The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality. It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum. [1]
It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says. [2] "By providing a comprehensible framework for assessing and comparing global gender gaps and by revealing those countries that are role models in dividing these resources equitably between women and men, the Report serves as a catalyst for greater awareness as well as greater exchange between policymakers." [2]
According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2023, it will take exactly 131 years for the gender gap to close. [3] [4]
The report's Gender Gap Index ranks countries according to calculated gender gap between women and men in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics to gauge the state of gender equality in a country.
The report examines four overall areas of inequality between men and women in 146 economies around the globe, over 93% of the world's population:
Thirteen out of the fourteen variables used to create the index are from publicly available "hard data" indicators from international organizations, such as the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization. [6]
1. Economic participation and opportunity | |||
---|---|---|---|
ratio | limit [7] | weight [8] | value |
* Labour force participation | 1.0 | 0.199 | 0.199 |
* Wage equality for similar work | 1.0 | 0.310 | 0.310 |
* Estimated earned income | 1.0 | 0.221 | 0.221 |
* Legislators, senior officials and managers | 1.0 | 0.149 | 0.149 |
* Professional and technical workers | 1.0 | 0.121 | 0.121 |
sum | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
2. Educational attainment | |||
ratio | limit [7] | weight [8] | value |
* Literacy rate | 1.0 | 0.191 | 0.191 |
* Enrolment in primary education | 1.0 | 0.459 | 0.459 |
* Enrolment in secondary education | 1.0 | 0.229 | 0.229 |
* Enrolment in tertiary education | 1.0 | 0.121 | 0.121 |
sum | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
3. Health and survival | |||
ratio | limit [7] | weight [8] | value |
* Sex ratio at birth | 0.944 [9] | 0.693 | 0.654 |
* Healthy life expectancy | 1.060 [10] | 0.307 | 0.325 |
sum | 1.0 | 0.980 | |
4. Political empowerment | |||
ratio | limit [7] | weight [8] | value |
* Women in parliament | 1.0 | 0.310 | 0.310 |
* Women in ministerial positions | 1.0 | 0.247 | 0.247 |
* Years with female head of state | 1.0 | 0.443 | 0.443 |
sum | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Compilation | |
---|---|
1. Economic participation and opportunity | 1.000 |
2. Educational attainment | 1.000 |
3. Health and survival | 0.980 |
4. Political empowerment | 1.000 |
sum | 3.980 |
Gender Gap Index: 3.98 / 4 = 0.9949
This is the upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index (limes superior) for the female-to-male ratio and for the male-to-female ratio.
The highest possible score is 1.0 (equality or better for women, except for lifespan (106% or better for women) and gender parity at birth (94.4% or better for women [11] ) and the lowest possible score is 0. Data for some countries are unavailable. [12] [13] [14] The three highest-ranking countries have closed over 84% of their gender gaps, while the lowest-ranking country has closed only a little over 50% of its gender gap.
Location | Year [note 1] | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Region | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 [15] | 2016 [16] | 2017 | 2018 | 2020 [17] | 2021 [18] | 2022 |
Afghanistan | South Asia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.444 | 0.435 |
Albania | Europe | 0.6607 | 0.6685 | 0.6591 | 0.6601 | 0.6726 | 0.6748 | 0.6655 | 0.6412 | 0.6869 | 0.701 | 0.704 | 0.728 | 0.734 | 0.769 | 0.770 | 0.787 |
Algeria | Africa | 0.6018 | 0.6068 | 0.6111 | 0.6119 | 0.6052 | 0.5991 | 0.6112 | 0.5966 | 0.6182 | 0.632 | 0.642 | 0.629 | 0.629 | 0.634 | 0.633 | 0.602 |
Angola | Africa | 0.6039 | 0.6034 | 0.6032 | 0.6353 | 0.6712 | 0.6624 | N/A | 0.6659 | 0.6311 | 0.637 | 0.643 | 0.640 | 0.633 | 0.660 | 0.657 | 0.638 |
