathmandu 1 (B) | 25 July 2024 | |
| 13 | Minister for Forest and Environment | Krishna Prasad Silwal | CPN (UML) | Chitwan 2 (A) | 24 July 2024 | |
| 5 | Minister for Drinking Water, Energy and Irrigation | Shyam Bahadur Khadka | Nepali Congress | Kathmandu 5 (B) | 25 July 2024 | |
| 12 | Minister for Health | Kiran Thapa Magar | CPN (UML) | Bhaktapur 2 (A) | 24 July 2024 | |
| 4 | Minister for Social Development | Hariprabha Khadgi | Nepali Congress | Kathmandu 6 (A) | 25 July 2024 | |
| 10 | Minister for Labour, Employment and Transportation | Prem Bhakta Maharjan | CPN (UML) | Lalitpur 3 (B) | 24 July 2024 | |
| 14 | Minister without portfolio | Madhu Kumar Shrestha | Nepali Congress | Dhading 1 (A) | 25 July 2024 | |
| 6 | Minister for Youth and Sports | Min Krishna Maharjan | Nepali Congress | Lalitpur 1 (B) | 25 July 2024 | |
| 11 | Minister for Industry, Commerce, Land and Administration | Suku Maya Tamang | CPN (UML) | Party list | 24 July 2024 | |
| 7 | Minister for Culture, Tourism and Co-operatives | Bimal Thakuri | Nepali Congress | Kathmandu 3 (B) | 25 July 2024 | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Minister responsible | Political Party | Constituency | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister
| Surendra Raj Pandey | Congress | Gorkha 2 (B) | 29 May 2024 [13] | |
| 2 | Minister for Social Development and Health | Bindu Kumar Thapa | Congress | Kaski 2 (B) | 29 May 2024 [13] | |
| 3 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development and Transport | Deepak Manange | Independent | Manang 1 (B) | 29 May 2024 [13] | |
| 4 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Dr Tek Raj Gurung | Congress | Lamjung 1 (A) | 29 May 2024 [13] | |
| 5 | Minister for Energy, Water Resources and Water Supply | Fanindra Devkota | Nepal Socialist Party | Gorkha 2 (A) | 29 May 2024 [13] | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Minister responsible | Political Party | Constituency | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Chet Narayan Acharya | CPN (UML) | Arghakhanchi 1 (A) | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 2 | Minister for Forests and Environment | Badshah Kurmi | Congress | Banke 3 (B) | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 3 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Bhumiswar Dhakal | CPN (UML) | Rupandehi 5 (A) | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 4 | Minister for Agriculture and Land Management | Dinesh Panthi | CPN (UML) | Gulmi 2 (B) | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 5 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Dhanendra Karki | Congress | Gulmi 1 (B) | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 6 | Minister for Urban Development and Water Supply | Saroj Thapa | Congress | Pyuthan 1 (B) | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 7 | Minister for Industry, Tourism and Transport Management | Prachanda Bikram Neupane | Congress | Dang 2 (B) | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 8 | Minister for Health | Khem Bahadur Saru | CPN (UML) | Palpa 1 (B) | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 9 | Ministry for Energy, Water Resources, and Irrigation | Sita Sharma | CPN (UML) | Party list | 24 July 2024 [14] [15] | |
| 10 | Minister for Interior Affairs and Law | |||||
| 11 | Minister for Social Development | |||||
| 12 | Ministry for Women, Children, and Senior Citizens | |||||
| S.N. | Portfolio | Minister responsible | Political Party | Constituency | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister
| Yam Lal Kandel | CPN (UML) | Surkhet 2 (A) | 9 April 2024 [16] | |
| 2 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Rajeev Bikram Shah | Nepali Congress | Jajarkot 1 (B) | 4 August 2024 [17] [18] | |
| 3 | Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives | Binod Kumar Shah | CPN (UML) | Dailekh 2 (B) | 30 April 2024 [19] | |
| 4 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure and Urban Development | Sher Bahadur Budha | CPN (UML) | Dolpa 1 (A) | 30 April 2024 [19] | |
| 5 | Minister for Social Development | Ghanashyam Bhandari | Nepali Congress | Dailekh 2 (A) | 4 August 2024 [17] [18] | |
| 6 | Minister for Water Resource and Energy Development | Bijaya Budha | Nepali Congress | Party list | 4 August 2024 [17] [18] | |
| 7 | Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment | Suresh Adhikari | Nepali Congress | Salyan 1 (B) | 4 August 2024 [17] [18] | |
| State ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Minister of State for Physical Infrastructure and Urban Development | Gamata Bishwakarma | CPN (UML) | Party list | 30 April 2024 [19] | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Minister responsible | Political Party | Constituency | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Kamal Bahadur Shah | Congress | Kailali 2 (A) | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| 2 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Surendra Bahadur Pal | CPN (UML) | Baitadi 1 (A) | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| 3 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Bahadur Singh Thapa | Nepali Congress | Kanchanpur 2 (B) | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| 4 | Minister of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment | Laxman Kishor Chaudhary | Nagrik Unmukti | Kailali 1 (B) | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| 5 | Minister of Social Development | Meghraj Khadka | Nepali Congress | Achham 1 (A) | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| 6 | Minister for Interior Affairs and Law | Hira Sarki | CPN (UML) | Party list | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| 7 | Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives | Bir Bahadur Thapa | CPN (UML) | Kanchanpur 1 (A) | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| State ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Minister of State for Economic Affairs and Planning | Prakash Bahadur Bam | Nepali Congress | Kailali 4 (B) | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| 2 | Minister of State for Social Development | Saraswati Khadka | Nepali Congress | Party list | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
| 3 | Minister of State in the Ministry of Physical Infrastructure Development | Nirmala Saud | CPN (UML) | Party list | 5 August 2024 [20] [21] | |
The former appellate courts were changed into High Courts after the adoption of the new constitution. [22]
Additional Benches and Extended Benches of Nepal
The Minister for Internal Affairs and Law (or simply, the Internal Minister, is the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Law of the Government of Koshi Province. One of the senior-most officers in the Provincial Cabinet, the minister is responsible for maintain peace and state security; the state's police force and investigation bureau comes under its jurisdiction. Occasionally, they are assisted by the Minister of State for Internal Affairs and Law.
