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In his bachelorhood, he was known as a hedonisticplayboy who had several relationships and was associated with London's nightlife. His first girlfriend, Emma Sergeant, was, according to him, the one woman he truly loved before his first marriage. He had a relationship with Ana-Luisa (Sita) White, daughter of industrialist Gordon White, and was later legally declared the father of her daughter Tyrian Jade, though he denied paternity. He dated German MTV host Kristiane Backer, introducing her to Islam; she later converted after their breakup. He married Jemima Goldsmith in 1995, had two sons, and divorced in 2004 due to her difficulty adjusting to life in Pakistan. He married British-Pakistani journalist Reham Khan in January 2015, but they divorced in October the same year. He married his spiritual guide Bushra Bibi on 18 February 2018.
Khan with his uncle Javed Zaman, who would later become his cricket mentor, c.1957.
Khan was born in Lahore on 5 October 1952.[5][b] He is the only son of Ikramullah Khan Niazi, a civil engineer, and his wife, Shaukat Khanum, and has four sisters.[8] Paternally, Khan is of Pathan origin from the Niazi tribe.[9][10] Khan's maternal family is from the Burki community,[11] having lived near Jalandhar for centuries before migrating to Pakistan after Independence in 1947.[12][13]
Khan had numerous relationships in his bachelorhood.[20] He was known as a hedonistic bachelor and a playboy who was active in London's nightlife, often visiting Tramp in St James's.[21][22] One or two of his girlfriends were called "mysterious blondes" in British tabloids. During the 1980s and 1990s, Khan was regarded as one of the most eligible bachelors.[23]
His first girlfriend, Emma Sergeant, an artist and daughter of British investor Sir Patrick Sergeant, introduced him to socialites. The Times states Emma was the "one woman he truly loved before his first marriage."[23] They met in 1982 and visited Pakistan. She accompanied him everywhere, including a hunting trip to Peshawar and a cricket tour to Australia.[24] She painted Khan's portrait during their relationship at his request.[25] Khan's Chelsea residence, near Sergeant's studio and Tramp, became central to his social life. After long separations, their relationship ended in 1986.[23]
Jonathan Orders introduced Khan to Susie Murray-Philipson, whom he later invited to Pakistan and had dinner with in 1982. Their relationship did not progress, as Philipson felt out of place and found cultural differences irreconcilable. He also briefly dated Susannah Constantine, whom he met through Lulu Blacker; their relationship lasted about a year. Julia Verdin and Doone Murray were among other women associated with Khan, with their relationships receiving media attention.[23]
Ana-Luisa White, daughter of British industrialist Gordon White and later known as Sita, began her relationship with Khan in 1986, shortly after his breakup with Emma Sergeant. The relationship lasted two years, ending when Khan reportedly wrote that he could not love her as Emma would always be the love of his life. White became pregnant after a final encounter in 1991 and gave birth to a daughter, Tyrian Jade,[28][29] in June 1992. She later claimed Khan was the father and kept a framed photograph of him.[24] Tyrian became the subject of a legal dispute in 1997 when a California court ruled Khan her father after White filed a paternity suit. The ruling followed Khan's failure to respond to the suit or a blood test request.[30] Khan denied paternity, saying he does not live in California or England and welcomes White to Pakistan to present his side in court. He offered to take a paternity test in Pakistan and said he would accept the decision of the Pakistani courts.[31] After White's death in 2004, Jemima, Khan's wife and a friend of Sita, was named Tyrian's legal guardian in her will. Khan said Tyrian could join their family in London, leaving the decision to her due to her relationship with his and Jemima's sons.[32]
In August 1992, Khan began dating Kristiane Backer, a German MTV host. Their nearly two-year relationship included him introducing her to Islam. After it ended, she converted to Islam following a meeting with Khan in 1995.[33]
Khan and Jemima Goldsmith confirmed their engagement on 12 May 1995. The couple said they would marry, with Khan stating Jemima converted to Islam "through her own convictions" after studying the religion. Both families approved of the match. A spokesperson for her father denied rumours that Jemima was pregnant.[34] On 16 May 1995, the couple married in a brief two-minute Islamic ceremony in Paris. On 21 June, they had a civil ceremony at the Richmond register office before moving to Lahore. They had two sons, Sulaiman Isa and Kasim.[35] On 22 June 2004, the couple divorced, ending their nine-year marriage as it was "difficult for Jemima to adapt to life in Pakistan."[36]
On 8 January 2015, Khan married British-Pakistani journalist Reham Khan in a private Nikah ceremony at his Islamabad residence.[37] On 22 October 2015, they announced plans to divorce.[38]
In 2016, media speculated about Khan’s possible third marriage, linked to his spiritual ties with the Maneka family of Pakpattan. Reports claimed he visited Pakpattan several times in July to meet Maryam Riaz Wattoo, sister of his spiritual guide Bushra Bibi. Khan dismissed the claims as "absolutely baseless".[39] Members of the Manika family also denied the rumour.[40] Khan called the media "unethical" for spreading it,[41] and PTI filed a complaint against the channels involved.[42]
In 2017, PTI member Ayesha Gulalai alleged that Khan, then party chairman, sexually harassed her.[43] Gulalai said Khan had sent her "inappropriate text messages",[44] beginning in 2013.[45][46] Khan supported Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi's proposal for a special committee to investigate the claims. He said he had not sent "indecent messages" to Gulalai and "challenge[d] the [proposed] committee to find [the indecent texts] if there are any".[47] Khan refused to cooperate with a bipartisan committee formed to investigate Gulalai's allegations and filed a defamation suit against her. No inquiry was ultimately conducted, and Gulalai did not publicly release the alleged messages.[45]
On 7 January 2018, the PTI central secretariat said Khan had proposed to Bushra, but she had not yet accepted.[48] On 18 February 2018, PTI confirmed Khan had married Bushra.[49] The mufti who conducted the marriage later testified that Khan's nikah was performed twice. He said the first, on 1 January 2018, occurred while Bushra was still in iddat, and alleged Khan believed marrying on that date would help him become prime minister.[50]
Khan as a test cricketer at a luncheon with Sydney University's Vice-Chancellor John Manning Ward before playing for the university club. Seated: Imran Khan, Chancellor Sir Hermann Black, Coach John Dyson. Ward stands second from left, 1984