Argentina | South America | 0.6829 | 0.6982 | 0.7209 | 0.7211 | 0.7187 | 0.7236 | 0.7212 | 0.7195 | 0.7317 | 0.734 | 0.735 | 0.732 | 0.733 | 0.746 | 0.752 | 0.756 |
Armenia | West Asia | N/A | 0.6651 | 0.6677 | 0.6619 | 0.6669 | 0.6654 | 0.6636 | 0.6634 | 0.6622 | 0.668 | 0.669 | 0.677 | 0.678 | 0.684 | 0.673 | 0.698 |
Australia | Oceania | 0.7163 | 0.7204 | 0.7241 | 0.7282 | 0.7271 | 0.7291 | 0.7294 | 0.7390 | 0.7409 | 0.733 | 0.721 | 0.731 | 0.730 | 0.731 | 0.731 | 0.738 |
Austria | Europe | 0.6986 | 0.7060 | 0.7153 | 0.7031 | 0.7091 | 0.7165 | 0.7391 | 0.7437 | 0.7266 | 0.733 | 0.716 | 0.709 | 0.718 | 0.744 | 0.777 | 0.781 |
Azerbaijan | West Asia | N/A | 0.6781 | 0.6856 | 0.6626 | 0.6446 | 0.6577 | 0.6546 | 0.6582 | 0.6753 | 0.675 | 0.684 | 0.676 | 0.680 | 0.687 | 0.688 | 0.687 |
Bahamas | Central America | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.7179 | 0.7128 | 0.7340 | 0.7156 | 0.7128 | 0.7269 | 0.728 | 0.729 | 0.743 | 0.741 | 0.720 | 0.725 | N/A |
Bahrain | West Asia | 0.5894 | 0.5931 | 0.5927 | 0.6136 | 0.6217 | 0.6232 | 0.6298 | 0.6334 | 0.6261 | 0.644 | 0.615 | 0.632 | 0.627 | 0.629 | 0.632 | 0.632 |
Bangladesh | South Asia | 0.6270 | 0.6314 | 0.6531 | 0.6526 | 0.6702 | 0.6812 | 0.6684 | 0.6848 | 0.6973 | 0.704 | 0.698 | 0.719 | 0.721 | 0.726 | 0.719 | 0.714 |
Barbados | Central America | N/A | N/A | 0.7188 | 0.7236 | 0.7176 | 0.7170 | 0.7232 | 0.7301 | 0.7289 | 0.744 | 0.739 | 0.750 | 0.753 | 0.749 | 0.769 | 0.765 |
Belarus | Europe | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.734 | 0.737 | 0.744 | 0.747 | 0.746 | 0.758 | 0.750 |
Belgium | Europe | 0.7078 | 0.7198 | 0.7163 | 0.7165 | 0.7509 | 0.7531 | 0.7652 | 0.7684 | 0.7809 | 0.753 | 0.745 | 0.739 | 0.738 | 0.750 | 0.789 | 0.793 |
Belize | Central America | N/A | 0.6426 | 0.6610 | 0.6636 | 0.6536 | 0.6489 | 0.6465 | 0.6449 | 0.6701 | 0.668 | 0.676 | 0.692 | 0.662 | 0.671 | 0.699 | 0.695 |
Benin | Africa | 0.5780 | 0.5656 | 0.5582 | 0.5643 | 0.5719 | 0.5832 | 0.6258 | 0.5885 | N/A | 0.625 | 0.636 | 0.652 | 0.654 | 0.658 | 0.653 | 0.612 |
Bhutan | South Asia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.6651 | 0.6364 | 0.646 | 0.642 | 0.638 | 0.638 | 0.635 | 0.639 | 0.637 |
Bolivia | South America | 0.6335 | 0.6574 | 0.6667 | 0.6693 | 0.6751 | 0.6862 | 0.7222 | 0.7340 | 0.7049 | 0.749 | 0.746 | 0.758 | 0.748 | 0.734 | 0.722 | 0.734 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Europe | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.713 | 0.710 |
Botswana | Africa | 0.6897 | 0.6797 | 0.6839 | 0.7071 | 0.6876 | 0.6832 | 0.6744 | 0.6752 | 0.7129 | 0.710 | 0.715 | 0.720 | 0.715 | 0.709 | 0.716 | 0.719 |
Brazil | South America | 0.6543 | 0.6637 | 0.6737 | 0.6695 | 0.6655 | 0.6679 | 0.6909 | 0.6949 | 0.6941 | 0.686 | 0.687 | 0.684 | 0.681 | 0.691 | 0.695 | 0.696 |
Brunei Darussalam | Southeast Asia | N/A | N/A | 0.6392 | 0.6524 | 0.6748 | 0.6787 | 0.6750 | 0.6730 | 0.6719 | 0.684 | 0.669 | 0.671 | 0.686 | 0.686 | 0.678 | 0.680 |
Bulgaria | Europe | 0.6870 | 0.7085 | 0.7077 | 0.7072 | 0.6983 | 0.6987 | 0.7021 | 0.7097 | 0.7444 | 0.722 | 0.726 | 0.756 | 0.756 | 0.727 | 0.746 | 0.740 |
Burkina Faso | Africa | 0.5854 | 0.5912 | 0.6029 | 0.6081 | 0.6162 | 0.6153 | 0.6455 | 0.6513 | 0.6500 | 0.651 | 0.64 | 0.646 | 0.629 | 0.635 | 0.651 | 0.659 |
Burundi | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.7270 | 0.7338 | 0.7397 | 0.7565 | 0.748 | 0.768 | 0.755 | 0.741 | 0.745 | 0.769 | 0.777 |
Cambodia | Southeast Asia | 0.6291 | 0.6353 | 0.6469 | 0.6410 | 0.6482 | 0.6464 | 0.6457 | 0.6509 | 0.6520 | 0.662 | 0.658 | 0.676 | 0.683 | 0.694 | 0.685 | 0.690 |
Cameroon | Africa | 0.5865 | 0.5919 | 0.6017 | 0.6108 | 0.6110 | 0.6073 | 0.6291 | 0.6560 | N/A | 0.682 | 0.684 | 0.689 | 0.714 | 0.686 | 0.692 | 0.692 |
Canada | North America | 0.7165 | 0.7198 | 0.7136 | 0.7196 | 0.7372 | 0.7407 | 0.7381 | 0.7425 | 0.7464 | 0.740 | 0.731 | 0.769 | 0.771 | 0.772 | 0.772 | 0.772 |
Cape Verde | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.7180 | 0.7122 | 0.7133 | 0.717 | 0.729 | 0.686 | 0.702 | 0.725 | 0.716 | 0.736 |