The Koshi Provincial Assembly also known as the Koshi Pradesh Sabha, is the unicameral legislature of Koshi Province, one of the seven provinces in Nepal. The assembly is seated at the provincial capital at Biratnagar in Morang District at the District Coordination Committee Office. The assembly has 93 members of whom 56 are elected through first-past-the-post voting and 37 are elected through proportional representation. The term of the assembly is 5 years unless dissolved earlier.
In the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, a governor is the constitutional head of each of the seven provinces. Sub-Article 1 of Article 163 of the Constitution of Nepal says that the Governor is a representative of the Government of Nepal in each province. The governor is appointed by the president of Nepal recommended by federal cabinet for a term of five years and holds office at the president's pleasure. A person who has once served as the governor of a province cannot be appointed to the same post twice. The governor is de jure head of the provincial government; all its executive actions are taken in the governor's name. However, the governor must act on the advice of the popularly elected council of ministers, headed by the chief minister, which thus holds de facto executive authority at the province-level. The Constitution of Nepal also empowers the governor to act upon his or her own discretion, such as the ability to appoint or dismiss a ministry, recommend president's rule for the president's assent.
Events in the year 2021 in Nepal.
The Second Uddhav Thapa cabinet was the 6th provincial government of Koshi Province. It was formed after Uddhav Thapa was sworn in as Chief Minister of Koshi Province on 2 August 2023.
In Nepal, the chief minister is the elected head of government of each of the seven provinces. The chief minister is appointed by the governor of the provinces according to Article 167 of the Constitution of Nepal.
The chief minister of the Gandaki Province is the head of government of Gandaki Province. The chief minister is appointed by the governor of the province according to Article 167 of the Constitution of Nepal. The chief minister remains in office for five years or until the provincial assembly is dissolved, and is subject to no term limits, given that they have the confidence of the assembly.
The 2023 Speaker of the Koshi Provincial Assembly election was held on January 12, 2023 to elect the speaker of the Koshi Provincial Assembly. However nominations have been fixed for the election from 3pm to 5pm and CPN, politician Baburam Gautam who had been nominated in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, was the only candidate to file the nomination for the post.
The first Koshi Provincial Assembly was elected by the 2017 provincial elections. 93 members were elected to the assembly, 56 of whom were elected through direct elections and 37 of whom were elected through the party list proportional representation system. The term of the assembly started on 5 February 2018 and ended in September 2022. Sher Dhan Rai and Bhim Acharya served as chief ministers from CPN and Rajendra Kumar Rai served as chief minister from CPN during the term of the assembly. Pradeep Kumar Bhandari served as the speaker of the assembly and Saraswati Pokharel served as deputy speaker.
The 2nd Madhesh Provincial Assembly was elected through the provincial elections held on 20 November 2022. The assembly has 64 constituency seats in which members are elected through direct elections and 43 proportional representation party list seats. The term of the assembly is 5 years unless dissolved earlier. The first session of the assembly started from 2 January 2023.
The second Karnali Provincial Assembly was elected by the 2022 provincial elections on 20 November 2022. 40 members were elected to the assembly, 24 of whom were elected through direct elections and 16 of whom were elected through the party list proportional representation system. The first session of the assembly commenced from 2 January 2023.
The Second Hikmat Karki cabinet was the 7th provincial government of Koshi Province. It was formed after Hikmat Kumar Karki was sworn in as Chief Minister of Koshi Province on 8 September 2023 as previous Chief minister, Uddhav Thapa–led governments was unconstitutional.
Events in the year 2023 in Nepal.
The chief minister of the Koshi Province is the head of government of Koshi Province. The chief minister is appointed by the governor of the province according to Article 167 of the Constitution of Nepal. The chief minister remains in office for five years or until the provincial assembly is dissolved, and is subject to no term limits, given that they have the confidence of the assembly.
The Government of Koshi, known locally as the Provincial Government, is the supreme governing authority of the Koshi Province which consists of 14 districts.
The Ministry of Physical Infrastructure Development is a governmental body of Koshi Province, Nepal mainly responsible for the construction and development of basic physical infrastructure including roads, bridges, buildings and urban development.
The Third Hikmat Karki cabinet is the current and 9th provincial government of Koshi Province. It was formed after Hikmat Kumar Karki was sworn in as Chief Minister of Koshi Province on 9 May 2024. Karki's claim for chief minister was supported by the Communist Party of Nepal and Communist Party of Nepal.
The Speaker of the Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly is the presiding officer (chair) of the Provincial Assembly of Sudurpashchim Province. The speaker is elected generally in the first meeting of the Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly following provincial elections. Serving for a term of five years, the speaker is chosen from sitting members of the assembly.
Satish Kumar Singh is a Nepalese politician who is serving as the 3rd and current Chief Minister of Madhesh Province since 7 June 2024.He is very first Chief Minister from the Janamat Party after the creation of Madhesh Provincial Assembly in 2017.
The Singh cabinet is the Council of Ministers headed by Satish Kumar Singh in Madhesh Province, Nepal. Singh from Janamat Party was sworn in the Chief Ministers of Madhesh Province in June 2024. Present arrangement of cabinet is the result of power sharing agreement between Nepali Congress, CPN (UML), Loktantrik Samajwadi Party and Janamat Party.
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