In 1982, Khan became captain of the Pakistan national cricket team.[62] Under Khan, Pakistan won their first Test in England in 28 years at Lord's in 1982.[63] In 1983, he was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year.[64] During Pakistan's 1982–83 series against India, he took 40 wickets at an average of 13.95.[65] In January 1983, he became the second cricketer, after Ian Botham, to score a century and take 10 wickets in a Test.[66] Next month, he reached a Test bowling rating of 922,[i] the highest International Cricket Council (ICC) rating since World War I,[67] and third in all-time ICC Test bowling.[68] Khan became the first Pakistani bowler to take 200 Test wickets, with Wisden Cricketers' Almanack noting he "bowled with such venom and fire that no Indian batsman other than Mohinder Amarnath faced him with any confidence."[69] The series caused a stress fracture in his left shin, sidelining him over two years. Initially, he could bat but not bowl; later, he could not play at all. An experimental treatment in London, funded by the Pakistani government, helped him recover by late 1984. Khan returned under Javed Miandad's captaincy in the 1984–85 home series against Sri Lanka. Afterward, Miandad stepped down, citing a lack of full co-operation from Khan, who was then reappointed captain.[70]
Khan masterminded reforms in cricket umpiring to reduce criticism of Pakistani officials in home series.[71] Writing for The Guardian, Mike Selvey said that "such was his power" that in 1986 Khan invited Indian umpires VK Ramaswamy and Piloo Reporter to officiate a Test against West Indies, marking the first step in independent umpiring. He later brought England's John Hampshire and John Holder for the home series against India in 1989–90. This led to the 1994 rule requiring one neutral umpire and the 2002 mandate for both umpires to be independent.[72]
In 1987, Khan led Pakistan to its first Test series win in India, followed by its first series victory in England the same year.[63] Khan retired from international cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup.[73] He was asked to return as captain by General Zia-ul-Haq, and he accepted the offer.[74] In 1988, Khan led Pakistan on a successful West Indies tour.[75] He was named Man of the Series, taking 23 wickets in three Tests.[76][77] He became the first Asian and eighth non-Australian to win the International Cricketer of the Year in 1989.[78]
As captain, Khan led Pakistan in 48 Tests (14 wins, 8 losses, 26 draws) and 139 ODIs (75 wins, 59 losses, 1 tie).[62] In Tests, he holds the record for most wickets as captain, second-best innings figures (8/60), most five-wicket hauls in an innings (12), and most ten-wicket match hauls (4).[79]
1992 Cricket World Cup final
Khan presenting the World Cup to the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, during a dinner held in the team's honour after their win in the 1992 World Cup.
It was rock-bottom when we lost to South Africa. I told the boys they had to play as if they were cornered tigers. I told them to forget about bowling no-balls and wides, and just go out there and fight.[84]
He ended his career with 88 Tests, 126 innings, scoring 3,807 runs at an average of 37.69, including six centuries, 18 fifties, and a highest score of 136.[61] Khan had the second-highest all-time Test batting average of 61.86 playing at number six in the batting order.[85] As a bowler, he took 362 Test wickets.[61] He has won the most Player of the Series awards for Pakistan in Test cricket, ranking fourth overall in Test history.[86] In ODIs, he played 175 matches, scoring 3,709 runs at an average of 33.41, with a highest score of 102 not out.[61] His best ODI bowling was 6 for 14, the best figures by any bowler in an ODI innings in a losing cause.[87] Khan achieved the all-rounder's triple—3,000 runs and 300 wickets—in 75 Tests,[88] becoming one of the first four players to reach it. As of 2025, he is one of eleven players to do so,[89] and his 75-Test achievement is the third-fastest ever.[88]
Post-retirement from cricket
After retiring, Khan admitted to ball tampering during county cricket, saying he "occasionally scratched the side of the ball and lifted the seam," and defended it by saying it was a commonplace practice.[90] He announced his return as a domestic league coach in May 2003.[91]
He occasionally appeared as a cricket commentator on Star TV.[92] In 2004, during the Indian cricket team's tour of Pakistan, he appeared as a commentator on TEN Sports' live show, Straight Drive.[93]
On 23 November 2005, Khan was appointed Chancellor of the University of Bradford.[94] In 2009, he was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.[95] On 26 February 2014, the University of Bradford Union moved a no-confidence motion to remove him for missing all graduation ceremonies since 2010.[96] On 30 November 2014, he stepped down, citing "increasing political commitments," effectively resigning under union pressure.[97]
To aid victims of the 2001 Islamabad cloud burst, Khan auctioned his signed 1992 Cricket World Cup bat and match sweater; the bat alone fetched US$20,000. He said these were the last items he had, having earlier auctioned the rest for Shaukat Khanum Hospital.[102]
In December 2005, Khan, then Chancellor of the University of Bradford, signed a memorandum of understanding to establish Namal College in Mianwali as its associate college. Built by the Mianwali Development Trust on land donated by locals, it aimed to tackle unemployment through technical and vocational education.[103] The college opened in 2008.[104]
In 2006, while visiting his children in London, he also worked with the Lord's Taverners cricket charity.[100]
Khan established The Imran Khan Foundation (IKF) in February 2006.[105] In January 2013, IKF launched a Rs30 million relief project for internally displaced persons from the Mehsud tribe of North Waziristan neglected by the government, supplying food, winter essentials, and tents to 2,600 families in Tank, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[106]
In 1987, President Zia-ul-Haq offered him a post in the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), which he declined. In 1993, Khan was appointed tourism ambassador in the caretaker government of Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi for three months until it was dissolved. In late 1994, he joined former ISI chief Hamid Gul and Muhammad Ali Durrani of Pasban, a breakaway of Jamaat-e-Islami, to launch a "pressure group" as a civil society watchdog. Khan soon grew uncomfortable with being seen as Gul's puppet and left the group.[14]
In 1995, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, fearing a military coup that could make Khan Prime Minister, acted with hostility. State television refused to air archival cricket footage and banned fundraising ads for his Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital during Ramadan. Authorities also spread rumours that Khan was suspected of embezzling hospital funds and being investigated for tax irregularities. Donations to the hospital halved that year as a result.[107]
On 25 April 1996, Khan founded the political party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).[108]Nawaz Sharif invited Khan to join his party, offering second-in-command position and 30 National Assembly seats; Khan declined.[109] He ran for the National Assembly in the 1997 Pakistani general election from the constituencies — NA-53 Mianwali and NA-94 Lahore — as a PTI candidate but lost both to PML-N.[110]
In August 2005, Declan Walsh called Khan a "miserable politician", saying "Khan's ideas and affiliations since entering politics in 1996 have swerved and skidded like a rickshaw in a rainshower... He preaches democracy one day but gives a vote to reactionary mullahs the next."[117]
In March 2006, Khan was escorted home by police and placed under house arrest after threatening to protest against President George W. Bush during his visit to Pakistan.[118]
Khan tearing his nomination paper for the National Assembly at a press conference; he boycotted the 2008 elections.