Chad | Africa | 0.5247 | 0.5381 | 0.5290 | 0.5417 | 0.5330 | 0.5334 | 0.5594 | 0.5588 | 0.5764 | 0.580 | 0.587 | 0.575 | 0.580 | 0.596 | 0.593 | 0.579 |
Chile | South America | 0.6455 | 0.6482 | 0.6818 | 0.6884 | 0.7013 | 0.7030 | 0.6676 | 0.6670 | 0.6975 | 0.698 | 0.699 | 0.704 | 0.717 | 0.723 | 0.716 | 0.736 |
China | East Asia | 0.6561 | 0.6643 | 0.6878 | 0.6907 | 0.6881 | 0.6866 | 0.6853 | 0.6908 | 0.6830 | 0.682 | 0.676 | 0.674 | 0.673 | 0.676 | 0.682 | 0.682 |
Colombia | South America | 0.7049 | 0.7090 | 0.6944 | 0.6939 | 0.6927 | 0.6714 | 0.6901 | 0.7171 | 0.7122 | 0.725 | 0.727 | 0.731 | 0.729 | 0.758 | 0.725 | 0.710 |
Comoros | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.631 |
Costa Rica | Central America | 0.6936 | 0.7014 | 0.7111 | 0.7180 | 0.7194 | 0.7266 | 0.7225 | 0.7241 | 0.7165 | 0.732 | 0.736 | 0.727 | 0.749 | 0.782 | 0.786 | 0.796 |
Côte d'Ivoire | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.5691 | 0.5773 | 0.5785 | 0.5814 | 0.5874 | 0.606 | 0.597 | 0.611 | 0.627 | 0.606 | 0.637 | 0.632 |
Croatia | Europe | 0.7145 | 0.7210 | 0.6967 | 0.6944 | 0.6939 | 0.7006 | 0.7053 | 0.7069 | 0.7075 | 0.708 | 0.7 | 0.711 | 0.712 | 0.720 | 0.733 | N/A |
Cuba | Central America | N/A | 0.7169 | 0.7195 | 0.7176 | 0.7253 | 0.7394 | 0.7417 | 0.7540 | 0.7317 | 0.740 | 0.74 | 0.745 | 0.749 | 0.746 | 0.746 | N/A |
Cyprus | West Asia | 0.6430 | 0.6522 | 0.6694 | 0.6706 | 0.6642 | 0.6567 | 0.6732 | 0.6801 | 0.6741 | 0.671 | 0.684 | 0.684 | 0.684 | 0.692 | 0.707 | 0.696 |
Czech Republic | Europe | 0.6712 | 0.6718 | 0.6770 | 0.6789 | 0.6850 | 0.6789 | 0.6767 | 0.6770 | 0.6737 | 0.687 | 0.69 | 0.688 | 0.693 | 0.706 | 0.711 | 0.710 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.576 | 0.575 |
Denmark | Europe | 0.7462 | 0.7519 | 0.7538 | 0.7628 | 0.7719 | 0.7778 | 0.7777 | 0.7779 | 0.8025 | 0.767 | 0.754 | 0.776 | 0.778 | 0.782 | 0.768 | 0.764 |
Dominican Republic | Central America | 0.6639 | 0.6705 | 0.6744 | 0.6859 | 0.6774 | 0.6682 | 0.6659 | 0.6867 | 0.6906 | 0.686 | 0.676 | 0.697 | 0.701 | 0.700 | 0.699 | 0.703 |
Ecuador | South America | 0.6433 | 0.6881 | 0.7091 | 0.7220 | 0.7072 | 0.7035 | 0.7206 | 0.7389 | 0.7455 | 0.738 | 0.726 | 0.724 | 0.729 | 0.729 | 0.739 | 0.743 |
Egypt | Africa | 0.5786 | 0.5809 | 0.5832 | 0.5862 | 0.5899 | 0.5933 | 0.5975 | 0.5935 | 0.6064 | 0.599 | 0.614 | 0.608 | 0.614 | 0.629 | 0.639 | 0.635 |
El Salvador | Central America | 0.6837 | 0.6853 | 0.6875 | 0.6939 | 0.6596 | 0.6567 | 0.6630 | 0.6609 | 0.6863 | 0.706 | 0.702 | 0.705 | 0.690 | 0.706 | 0.738 | 0.727 |
Estonia | Europe | 0.6944 | 0.7008 | 0.7076 | 0.7094 | 0.7018 | 0.6983 | 0.6977 | 0.6997 | 0.7017 | 0.749 | 0.747 | 0.731 | 0.734 | 0.751 | 0.733 | 0.733 |
Eswatini | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.670 | 0.665 | 0.670 | N/A | N/A | 0.729 | 0.728 |
Ethiopia | Africa | 0.5946 | 0.5991 | 0.5867 | 0.5948 | 0.6019 | 0.6136 | 0.6200 | 0.6198 | 0.6144 | 0.640 | 0.662 | 0.656 | 0.656 | 0.705 | 0.691 | 0.710 |
Fiji | Oceania | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.6414 | 0.6256 | 0.6255 | 0.6285 | 0.6286 | 0.6286 | 0.645 | N/A | N/A | 0.669 | 0.678 | 0.674 | 0.676 |
Finland | Europe | 0.7958 | 0.8044 | 0.8195 | 0.8252 | 0.8260 | 0.8383 | 0.8451 | 0.8421 | 0.8453 | 0.850 | 0.845 | 0.823 | 0.821 | 0.832 | 0.861 | 0.860 |
France | Europe | 0.6520 | 0.6824 | 0.7341 | 0.7331 | 0.7025 | 0.7018 | 0.6984 | 0.7089 | 0.7588 | 0.761 | 0.755 | 0.778 | 0.779 | 0.781 | 0.784 | 0.791 |
Gambia, The | Africa | 0.6448 | 0.6421 | 0.6622 | 0.6752 | 0.6762 | 0.6763 | 0.6630 | N/A | N/A | 0.674 | 0.667 | 0.649 | 0.642 | 0.628 | 0.644 | 0.641 |
Georgia | West Asia | 0.6700 | 0.6665 | 0.6654 | 0.6680 | 0.6598 | 0.6624 | 0.6691 | 0.6750 | 0.6855 | 0.687 | 0.681 | 0.679 | 0.677 | 0.708 | 0.732 | 0.731 |
Germany | Europe | 0.7524 | 0.7618 | 0.7394 | 0.7449 | 0.7530 | 0.7590 | 0.7629 | 0.7583 | 0.7780 | 0.779 | 0.766 | 0.778 | 0.776 | 0.787 | 0.796 | 0.801 |