On 30 October 2011, Khan addressed over 100,000 supporters in Lahore, challenging government policies, and calling his movement "not a flood that is coming, but a tsunami."[125] Another gathering of at least 100,000 supporters occurred in Karachi on 25 December 2011.[126]
In August 2012, the Pakistani Taliban issued death threats to Khan over his march to their tribal stronghold to protest U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan, calling him a "liberal" and "secular" — terms they equated with being an infidel.[127] On 1 October, they withdrew death threats and offered him protection for the rally. They "endorse[d] Imran Khan's plea that drone strikes are against our sovereignty."[128] On 6 October, Khan led a convoy of 10,000 to protest US drone strikes. The convoy was stopped by hundreds of security personnel just miles from South Waziristan's border. After an hour of failed negotiations, Khan announced the rally would return to Tank, about 15 kilometres away.[129]
Khan chose the cricket bat as the electoral symbol for his party in the 2013 elections, and it remained as such until 2023
On 21 April 2013, Khan launched his election campaign from Lahore, addressing thousands at The Mall.[130] Khan announced he would pull Pakistan from the US-led war on terror and bring peace to the Pashtun tribal belt.[131] He announced PTI would introduce a uniform education system giving rich and poor children equal opportunities.[132] Khan concluded his campaign in South Punjab's Seraiki belt by addressing rallies in various cities.[133]
On 7 May, four days before the elections, Khan fell from a lifter while boarding a stage at a rally, sustaining head injuries,[134] and four fractured vertebrae.[135] He ended the campaign by addressing a rally in Islamabad via video link from his hospital bed.[136]
Khan became his party's parliamentary leader in the National Assembly of Pakistan after the 2013 elections.[142] He received a contempt-of-court notice on 31 July 2013 for allegedly criticising the superior judiciary as "shameful."[143] The notice was discharged after he told the Supreme Court of Pakistan that his criticism targeted lower-court judicial officers serving as returning officers during the 2013 elections.[144]
Khan meets U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in August 2013 while he was in opposition
On 11 May 2014, a year after the elections, Khan demanded the resignation of all Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) members, a new ECP, and strict punishment for those who "stole the mandate of the masses."[147] On 14 August 2014, Khan led a rally from Lahore to Islamabad, demanding Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's resignation and an investigation into alleged electoral fraud.[148] Khan and Canadian-Pakistani cleric Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri formed a "de facto" alliance to mobilise supporters for a regime-change campaign against Sharif.[149][150]
In 2014, then-PTI president Javed Hashmi alleged Khan was instructed by the army to coordinate his protests with Pakistan Awami Tehreek (PAT), led by Qadri.[142] Hashmi accused Khan of being "influenced by a 'signal' from outside," which The New York Times called "an apparent reference to military intervention."[151] The Inter-Services Public Relations said it backed neither PTI nor PAT. The army acted as mediator between the protesters and the government.[152] In 2016, Hashmi said Khan had "conspired" with "disgruntled elements in the army".[153] In the Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Pakistan, Aparna Pande, a Research Fellow at the Hudson Institute, writes that sections of the army backed the protests; Khan was advised by then ISI chief Zaheer-ul-Islam, and the ISI drafted Qadri to lead them.[154]
Khan urged supporters to burn electricity bills, refuse to pay taxes, and join civil disobedience. PTI protesters forced their way into state-run PTV's Islamabad studios, creating chaos, assaulting staff and journalists, and engaging in hooliganism.[155] On 1 September, protesters led by Qadri and Khan attempted to storm Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's official residence, triggering violence that left three dead and over 595 injured, including 115 police officers.[156] After the 2014 Peshawar school massacre, Khan ended his 126-day sit-in on 17 December in the interest of national unity.[157]
In March 2015, Khan's party agreed with the Sharif administration to form a judicial commission to probe electoral fraud, a move facilitated by Army Chief General Raheel Sharif.[158] In July, the commission found the elections broadly fair with no systemic rigging.[159] Khan accepted the commission's findings but said he had not received a copy.[160]
Opposition parties alleged "massive rigging" and military interference in Khan's favour.[169]Nawaz Sharif and PML (N) alleged that the military aligned with the judiciary manipulated the election in Khan's favour.[170] The Election Commission rejected the allegations.[171] Two days after the 2018 elections, Michael Gahler, chief observer of the European UnionElection Observation Mission to Pakistan, said the overall situation of the election was satisfactory.[172]
On taking office, Khan cut spending by reducing PM staff from 524 to 2,[181] and auctioning eight buffaloes and 61 luxury vehicles previously acquired for the PM's office.[182] He was criticised for using a helicopter to commute while promoting austerity.[183]
In June 2020, Bloomberg said Khan's popularity was falling due to a weak economy, inflation, and corruption probes involving his aides.[184] In 2021, official records showed that PM House expenses and PM Office budget fell by 49% and 29%, respectively.[185] His 12 foreign trips cost $680,000, which was less than a single New York visit by his predecessors.[186] After Khan's no-confidence, economist Atif Mian said he inherited a bad economy and left it worse, adding there was "zero increase in average income" with Pakistan still in a balance of payments crisis.[187]
In June 2020, Khan attended the signing ceremony for the $2.5 billion Kohala Hydropower Project (1,124 MW).[191] In July 2020, Khan announced the establishment of 15 national parks under the Protected Areas Initiative.[192] In December 2020, Khan announced at the Climate Ambition Summit that Pakistan would scrap two coal projects (2,600 MW) and aim for 60% renewable energy by 2030.[193]
In September 2022, The Nation reported the Auditor General of Pakistan (AGP) found over Rs3.49 billion in irregularities in the 10-Billion Tree Tsunami, including fake reports, over-claimed areas (Rs305.523 million), overlapping plantations, and uncertified seeds (Rs109.365 million).[194]
As of November 2023, the dams fund was Rs17.86 billion.[188]
Khan referred to journalists as "mafias" and "blackmailers," while they were subjected to legal actions, raids, and physical threats under his government.[197] Khan said that only two journalists, including Matiullah Jan, were briefly abducted under army laws; they were released promptly, and that his government never filed cases against the media.[198]
Accountability
Khan ordered an inquiry into claims that his aide Jahangir Tareen profited from sugar export subsidies and rising local prices.[199] The inquiry found that sugar mills, including Tareen's JDW Group, received much of the 2015–18 export subsidies, contributing to higher prices.[200]
In December 2020, Khan said he wanted Nawaz Sharif extradited from London to Pakistan to face trial in the Panama Papers case.[201] In 2021, after the Pandora Papers revealed some of his ministers' offshore holdings, Khan said any wrongdoing was their "individual acts and they will have to be held accountable". The ICIJ said the documents "contain no suggestion that Khan himself owns offshore companies". Asked about two companies at a similar address, Khan said he had no link and added that two houses in the same neighbourhood share the address.[202]
The 2022 Cabinet Division yearbook said the Assets Recovery Unit (ARU), established by Khan, helped agencies recover Rs426.4 billion, which was Rs93.9 billion more than total recoveries from 2000 to 2017, though the ARU did not recover assets directly and only supported law enforcement agencies.[203]
In December 2020, educationist Michael Barber called the Ehsaas Programme Khan's flagship initiative, praising its transparency, multi-sectoral approach, and initiatives like Ehsaas Kafaalat and Nashonuma.[208]
In June 2021, Khan caused controversy when he suggested that the rise in rape cases in Pakistan was linked to women wearing "very few clothes," claiming that such behavior would "have an impact on the men unless they are robots." This comment led to backlash from women's rights groups, accusing him of being a "rape apologist."[209] Khan later said the rapist is always solely responsible, the victim never is, and his earlier comments were taken out of context.[210]
Prime Minister Khan calls for global debt relief amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, April 2020
On 17 March 2020, Khan addressed the nation for the first time regarding COVID-19 in Pakistan. He ruled out a complete lockdown, citing extreme poverty.[211] After Khan ruled out a lockdown again on 22 March 2020, the Pakistan Army intervened at the request of the provinces, imposing a nationwide lockdown within 24 hours.[212][213] Analyst Ayesha Siddiqa said Khan appeared confused and reliant on a military that made key decisions without him.[214]
Khan elevated the status of the construction sector to that of an industry and provided incentives such as tax breaks, sales tax reduction in coordination with provinces, and a subsidy of Rs30 billion to the Naya Pakistan Housing Scheme. He said that investors in the industry would not be asked about their source of income for the year and removed withholding tax for all construction sectors except cement and steel. Additionally, capital gains tax was withdrawn for homeowners selling houses.[215]
Khan launched Pakistan's largest welfare programme,[216] distributing a lump sum of Rs12,000 to 10 million low-income citizens under the Ehsaas Programme.[217]
Khan also promoted a smart lockdown strategy, which used military technology for tracking and tracing COVID-19 cases, targeting specific virus hotspots instead of implementing a nationwide lockdown.[218][219] He said that strict lockdowns would devastate Pakistan's economy and lead to starvation.[220]
Khan led calls for debt relief for developing nations during the pandemic, a proposal that gained support from the United Nations and several African countries.[221][222]
President Donald Trump tweeted in November 2018 that he would cut billions in aid to Pakistan, saying it had not done "a damn thing for us." Khan responded that U.S. aid was a "minuscule" $20 billion, while Pakistan had lost 75,000 lives and over $123 billion fighting the "US War on Terror." He also said that Pakistan had provided supply routes to U.S. forces, asking, "Can Mr Trump name another ally that gave such sacrifices?"[223] Khan later told the US that Pakistan would no longer act as its "hired gun."[224]
In February 2022, Khan became the first Pakistani prime minister in two decades to visit Moscow, seeking economic and energy cooperation. A video showed him saying, "What a time I have come…so much excitement," a statement viewed as ill-timed given the coincidence of his trip with the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The visit drew international criticism, including from the United States.[235][236] Khan discussed "economic and energy cooperation" with Putin, including development of the Pakistan Stream gas pipeline.[237][238] Khan said the visit was pre-planned and aimed at maintaining neutrality in global alliances.[239] At a UN General Assembly emergency session, Pakistan abstained from condemning Russia, with Khan calling for de-escalation and respect for international law.[240] He criticised Western envoys who urged Pakistan to support the UN resolution.[241] After his ouster, Khan said the visit had secured offers of discounted oil and wheat. The Russian ambassador said no formal agreements were signed.[242]
FATF compliance
In June 2022, two months after Khan's ouster, FATF removed Pakistan from the grey list, citing completion of the 2018 and 2021 action plans.[243] Khan credited his government, especially former energy minister Hammad Azhar, who led the FATF Coordination Committee.[244] The Shehbaz Sharif government also claimed credit, while The Express Tribune said Khan's government had "done most of the work."[245]
In September 2019, Khan, along with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, announced an English-language TV channel to address Islamophobia.[247] In October 2020, Khan criticised the spread of Islamophobia, urging Facebook to ban related content and accusing French President Emmanuel Macron of attacking Islam for supporting cartoons of Prophet Muhammad.[248] In 2021, Khan urged Muslim countries to pressure the West to criminalise insults against Prophet Muhammad, likening it to laws against Holocaust denial.[249] Khan said, "We need to explain why this hurts us, when in the name of freedom of speech they insult the honour of the prophet... when 50 Muslim countries will unite and say this, and say that if something like this happens in any country, then we will launch a trade boycott on them and not buy their goods, that will have an effect."[250] In March 2022, Pakistan led a UN resolution to designate 15 March as the International Day to Combat Islamophobia.[251]
In August 2023, The Intercept published a leaked Pakistani diplomatic cipher showing that, on 7 March 2022, US State Department officials, including Donald Lu, expressed concern over Khan's stance on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to the cipher, as reported by Pakistan's ambassador, the U.S. said that "all will be forgiven in Washington" if Khan was removed in the no-confidence motion and warned of possible economic and political isolation if he stayed. After publication, the U.S. denied trying to remove Khan, saying its concerns were about policy, not leadership.[252]