Ghana | Africa | 0.6653 | 0.6725 | 0.6679 | 0.6704 | 0.6782 | 0.6811 | 0.6778 | 0.6811 | 0.6661 | 0.704 | 0.705 | 0.695 | 0.688 | 0.673 | 0.666 | 0.672 |
Greece | Europe | 0.6540 | 0.6648 | 0.6727 | 0.6662 | 0.6908 | 0.6916 | 0.6716 | 0.6782 | 0.6784 | 0.685 | 0.68 | 0.692 | 0.696 | 0.701 | 0.689 | 0.689 |
Guatemala | Central America | 0.6067 | 0.6144 | 0.6072 | 0.6209 | 0.6238 | 0.6229 | 0.6260 | 0.6304 | 0.6821 | 0.667 | 0.666 | 0.667 | 0.668 | 0.666 | 0.655 | 0.664 |
Guinea | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.618 | 0.64 | 0.659 | 0.656 | 0.642 | 0.660 | 0.647 |
Guyana | South America | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.7108 | 0.7090 | 0.7084 | 0.7119 | 0.7085 | 0.7010 | 0.702 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.728 | 0.752 |
Honduras | Central America | 0.6483 | 0.6661 | 0.6960 | 0.6893 | 0.6927 | 0.6945 | 0.6763 | 0.6773 | 0.6935 | 0.688 | 0.69 | 0.711 | 0.706 | 0.722 | 0.716 | 0.705 |
Hungary | Europe | 0.6698 | 0.6731 | 0.6867 | 0.6879 | 0.6720 | 0.6642 | 0.6718 | 0.6742 | 0.6759 | 0.672 | 0.669 | 0.670 | 0.674 | 0.677 | 0.688 | 0.699 |
Iceland | Europe | 0.7813 | 0.7836 | 0.7999 | 0.8276 | 0.8496 | 0.8530 | 0.8640 | 0.8731 | 0.8594 | 0.881 | 0.874 | 0.878 | 0.858 | 0.877 | 0.892 | 0.908 |
India | South Asia | 0.6011 | 0.5936 | 0.6060 | 0.6151 | 0.6155 | 0.6190 | 0.6442 | 0.6551 | 0.6455 | 0.664 | 0.683 | 0.669 | 0.665 | 0.668 | 0.625 | 0.629 |
Indonesia | Southeast Asia | 0.6541 | 0.6550 | 0.6473 | 0.6580 | 0.6615 | 0.6594 | 0.6591 | 0.6613 | 0.6725 | 0.681 | 0.682 | 0.691 | 0.691 | 0.700 | 0.688 | 0.697 |
Iran | West Asia | 0.5803 | 0.5903 | 0.6021 | 0.5839 | 0.5933 | 0.5894 | 0.5927 | 0.5842 | 0.5811 | 0.580 | 0.587 | 0.583 | 0.589 | 0.584 | 0.582 | 0.576 |
Iraq | West Asia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.535 | N/A |
Ireland | Europe | 0.7335 | 0.7457 | 0.7518 | 0.7597 | 0.7773 | 0.7830 | 0.7839 | 0.7823 | 0.7850 | 0.807 | 0.797 | 0.794 | 0.796 | 0.798 | 0.800 | 0.804 |
Israel | West Asia | 0.6889 | 0.6965 | 0.6900 | 0.7019 | 0.6957 | 0.6926 | 0.6989 | 0.7032 | 0.7005 | 0.712 | 0.719 | 0.721 | 0.722 | 0.718 | 0.724 | 0.727 |
Italy | Europe | 0.6456 | 0.6498 | 0.6788 | 0.6798 | 0.6765 | 0.6796 | 0.6729 | 0.6885 | 0.6973 | 0.726 | 0.719 | 0.692 | 0.706 | 0.707 | 0.721 | 0.720 |
Jamaica | Central America | 0.7014 | 0.6925 | 0.6980 | 0.7013 | 0.7037 | 0.7028 | 0.7035 | 0.7085 | 0.7128 | 0.703 | 0.724 | 0.717 | 0.724 | 0.735 | 0.741 | 0.749 |
Japan | East Asia | 0.6447 | 0.6455 | 0.6434 | 0.6447 | 0.6524 | 0.6514 | 0.6530 | 0.6498 | 0.6584 | 0.670 | 0.66 | 0.657 | 0.662 | 0.652 | 0.656 | 0.650 |
Jordan | West Asia | 0.6109 | 0.6203 | 0.6275 | 0.6182 | 0.6048 | 0.6117 | 0.6103 | 0.6093 | 0.5968 | 0.593 | 0.603 | 0.604 | 0.605 | 0.623 | 0.683 | 0.639 |
Kazakhstan | Central Asia | 0.6928 | 0.6983 | 0.6976 | 0.7013 | 0.7055 | 0.7010 | 0.7213 | 0.7218 | 0.7210 | 0.719 | 0.718 | 0.713 | 0.712 | 0.710 | 0.710 | 0.719 |
Kenya | Africa | 0.6486 | 0.6508 | 0.6547 | 0.6512 | 0.6499 | 0.6493 | 0.6768 | 0.6803 | 0.7258 | 0.719 | 0.702 | 0.694 | 0.700 | 0.671 | 0.692 | 0.729 |
Korea, Rep. | East Asia | 0.6157 | 0.6409 | 0.6154 | 0.6146 | 0.6342 | 0.6281 | 0.6356 | 0.6351 | 0.6403 | 0.651 | 0.649 | 0.650 | 0.657 | 0.672 | 0.687 | 0.689 |
Kuwait | West Asia | 0.6341 | 0.6409 | 0.6358 | 0.6356 | 0.6318 | 0.6322 | 0.6320 | 0.6292 | 0.6457 | 0.646 | 0.624 | 0.679 | 0.630 | 0.650 | 0.621 | 0.632 |
Kyrgyz Republic | Central Asia | 0.6742 | 0.6653 | 0.7045 | 0.7058 | 0.6973 | 0.7036 | 0.7013 | 0.6948 | 0.6974 | 0.693 | 0.687 | 0.691 | 0.691 | 0.689 | 0.681 | 0.700 |
Laos | Southeast Asia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.6993 | 0.7044 | 0.713 | N/A | 0.703 | 0.748 | 0.731 | 0.750 | 0.733 |
Latvia | Europe | 0.7091 | 0.7333 | 0.7397 | 0.7416 | 0.7429 | 0.7399 | 0.7572 | 0.7610 | 0.7691 | 0.752 | 0.755 | 0.756 | 0.758 | 0.785 | 0.778 | 0.771 |
Lebanon | West Asia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.6084 | 0.6083 | 0.6030 | 0.6028 | 0.5923 | 0.598 | 0.598 | 0.596 | 0.595 | 0.599 | 0.638 | 0.644 |