On 8 March 2022, opposition parties filed a no-confidence motion against Khan, citing his government's economic mismanagement — rising inflation, high debt, a weakening currency — and foreign policy.[253] By 18 March, some party members had defected and two coalition partners joined the opposition, causing Khan to lose his National Assembly majority.[254][255]
On 27 March, Khan showed the cipher at a rally, alleging foreign interference and US involvement in his removal.[256] The National Security Council (NSC) also expressed concerns about foreign interference.[257] On 3 April 2022, President Arif Alvi, acting on Khan's advice, dissolved the National Assembly after the Deputy Speaker rejected the no-confidence motion. The opposition called the rejection "unconstitutional" and petitioned the Supreme Court.[258] On 10 April, Khan sent the cipher to the Supreme Court, despite legal warnings about potential breaches of constitutional oaths and the Official Secrets Act.[259] Khan was ousted after a Supreme Court ruling on 10 April deemed the rejection of the no-confidence motion illegal, with the vote passing to remove him, making him the first Pakistani PM ousted by no-confidence.[260][261]
After his removal, Khan continued alleging US involvement, blaming it for opposing his foreign policy that strengthened ties with China and Russia.[262] In November 2022, when asked about the alleged conspiracy to remove him, Khan said it was "behind me" and expressed his desire for Pakistan to maintain good relations with all countries, particularly the United States. He said, "The Pakistan I want to lead must have good relationships with everyone, especially the United States. Our relationship with the US has been as of a master-servant relationship, or a master-slave relationship, and we've been used like a hired gun. But for that I blame my own governments more than the US."[263]
Post-premiership
Misogynistic remark
In a 2022 speech, Khan referenced a clip of Maryam Nawaz repeatedly mentioning him. He said: "Someone sent me a clip on social media of Maryam's speech…she took my name so many times and with so much passion…Maryam, please be careful, your husband might get upset." His remarks followed her repeated tirades against him and Bushra Bibi.[264] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan condemned Khan's remarks, saying they "plumbed the depths of misogyny" and demanded an apology to Maryam and all women.[265]
Khan reportedly retained 58 gifts, 14 valued over Rs 14,000 each. On 8 September, he rejected the allegations and asked the ECP to dismiss the case, saying all purchases were lawfully declared in his tax returns and wealth statements. Hearings were delayed as his legal team sought extensions.[268]
On 21 October 2022, the ECP disqualified Khan under Article 63(1)(p) of the Constitution, ruling he submitted a false statement and incorrect asset declaration for 2020–21. A four-member bench unanimously found he had misled officials about Toshakhana gifts and ordered criminal proceedings under the Election Act, 2017.[269]
On 3 November 2022, Khan was shot in the leg in an assassination attempt in Wazirabad while leading a march to Islamabad demanding early elections.[270] One of his supporters died in the attack.[271] The alleged perpetrator, Muhammad Naveed, was overpowered by a supporter of Khan, throwing off his aim.[272] Naveed said he acted alone, targeting Khan because he believed Khan was misleading the people.[273][274] Khan blamed the incumbent government—Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, Interior Minister Rana Sanaullah, and Major General Faisal Naseer—for the assassination plot but provided no evidence. Government and military officials denied involvement. Federal Information Minister Maryam Aurangzeb questioned how Khan could demand resignations before any investigation. The Inter-Services Public Relations called the allegations baseless and irresponsible. Sanaullah also rejected them as grievous.[275][276]
Imran Khan provides his perspective on the May 9 riots in July 2023.
Following an arrest warrant from the district and sessions court in Islamabad, the Islamabad Police and Lahore Police moved to arrest Khan on 14 March 2023.[277] On 9 May, paramilitary forces stormed into the Islamabad High Court and arrested Khan in connection with the 190 million pound case.[278][279] The case alleges that Khan and his wife, Bushra Bibi, received land worth billions from Malik Riaz in exchange for a deal that caused the national exchequer to lose Rs50 billion (£190 million).[280] The funds, recovered by the UK's National Crime Agency, were meant for the national treasury but were used to pay fines on Riaz for acquiring government land below market rates. The couple, sole trustees of the Al-Qadir Trust, are accused of benefiting, including acquiring 458 kanals for Al-Qadir University in Jhelum.[281]
His arrest triggered the May 9 riots, with PTI supporters allegedly attacking military and government installations.[282] The Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) declared the arrest illegal, citing the violation of judicial sanctity by paramilitary forces.[283] On 12 May, Khan received protective bail, which barred re-arrest on the same charges for two weeks.[284]
On 5 August 2023, Khan was arrested again and sentenced to three years after being found guilty of misusing his premiership to buy and sell state gifts received abroad, valued over 140 million rupees.[285] On 29 August 2023, an appeals court suspended Khan's corruption conviction and prison term, granting him bail.[286] A special court ordered that he remain in jail in the cypher case,[287] in which he was accused of leaking state secrets and violating the Official Secrets Act.[288] Since then, Khan has been held in Adiala Jail in Rawalpindi, where the special court conducts his trial.[289]
In August 2023, following the Supreme Court's order on Khan's complaint regarding detention conditions, the government reported that his meals included bread, omelette, curd, tea, fruits, vegetables, pulses, rice, and desi mutton cooked in ghee, and that his cell was cleaned daily.[290]
On 30 January 2024, Khan was convicted in the cypher case and sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment.[289] Khan said the charges were politically motivated.[289] The next day, Khan was convicted and sentenced to 14 years in the Toshakhana case for unlawfully selling state gifts received by him and his wife, Bushra Bibi, as prime minister.[291] The sentence was suspended on 1 April, pending a court decision after Eid.[292] On 3 February, Khan and his wife were sentenced to seven years and fined 500,000 rupees each in a criminal case over allegations that Bushra had not completed her Iddat before marrying Khan in 2018.[293]
On 30 May 2024, Khan told the Supreme Court he was in solitary confinement with restricted meetings with lawyers and family. In June, the government reported that his cell had a walking area, cooler, television, exercise equipment, and a separate kitchen, and that he could meet his legal team and family. It submitted photos of the cell and a meeting with his lawyers.[295]
On 3 June 2024, the Islamabad High Court overturned Khan's cipher case conviction. He remained in prison due to other convictions and pending charges.[296] On 13 July, Khan's marriage case conviction was overturned, but he remained in prison after bail was cancelled in a separate May 9 riots case.[297]
In June 2024, a United NationsWorking Group on Arbitrary Detention called for Khan's release, saying his detention was arbitrary and politically motivated.[298] In a July interview with The Sunday Times from prison, Khan said he is held in a small "death cell" usually reserved for terrorists.[299] In September 2024, Amnesty International said it had "noted a pattern of weaponisation of the legal system to keep Khan detained and away from political activity" and called for his immediate release.[300] In October 2024, authorities said Khan undergoes a medical examination every two weeks and no health issues have been observed.[301]
On 8 October 2024, Pakistani police charged Khan with attempted murder over a police officer's death during his supporters' protests in Islamabad.[302]
On 22 November 2024, the IHC granted Khan bail in the Toshakhana case, but he remained in jail due to other cases.[303] On 24 November, Khan's supporters attempted nationwide protests demanding his release.[304] Since the 2022 no-confidence vote, Khan has been named in 186 legal cases across Pakistan, as reported in December 2024.[305]
On 17 January 2025, Khan was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment by an accountability court in the Al-Qadir Trust case, while Bushra received a seven-year jail term.[281]
On 21 August 2025, the SCP granted Khan bail in eight 9 May riot cases; however, he remained jailed due to his Al-Qadir Trust case sentence.[306]
Views regarding imprisonment
Khan says his imprisonment is politically motivated, alleging involvement by the Pakistan Armed Forces (the Establishment) and Shehbaz Sharif's government.[307] Both the military and government denied the allegations; the military called them "fabricated and malicious" while Sharif termed them "blatant lies".[308] In June 2024, appearing before the Supreme Court via video from jail, Khan said Pakistan is under "undeclared martial law".[309] In August 2024, Khan said the ISI controls all matters of his imprisonment and has made his jail conditions harsher.[310]
In August 2024, Zulfi Bukhari said he submitted an application for Khan to contest the University of Oxford Chancellor election.[311] On 16 October 2024, university officials disqualified him from the race based on established exclusion criteria, accepting 38 of over 40 applicants.[312][313] They cited Khan's prior conviction and active political role, inconsistent with the position's requirements.[313]
In 2017, the ECP reported that Khan's 300-kanal Bani Gala residence in Islamabad was valued at Rs.750 million (US$2.6million), with other assets including furniture worth Rs.0.6 million (US$2,100) and livestock.[316] In 2020, the ECP reported that Khan declared assets worth Rs80.6 million, including a six-kanal plot in Mohra Noori (Rs0.5 million) and five inherited plots in Mianwali, Bhakkar, Sheikhupura, and Khanewal. He sold property in Ferozewala for Rs70 million and bought two Shahrah-e-Dastoor apartments for Rs10.19 million. Khan held Rs50.66 million in a bank account, Rs10.99 million in cash, and four foreign currency accounts with £518, $328,760, $1,470, and an empty euro account. He also declared four goats worth Rs200,000.[317]
In his 2024 Pakistani general election nomination papers, Khan declared over Rs90 million in bank accounts, more than $300,000 in a foreign currency account, and over a dozen properties, mostly inherited, including agricultural land and his Zaman Park residence. He paid Rs11.97 million for a Shahrah-e-Dastoor apartment and declared Rs11.47 million for his Bani Gala residence. He reported owning no vehicle.[318]
Taxes
The News International reported that Khan paid nearly Rs4.7 million in taxes between 1981 and 2017, with exemptions in several years.[319] In January 2022, the FBR's 2019 tax directory said that Khan paid Rs9.8 million in taxes that year.[320] In 2022, his income rose to Rs185.68 million due to the sale of a watch gifted by a foreign dignitary; the year before, it was just over Rs7 million.[318] For the fiscal year ending 30 June 2023, Khan paid Rs15.59 million in taxes, while his net worth reached Rs315.95 million.[321]
In November 1999, Khan condemned the UN for failing to halt Russian "atrocities" in Chechnya.[322]
After the 2003 invasion of Iraq began, Khan participated in a protest in Hyde Park, London, saying: "The fear is that this is not going to be the last war; first it was Afghanistan, now it's Iraq, and if the hawks in Washington have their way, then it's going to be some other country very soon."[323]
In 2011, Khan became the first Pakistani dignitary to demand an official apology from the Government of Pakistan to the people of Bangladesh for the Pakistan Army's atrocities during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. He said he had initially supported the operation due to Pakistan's lack of independent media but later learned the truth from Bengali friends in England, adding that Pakistan must learn from past mistakes and not repeat them in Balochistan or the tribal areas.[325]
Prime Minister Khan's message on the 25th Memorial Day of the Srebrenica Genocide, 2020
In 2013, Khan proposed secret talks between India and Pakistan to resolve the Kashmir issue, saying open negotiations risk being subverted by vested interests on both sides.[329]
In 2014, when the Pakistani Taliban announced armed struggle against Ismailis and the Kalash people, Khan described "forced conversions as un-Islamic."[330] He also condemned the forced conversion of Hindu girls in Sindh.[331]
Public image
In the 1970s and 1980s, Khan attracted media attention for his looks and charm.[332] In the 1980s, he sported a playboy image in the British press for his exploits on the London party circuit, though he said he never drank alcohol.[92] In the early 1990s, the British media called him the Sexiest Man Alive.[333] He was known to millions of cricket fans as the Lion of Lahore.[334]
In 1996, The Wall Street Journal said he used populist rhetoric, blending anti-elite messages with religious appeals. His criticism of Westernised Pakistani elites contrasted with his privileged background and Western jet-set ties.[335] He said of his past: "I have never claimed to be an angel. I am a humble sinner."[75] In a 2006 interview, Peter Lloyd described Khan's transformation as a "playboy to puritan U-turn," leaving many scratching their heads in wonder.[336] In 2007, Der Spiegel compared Khan to Franz Beckenbauer for his popularity and influence in Pakistan.[337] In 2018, Reuters described Khan as a Pakistani cricket icon and former London playboy who had "transformed himself into a pious, firebrand nationalist".[338]
Imran Khan signs autographs for supporters, 2009
In June 2011, a Pew Research Center poll showed Khan with a 68 percent approval rating, higher than Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani's 37 percent and President Asif Ali Zardari's 11 percent. That year, The Washington Post described him as an underdog, saying he "often sounds like a pro-democracy liberal but is well known for his coziness with conservative Islamist parties." H. M. Naqvi called Khan a "sort of a Ron Paul figure," noting "there is no taint of corruption and there is his anti-establishment message."[339]