Lesotho | Africa | 0.6807 | 0.7078 | 0.7320 | 0.7495 | 0.7678 | 0.7666 | 0.7608 | 0.7530 | 0.7255 | 0.706 | 0.706 | 0.695 | 0.693 | 0.695 | 0.698 | 0.700 |
Liberia | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.652 | 0.652 | 0.669 | 0.681 | 0.685 | 0.693 | 0.709 |
Lithuania | Europe | 0.7077 | 0.7234 | 0.7222 | 0.7175 | 0.7132 | 0.7131 | 0.7191 | 0.7308 | 0.7208 | 0.740 | 0.744 | 0.742 | 0.749 | 0.745 | 0.804 | 0.799 |
Luxembourg | Europe | 0.6671 | 0.6786 | 0.6802 | 0.6889 | 0.7231 | 0.7216 | 0.7439 | 0.7410 | 0.7333 | 0.738 | 0.734 | 0.706 | 0.712 | 0.725 | 0.726 | 0.736 |
North Macedonia | Europe | 0.6983 | 0.6967 | 0.6914 | 0.6950 | 0.6996 | 0.6966 | 0.6968 | 0.7013 | 0.6943 | 0.701 | 0.696 | 0.702 | 0.707 | 0.711 | 0.715 | 0.716 |
Madagascar | Africa | 0.6385 | 0.6461 | 0.6736 | 0.6732 | 0.6713 | 0.6797 | 0.6982 | 0.7016 | 0.7214 | 0.698 | 0.704 | 0.692 | 0.691 | 0.719 | 0.725 | 0.735 |
Malawi | Africa | 0.6437 | 0.6480 | 0.6664 | 0.6738 | 0.6824 | 0.6850 | 0.7166 | 0.7139 | 0.7281 | 0.701 | 0.7 | 0.672 | 0.662 | 0.664 | 0.671 | 0.632 |
Malaysia | Southeast Asia | 0.6509 | 0.6444 | 0.6442 | 0.6467 | 0.6479 | 0.6525 | 0.6539 | 0.6518 | 0.6520 | 0.655 | 0.666 | 0.670 | 0.676 | 0.677 | 0.676 | 0.681 |
Maldives | South Asia | N/A | 0.6350 | 0.6501 | 0.6482 | 0.6452 | 0.6480 | 0.6616 | 0.6604 | 0.6557 | 0.652 | .65 | 0.669 | 0.662 | 0.646 | 0.642 | 0.648 |
Mali | Africa | 0.5996 | 0.6019 | 0.6117 | 0.5860 | 0.5680 | 0.5752 | 0.5842 | 0.5872 | 0.5779 | 0.599 | 0.591 | 0.583 | 0.582 | 0.621 | 0.591 | 0.601 |
Malta | Europe | 0.6518 | 0.6615 | 0.6634 | 0.6635 | 0.6695 | 0.6658 | 0.6666 | 0.6761 | 0.6707 | 0.668 | 0.664 | 0.682 | 0.686 | 0.693 | 0.703 | 0.703 |
Mauritania | Africa | 0.5835 | 0.6022 | 0.6117 | 0.6103 | 0.6152 | 0.6164 | 0.6129 | 0.5810 | 0.6029 | 0.613 | 0.624 | 0.614 | 0.607 | 0.614 | 0.606 | N/A |
Mauritius | Africa | 0.6328 | 0.6487 | 0.6466 | 0.6513 | 0.6520 | 0.6529 | 0.6547 | 0.6599 | 0.6541 | 0.646 | 0.652 | 0.664 | 0.663 | 0.665 | 0.679 | 0.679 |
Mexico | North America | 0.6462 | 0.6441 | 0.6441 | 0.6503 | 0.6577 | 0.6604 | 0.6712 | 0.6917 | 0.6900 | 0.699 | 0.7 | 0.692 | 0.721 | 0.754 | 0.757 | 0.764 |
Moldova | Europe | 0.7128 | 0.7172 | 0.7244 | 0.7104 | 0.7160 | 0.7083 | 0.7101 | 0.7037 | 0.7405 | 0.742 | 0.741 | 0.740 | 0.733 | 0.757 | 0.768 | 0.788 |
Mongolia | East Asia | 0.6821 | 0.6731 | 0.7049 | 0.7221 | 0.7194 | 0.7140 | 0.7111 | 0.7204 | 0.7212 | 0.709 | 0.705 | 0.713 | 0.714 | 0.706 | 0.716 | 0.715 |
Montenegro | Europe | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.689 | 0.681 | 0.693 | 0.706 | 0.710 | 0.732 | 0.732 |
Morocco | Africa | 0.5827 | 0.5676 | 0.5757 | 0.5926 | 0.5767 | 0.5804 | 0.5833 | 0.5845 | 0.5988 | 0.593 | 0.597 | 0.598 | 0.607 | 0.605 | 0.612 | 0.624 |
Mozambique | Africa | N/A | 0.6883 | 0.7266 | 0.7195 | 0.7329 | 0.7251 | 0.7350 | 0.7349 | 0.7370 | 0.741 | 0.75 | 0.741 | 0.721 | 0.723 | 0.758 | 0.752 |
Myanmar | Southeast Asia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.691 | 0.690 | 0.665 | 0.681 | 0.677 |
Namibia | Africa | 0.6864 | 0.7012 | 0.7141 | 0.7167 | 0.7238 | 0.7177 | 0.7121 | 0.7094 | 0.7219 | 0.760 | 0.765 | 0.777 | 0.789 | 0.784 | 0.809 | 0.807 |
Nepal | South Asia | 0.5478 | 0.5575 | 0.5942 | 0.6213 | 0.6084 | 0.5888 | 0.6026 | 0.6053 | 0.6458 | 0.658 | 0.661 | 0.664 | 0.671 | 0.680 | 0.683 | 0.692 |
Netherlands | Europe | 0.7250 | 0.7383 | 0.7399 | 0.7490 | 0.7444 | 0.7470 | 0.7659 | 0.7608 | 0.7730 | 0.776 | 0.756 | 0.737 | 0.747 | 0.736 | 0.762 | 0.767 |
New Zealand | Oceania | 0.7509 | 0.7649 | 0.7859 | 0.7880 | 0.7808 | 0.7810 | 0.7805 | 0.7799 | 0.7772 | 0.782 | 0.781 | 0.791 | 0.801 | 0.799 | 0.840 | 0.841 |
Nicaragua | Central America | 0.6566 | 0.6458 | 0.6747 | 0.7002 | 0.7176 | 0.7245 | 0.7697 | 0.7715 | 0.7894 | 0.776 | 0.78 | 0.814 | 0.809 | 0.804 | 0.796 | 0.810 |
Niger | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.629 | 0.635 |
Nigeria | Africa | 0.6104 | 0.6122 | 0.6339 | 0.6280 | 0.6055 | 0.6011 | 0.6315 | 0.6469 | 0.6391 | 0.638 | 0.643 | 0.641 | 0.621 | 0.635 | 0.627 | 0.639 |
Norway | Europe | 0.7994 | 0.8059 | 0.8239 | 0.8227 | 0.8404 | 0.8404 | 0.8403 | 0.8417 | 0.8374 | 0.850 | 0.842 | 0.830 | 0.835 | 0.842 | 0.849 | 0.845 |
Oman | West Asia | N/A | 0.5903 | 0.5960 | 0.5938 | 0.5950 | 0.5873 | 0.5986 | 0.6053 | 0.6091 | 0.604 | 0.612 | N/A | 0.605 | 0.602 | 0.608 | 0.609 |
Pakistan | South Asia | 0.5434 | 0.5509 | 0.5549 | 0.5458 | 0.5465 | 0.5583 | 0.5478 | 0.5459 | 0.5522 | 0.559 | 0.556 | 0.546 | 0.550 | 0.564 | 0.556 | 0.564 |
Panama | Central America | 0.6935 | 0.6954 | 0.7095 | 0.7024 | 0.7072 | 0.7042 | 0.7122 | 0.7164 | 0.7195 | 0.772 | 0.721 | 0.722 | 0.722 | 0.730 | 0.737 | 0.743 |
Papua New Guinea | Oceania | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.635 | N/A |
Paraguay | South America | 0.6556 | 0.6659 | 0.6379 | 0.6868 | 0.6804 | 0.6818 | 0.6714 | 0.6724 | 0.6890 | 0.666 | 0.676 | 0.678 | 0.672 | 0.683 | 0.702 | 0.707 |
Peru | South America | 0.6619 | 0.6624 | 0.6959 | 0.7024 | 0.6895 | 0.6796 | 0.6742 | 0.6787 | 0.7198 | 0.683 | 0.687 | 0.719 | 0.720 | 0.714 | 0.721 | 0.749 |
Philippines | Southeast Asia | 0.7516 | 0.7629 | 0.7568 | 0.7579 | 0.7654 | 0.7685 | 0.7757 | 0.7832 | 0.7814 | 0.790 | 0.786 | 0.790 | 0.799 | 0.781 | 0.784 | 0.783 |
Poland | Europe | 0.6802 | 0.6756 | 0.6951 | 0.6998 | 0.7037 | 0.7038 | 0.7015 | 0.7031 | 0.7051 | 0.715 | 0.727 | 0.728 | 0.728 | 0.736 | 0.713 | 0.709 |
Portugal | Europe | 0.6922 | 0.6959 | 0.7051 | 0.7013 | 0.7171 | 0.7144 | 0.7071 | 0.7056 | 0.7243 | 0.731 | 0.737 | 0.734 | 0.732 | 0.744 | 0.775 | 0.766 |
Qatar | West Asia | N/A | 0.6041 | 0.5948 | 0.5907 | 0.6059 | 0.6230 | 0.6264 | 0.6299 | 0.6403 | 0.645 | 0.643 | 0.626 | 0.629 | 0.629 | 0.624 | 0.617 |
Romania | Europe | 0.6797 | 0.6859 | 0.6763 | 0.6805 | 0.6826 | 0.6812 | 0.6859 | 0.6908 | 0.6936 | 0.693 | 0.69 | 0.708 | 0.711 | 0.724 | 0.700 | 0.698 |
Russia | Europe | 0.6770 | 0.6866 | 0.6994 | 0.6987 | 0.7036 | 0.7037 | 0.6980 | 0.6983 | 0.6927 | 0.694 | 0.691 | 0.696 | 0.701 | 0.706 | 0.708 | N/A |
Rwanda | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.794 | 0.8 | 0.822 | 0.804 | 0.791 | 0.805 | 0.811 |
Saudi Arabia | West Asia | 0.5242 | 0.5647 | 0.5537 | 0.5651 | 0.5713 | 0.5753 | 0.5731 | 0.5879 | 0.6059 | 0.605 | 0.583 | 0.584 | 0.590 | 0.599 | 0.603 | 0.636 |
Senegal | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.6427 | 0.6414 | 0.6573 | 0.6657 | 0.6923 | 0.6912 | 0.698 | 0.685 | 0.684 | 0.682 | 0.684 | 0.684 | 0.668 |
Serbia | Europe | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.7037 | 0.7116 | 0.7086 | 0.720 | 0.72 | 0.727 | 0.730 | 0.736 | 0.780 | 0.779 |
Sierra Leone | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.655 | 0.672 |
Singapore | Southeast Asia | 0.6550 | 0.6609 | 0.6625 | 0.6664 | 0.6914 | 0.6914 | 0.6989 | 0.7000 | 0.7046 | 0.711 | 0.712 | 0.702 | 0.707 | 0.724 | 0.727 | 0.734 |
Slovakia | Europe | 0.6757 | 0.6797 | 0.6824 | 0.6845 | 0.6778 | 0.6797 | 0.6824 | 0.6857 | 0.6806 | 0.675 | 0.679 | 0.694 | 0.693 | 0.718 | 0.712 | 0.717 |
Slovenia | Europe | 0.6745 | 0.6842 | 0.6937 | 0.6982 | 0.7047 | 0.7041 | 0.7132 | 0.7155 | 0.7443 | 0.784 | 0.786 | 0.805 | 0.784 | 0.743 | 0.741 | 0.744 |
South Africa | Africa | 0.7125 | 0.7194 | 0.7232 | 0.7709 | 0.7535 | 0.7478 | 0.7496 | 0.7510 | 0.7527 | 0.759 | 0.764 | 0.756 | 0.755 | 0.780 | 0.781 | 0.782 |
Spain | Europe | 0.7319 | 0.7444 | 0.7281 | 0.7345 | 0.7554 | 0.7580 | 0.7266 | 0.7266 | 0.7325 | 0.742 | 0.738 | 0.746 | 0.746 | 0.795 | 0.788 | 0.788 |
Sri Lanka | South Asia | 0.7199 | 0.7230 | 0.7371 | 0.7402 | 0.7458 | 0.7212 | 0.7122 | 0.7019 | 0.6903 | 0.686 | 0.673 | 0.669 | 0.676 | 0.680 | 0.670 | 0.670 |
Suriname | South America | N/A | 0.6794 | 0.6674 | 0.6726 | 0.6407 | 0.6395 | 0.6409 | 0.6369 | 0.6504 | 0.670 | 0.679 | 0.689 | 0.695 | 0.707 | 0.729 | 0.737 |
Sweden | Europe | 0.8133 | 0.8146 | 0.8139 | 0.8139 | 0.8024 | 0.8044 | 0.8159 | 0.8129 | 0.8165 | 0.823 | 0.815 | 0.816 | 0.822 | 0.820 | 0.823 | 0.822 |
Switzerland | Europe | 0.6997 | 0.6924 | 0.7360 | 0.7426 | 0.7562 | 0.7627 | 0.7672 | 0.7736 | 0.7798 | 0.785 | 0.776 | 0.755 | 0.755 | 0.779 | 0.798 | 0.795 |