His perceived sympathy for the Taliban and criticism of the US-led war on terror led critics to label him "Taliban Khan." Khan said, "I've been called Taliban Khan for supporting the tribal Pashtuns and I've been called part of a Jewish conspiracy to take over Pakistan. I am of course neither."[340]
In 2012, Pankaj Mishra, writing for The New York Times, characterised Khan as a "cogent picture out of his—and Pakistan's—clashing identities," adding that "his identification with the suffering masses and his attacks on his affluent, English-speaking peers have long been mocked in the living rooms of Lahore and Karachi as the hypocritical ravings of 'Im the Dim' and 'Taliban Khan'—the two favoured monikers for him." Mishra concluded, "like all populist politicians, Khan appears to offer something to everyone. Yet the great differences between his constituencies—socially liberal, upper-middle-class Pakistanis and the deeply conservative residents of Pakistan's tribal areas—seem irreconcilable."[341]
Khan addressing an Interfaith Christmas Dinner in 2014
An August 2018 Gallup Pakistan survey found 52% of Pakistanis believed Khan's tenure as Prime Minister would be better than the previous government.[343][344] In a 2019 International Republican Institute (IRI) poll, 40% of respondents rated Khan's performance "good" and 17% "very good."[345] A 2021 Ipsos Pakistan survey found 55% of respondents said the Khan government was worse than they expected.[346] In a 2022 Gallup Pakistan poll, 48% of respondents had a negative view of Khan's performance, while 36% held a favourable opinion.[347] Another Gallup Pakistan survey, conducted after Khan's vote-of-no confidence, found 57% of respondents were happy about his removal from office, while 43% were angry.[348] A March 2023 Gallup Pakistan survey, conducted after the end of his premiership, found 61% of Pakistanis held a good opinion of Khan.[349]
He was also close to former ISI chief Ahmed Shuja Pasha. Clary said that during the 2014 Tsunami March and sit-in, there were widespread allegations of involvement by then ISI chief Zaheer-ul-Islam.[351] Historian Ian Talbot wrote that Khan's role in the 2014 protests was contentious. Talbot stated that Khan "denied that he was a military cat’s paw", which he said conflicted with former PTI president Javed Hashmi's claim that the protests were inspired by Pasha. Talbot said that Khan's actions, "if not sinister, were reckless", threatening hopes of rebalancing civil–military relations in Pakistan.[353][354] He stated that these actions strengthened military authority over civilian power,[353] and that "the army rather than the democratic forces had clearly emerged as a winner in the political crisis that some believed it had secretly orchestrated".[354]
According to Mohammad Waseem, Professor of Political Science at the Lahore University of Management Sciences, Khan's populist rise was enabled by the military establishment, which sought to counter the PPP and PML(N). He said Khan was cultivated by the establishment as an alternative force, with the PTI functioning as a "shadow" Muslim League to attract electables before the 2018 election. Waseem said that Khan appealed to middle-class demands to end dynastic politics and came to power not through mass mobilisation, but military support. He added that Khan was portrayed at home and abroad as the military's preferred candidate, fuelling opposition claims that he was "selected" rather than elected.[355]
US diplomat Theodore Craig, in Pakistan and American Diplomacy, wrote that after the 2018 elections the United States avoided pushing for an "unblemished election" or rejecting "antidemocratic manipulations", saying that challenging "the military's Imran Khan project" would not have changed the government but could have jeopardised prospects for progress in Afghanistan.[356]
In 2024, The New York Times wrote that Lt. Gen. Faiz Hameed, a former ISI chief, was an ally of Khan.[357] In 2024, Arab News wrote that Khan was widely believed to have risen to power in 2018 with military backing.[358]Arab News said that after Khan's 2022 ouster, Hameed was widely believed to have advised him as PTI openly criticised the army and its senior leadership. Since then, Khan has campaigned against the military, blaming it for failing to stop the no-confidence motion that removed him.[358]
Ashok Swain, Professor of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University, Sweden, wrote that Khan's challenges and accusations against the military are unique in Pakistan's history. Swain said Khan became the military's strongest critic, with potential to reform its historically unchecked power. His approach has divided allies and the military but, according to Swain, "mobilised a new generation of politically aware Pakistanis, including women and youth who previously shunned politics".[359]
In popular culture
During his cricketing days, Khan appeared in commercials for Pepsi Pakistan, Brooke Bond tea, Thums Up, and the Indian soap Cinthol.[360]Dev Anand offered Khan a role in his 1990 Bollywood sports action-thriller Awwal Number as a declining cricket star, but Khan refused, citing his lack of acting skills.[361] In 2014, Canadian rock band Nickelback released the politically themed single "Edge of a Revolution", featuring a brief clip of a PTI rally with party flags and a poster of Khan.[362]
Chacha Nooruddin, known as Captain Chappal,[363] gifted a pair of specially crafted Peshawari chappals to Khan for his 2015 wedding. The double-soled design had existed for years,[364] but the traditional Peshawari chappal became iconic as Khan's preferred footwear.[365]
In the late 1980s, Khan served as editor of The Cricketer, a London-based cricket magazine.[366] Khan has written opinion pieces for Outlook,[367]The Guardian,[368] and the BBC.[369] Khan's 2011 autobiography, Pakistan: A Personal History, recounts his shift from cricket to politics and challenges in philanthropy.[370] In 2021, Khan penned a CNN op-ed advocating conservation and restoration of damaged natural ecosystems.[371]
Khan's publications include:
West and East (Macmillan, 1975)
Imran: The Autobiography of Imran Khan (Pelham, 1983)
Imran Khan's Cricket Skills (Hamlyn, 1989)
Indus Journey: A Personal View of Pakistan (Chatto & Windus, 1991)
All Round View (Mandarin, 1992)
Warrior Race: A Journey Through the Land of the Tribal Pathans (Chatto & Windus, 1993)
↑ Some sources state he was born on 25 November 1952,[6] Khan has said that this mistake stemmed from that date being written erroneously on his passport.[7]
↑ "Imran Khan". Dawn. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
↑ "Imran Khan celebrates his 70th birthday". Bol News. 5 October 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023. 'My actual birthday date is October 5. It was mistakenly written as November 25th on my passport,' the former prime minister said on the occasion.
↑ Rafique, Muhammad (6 January 1983). "A tale of two Niazis — one revered, the other reviled". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. Retrieved 21 March 2025. Two Niazis are filling the columns of the Pakistani newspapers and periodicals and both belong to the well-known Pathan tribe of the same name. One is worshipped and the other reviled. Both are tall, handome and for one of them, the journalists have run out of superlatives. His name is Imran Khan Niazi although he seldom uses his tribal title.
↑ Ahmed, Akbar (12 September 1990). "Mighty lion river". The Independent. London. Retrieved 21 March 2025. His father is of the Niazi tribe and his mother a Burki, both dominant groups. Living in a patriarchal society, Imran only emphasises his father's lineage.
↑ Christopher Sandford (6 August 2009). Imran Khan: The Cricketer, The Celebrity, The Politician. HarperCollins Publishers. pp.68–. ISBN978-0-00-734104-7. Imran had, meanwhile, left Aitchison College, whose vaunted enthusiasm for sports seems not to have extended to sharing one of their own with a professional cricket team. He spent his sixth-form year at the nearby Cathedral School.
↑ Hutchins & Midgley (2015) "White had begun her affair with Imran in 1986, shortly after he had finished with Emma Sergeant. Their relationship ended after two years when he wrote her a note saying, 'I cannot love you as Emma will always be the love of mv life. But White became pregnant when they slept together for one last time in 1991 and she gave birth to a daughter, Tyrian."
↑ Morgan (2012) "We'd heard from our usual inside source that the Sunday Mirror were breaking a story about Imran Khan fathering a lovechild by Sita White, daughter of the business tycoon Lord White. The picture desk sent a photographer straight to her home in Los Angeles, and when she opened the door he was able to take one quick shot inside. On closer examination of his picture he spotted a framed photo on the table in her hallway – with Sita and the lovechild who bears a striking resemblance to his father."
↑ Oborne (2015, pp.298–310) "At this stage, the Burki family connection came to the rescue....."One of the participants suggested a form of treatment which was still at an experimental stage, whereby the healing process was hastened by means of electrical cycles passed through the leg." The treatment was very expensive, and needed doing in London, but General Zia guaranteed that the government would supply the money. So in the spring of 1984, Imran travelled to the Cromwell Hospital in London for a six-month course of treatment, during which his leg was put in a cast. Neither he, nor anyone else, knew whether he would play cricket again...."I had the choice of continuing as captain following that series, but decided against it. I did so because Imran didn't give me his full co-operation in that [Sri Lanka] series, and it was a great disappointment to me.""
↑ "PTI concedes defeat in Pakistan elections". The Express Tribune. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Pakistani politician and cricket star Imran Khan early on Sunday conceded defeat to the rival Pakistan Muslim League-N in historic general elections senior party leader Asad Umar said.
↑ "Pakistan starts legal process for ex-PM Sharif's extradition". The Independent. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2024. Pakistan's information minister said Friday that Islamabad has started the legal process to reach an extradition treaty with Britain that would pave the way for the U.K. to hand over former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. ... Khan has said he wants Sharif brought back to Pakistan for trial.
↑ "Protests in Pakistan over Khan's removal, Sharif set to be new PM". www.aljazeera.com. 11 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022. Khan has claimed the US worked behind the scenes to bring him down, purportedly because of Washington's displeasure over his independent foreign policy choices, which often favour China and Russia.
↑ Shah, Saeed (3 November 2022). "Former Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan Shot in Leg at Protest Rally". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 November 2022. Mr. Khan was hit in the leg and taken to a hospital in Lahore, where doctors said he was stable and he was operated on.....Pakistani officials said the attacker was apprehended... He said that he acted alone and that he had planned the attack for days.
↑ "A lion tamed". The Irish Times. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2025. To the dismay of millions of fans who knew him as the Lion of Lahore, he retired from cricket after captaining Pakistan to its 1992 World Cup victory.
↑ Waldman, Peter (2 December 1996). "Imran Khan Bowls Them Over With Populist Pakistani Pitch". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN0099-9660. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Imran's rough-hewn message combines populist economics...Imran is a born-again Muslim who now scolds other Pakistani elites for aping the West....The Oxford-educated jet-setter is a born-again Muslim who now scolds other Pakistani elites for aping the West.
1 2 Imran, Kashif (17 August 2024). "Former ISI chief Hameed was part of 'political nexus' led by ex-PM Khan to destabilize Pakistan —minister". Arab News. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Hameed is believed to be advising Khan when he was publicly criticizing the army and its leadership following his ouster.....The former ISI chief is widely seen as having been close to Khan, who has been in jail since August 2023 on a slew of charges....Khan, widely believed to have been propelled to power with the backing of the military in 2018, waged an unprecedented campaign of defiance against the military establishment following his ouster in a parliamentary no-trust vote in 2022. The former prime minister blames the army for not preventing the no-confidence motion against him....It is widely believed that Hameed was advising Khan when the PTI was publicly criticizing the army and its top leadership.
Craig, Theodore (2024). Pakistan and American Diplomacy: Insights from 9/11 to the Afghanistan Endgame. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN9781640126008.
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