Syria | West Asia | N/A | 0.6216 | 0.6181 | 0.6072 | 0.5926 | 0.5896 | 0.5626 | 0.5661 | 0.5775 | 0.568 | 0.567 | 0.568 | 0.568 | 0.567 | 0.568 | N/A |
Tajikistan | Central Asia | N/A | 0.6578 | 0.6541 | 0.6661 | 0.6598 | 0.6526 | 0.6608 | 0.6682 | 0.6654 | 0.675 | 0.679 | 0.678 | 0.638 | 0.626 | 0.650 | 0.663 |
Tanzania | Africa | 0.7038 | 0.6969 | 0.7068 | 0.6797 | 0.6829 | 0.6904 | 0.7091 | 0.6928 | 0.7182 | 0.718 | 0.716 | 0.700 | 0.704 | 0.713 | 0.707 | 0.719 |
Thailand | Southeast Asia | 0.6831 | 0.6815 | 0.6917 | 0.6907 | 0.6910 | 0.6892 | 0.6893 | 0.6928 | 0.7027 | 0.706 | 0.699 | 0.694 | 0.702 | 0.708 | 0.710 | 0.709 |
Timor-Leste | Southeast Asia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.6855 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.637 | 0.628 | 0.638 | 0.662 | 0.720 | 0.730 |
Togo | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.683 | 0.697 |
Trinidad and Tobago | Central America | 0.6797 | 0.6859 | 0.7245 | 0.7298 | 0.7353 | 0.7372 | 0.7116 | 0.7166 | 0.7154 | 0.720 | 0.723 | N/A | N/A | 0.756 | 0.749 | N/A |
Tunisia | Africa | 0.6288 | 0.6283 | 0.6295 | 0.6233 | 0.6266 | 0.6255 | N/A | N/A | 0.6272 | 0.634 | 0.636 | 0.651 | 0.648 | 0.644 | 0.649 | 0.643 |
Turkey | West Asia | 0.5850 | 0.5768 | 0.5853 | 0.5828 | 0.5876 | 0.5954 | 0.6015 | 0.6081 | 0.6183 | 0.624 | 0.623 | 0.625 | 0.628 | 0.635 | 0.638 | 0.639 |
Uganda | Africa | 0.6797 | 0.6833 | 0.6981 | 0.7067 | 0.7169 | 0.7220 | 0.7228 | 0.7086 | 0.6821 | 0.708 | 0.704 | 0.721 | 0.724 | 0.717 | 0.717 | 0.724 |
Ukraine | Europe | 0.6797 | 0.6790 | 0.6856 | 0.6896 | 0.6869 | 0.6861 | 0.6894 | 0.6935 | 0.7056 | 0.702 | 0.7 | 0.705 | 0.708 | 0.721 | 0.714 | 0.707 |
United Arab Emirates | West Asia | 0.5919 | 0.6184 | 0.6220 | 0.6198 | 0.6397 | 0.6454 | 0.6392 | 0.6372 | 0.6436 | 0.646 | 0.639 | 0.649 | 0.642 | 0.655 | 0.716 | 0.716 |
United Kingdom | Europe | 0.7365 | 0.7441 | 0.7366 | 0.7402 | 0.7460 | 0.7462 | 0.7433 | 0.7440 | 0.7383 | 0.758 | 0.752 | 0.770 | 0.744 | 0.767 | 0.775 | 0.780 |
United States | North America | 0.7042 | 0.7002 | 0.7179 | 0.7173 | 0.7411 | 0.7412 | 0.7373 | 0.7392 | 0.7463 | 0.740 | 0.722 | 0.718 | 0.720 | 0.724 | 0.763 | 0.769 |
Uruguay | South America | 0.6549 | 0.6608 | 0.6907 | 0.6936 | 0.6897 | 0.6907 | 0.6745 | 0.6803 | 0.6871 | 0.679 | 0.681 | 0.710 | 0.715 | 0.737 | 0.702 | 0.711 |
Vanuatu | Oceania | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.625 | 0.670 |
Venezuela | South America | 0.6664 | 0.6797 | 0.6875 | 0.6839 | 0.6863 | 0.6861 | 0.7060 | 0.7060 | 0.6851 | 0.691 | 0.694 | 0.706 | 0.709 | 0.713 | 0.699 | N/A |
Vietnam | Southeast Asia | N/A | 0.6889 | 0.6778 | 0.6802 | 0.6776 | 0.6732 | 0.6867 | 0.6863 | 0.6915 | 0.687 | 0.7 | 0.698 | 0.698 | 0.700 | 0.701 | 0.705 |
Yemen | West Asia | 0.4595 | 0.4510 | 0.4664 | 0.4609 | 0.4603 | 0.4873 | 0.5054 | 0.5128 | 0.5145 | 0.484 | 0.516 | 0.516 | 0.499 | 0.494 | 0.492 | N/A |
Zambia | Africa | 0.6360 | 0.6288 | 0.6205 | 0.6310 | 0.6293 | 0.6300 | 0.6279 | 0.6312 | 0.6364 | 0.650 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.731 | 0.726 | 0.723 |
Zimbabwe | Africa | 0.6461 | 0.6464 | 0.6485 | 0.6518 | 0.6574 | 0.6607 | N/A | N/A | 0.7013 | 0.709 | 0.71 | 0.717 | 0.721 | 0.730 | 0.732 | 0.734 |
There are criticisms that the report overly focuses on women's disadvantages compared to men and does not measure equality in the gender gap. Gender imbalances to the advantage of women do not affect the score. [19] So, for example, the indicator "number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value" would score 1 if the number of years was 25, but would still score 1 if the number of years was 50. Due to this methodology, gender gaps that favor women over men are reported as equality and would not cause deficits of equality in other areas to become less visible in the score, excepted for life expectancy. To put it more simply: women could be better off in all areas and still the index would deem that country perfectly equal.
The index is designed to "measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual level of the available resources and opportunities in those countries." [16]
In an academic publication from 2010, Beneria and Permanyer criticized the Global Gender Gap Index for only capturing inequality in certain aspects of women's lives therefore making it an incomplete measure of gender inequality. [20]
In an academic publication from 2019, Stoet and Geary argued that the Global Gender Gap Index has limitations as a measure of gender equality, because of the way it caps scores and because it ignores specific issues on which men are known to fall behind (e.g., risks of working in hazardous jobs). [21] According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, the index do not penalize a country where women outperform men in certain aspect and consider that parity is achieved in life expectancy only if women live five years longer than men. [18]
The Gender Development Index (GDI) is an index designed to measure gender equality.
The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is an index designed to measure gender equality. GEM is the United Nations Development Programme's attempt to measure the extent of gender inequality across the globe's countries, based on estimates of women's relative economic income, participation in high-paying positions with economic power, and access to professional and parliamentary positions. It was introduced at the same time as the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) but measures topics like empowerment that are not covered by that index. Since it was first adopted, the GEM has been employed in several academic studies related to empowerment as a reliable metric for comparing gender empowerment across different countries. It has also faced some harsh criticisms, and many alterations and alternatives have been proposed.
Gender inequality is the social phenomenon in which people are not treated equally on the basis of gender. This inequality can be caused by gender discrimination or sexism. The treatment may arise from distinctions regarding biology, psychology, or cultural norms prevalent in the society. Some of these distinctions are empirically grounded, while others appear to be social constructs. While current policies around the world cause inequality among individuals, it is women who are most affected. Gender inequality weakens women in many areas such as health, education, and business life. Studies show the different experiences of genders across many domains including education, life expectancy, personality, interests, family life, careers, and political affiliation. Gender inequality is experienced differently across different cultures.
UNESCO defined the Gender Parity Index (GPI) as a socioeconomic index usually designed to measure the relative access to education of males and females. It is used by international organizations particularly in measuring the progress of developing countries. For example, some UNESCO documents consider gender parity in literacy.
The following are some international rankings for Singapore.
Canada ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, education levels, gender equality, public services, public security and environmental sustainability. It ranks among the lowest of the most developed countries for housing affordability, healthcare services and foreign direct investment.
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is an index for the measurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report 20th anniversary edition by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to the UNDP, this index is a composite measure to quantify the loss of achievement within a country due to gender inequality. It uses three dimensions to measure opportunity cost: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. The new index was introduced as an experimental measure to remedy the shortcomings of the previous indicators, the Gender Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), both of which were introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report.
The Gender Equality Bureau was established in 2001 as a division of the Japanese Cabinet Office tasked with planning and coordinating the policies of the Japanese Government pertaining to gender equality. The Gender Equality Bureau conducts research on topics concerning issues of gender—compiling findings into an annual report called the "White Paper".
Female participation and advancement in majority Muslim countries, or nations in which more than 50% of the population identifies as an adherent of the Islamic faith, have traditionally been areas of controversy. Several Western nations, such as the United States and Western Europe, have criticised majority Muslim nations for the lack of involvement and opportunity for women in the private sector.
In South Korea, gender inequality is derived from deeply rooted patriarchal ideologies with specifically defined gender-roles. While it remains especially prevalent in South Korea's economy and politics, gender inequality has decreased in healthcare and education.
The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. Women are generally found to be paid less than men. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. The latter typically takes into account differences in hours worked, occupations chosen, education and job experience. In other words, the adjusted values represent how much women and men make for the same work, while the non-adjusted values represent how much the average man and woman make in total. In the United States, for example, the non-adjusted average woman's annual salary is 79–83% of the average man's salary, compared to 95–99% for the adjusted average salary.
Crime is present in various forms in Yemen.
Gender inequality in Mexico refers to disparate freedoms in health, education, and economic and political abilities between men and women in Mexico. It has been diminishing throughout history, but continues to persist in many forms including the disparity in women's political representation and participation, the gender pay gap, and high rates of domestic violence and femicide. As of 2022, the World Economic Forum ranks Mexico 31st in terms of gender equality out of 146 countries. Structural gender inequality is relatively homogeneous between the Mexican states as there are very few regional differences in the inequalities present.
Measures of gender equality or inequality are statistical tools employed to quantify the concept of gender equality.
HeForShe, often referred to as He for She, is a solidarity movement for the advancement of gender equality initiated by the United Nations. Grounded in the idea that gender inequality is an issue that affects all people, socially, economically and politically, HeForShe is a global effort that seeks to involve men and boys in achieving equality by taking action against negative gender stereotypes and behaviors. Its logo represents the union of women and men working together to achieve gender equality, by joining together aspects of both the female and male symbols.
Saadia Zahidi is a managing director at the World Economic Forum.
Foreign aid for gender equality in Jordan includes programs funded by governments or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that aim to empower women, close gender based gaps in opportunity and experience, and promote equal access to education, economic empowerment, and political representation in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
The colonial roots of gender inequality refers to the political, educational, and economic inequalities between men and women in Africa. According to a Global Gender Gap Index report published in 2018, it would take 135 years to close the gender gap in Sub-Saharan Africa and nearly 153 years in North Africa. While much more is known about the effects of colonialism on all African people, less is known about the impacts of colonialism on specifically women. There are competing theories about the cause of gender inequality in Africa, but scholars suggest its genesis is in slavery and colonialism. For most women, colonialism resulted in an erosion of traditions and rights that formerly granted women equality and esteem. Women in pre-colonial Africa held positions of power and were influential in many aspects of their societies. This changed during the post-colonial period. With new forms of gender inequality introduced, many of the cultural underpinnings of African societies were eroded, and this harm has been challenging to mend. Theoretical frameworks that help to explain the colonial roots of gender inequality include coloniality of power and coloniality of gender. These decolonial concepts provide an account of how gender inequality became situated within the African context and help to explain why present-day inequalities, including women's political underrepresentation, remain significant challenges for Africa.
Gender parity is a statistical measure used to describe ratios between men and women, or boys and girls, in a given population. Gender parity may refer to the proportionate representation of men and women in a given group, also referred to as sex ratio, or it may mean the ratio between any quantifiable indicator among men against the same indicator among women.
The Reykjavík Indexfor Leadership is a measure of how society perceives women and men in terms of their suitability for leadership, exploring how comfortable society is overall with female leadership. It was launched in 2018 as a partnership between Women Political Leaders and Kantar, with the Index being presented for the first time by Michelle Harrison at the 2018 Global Women Leaders Forum in Reykjavík.
(...) the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular variables