This is a list of the beys of Tunis who ruled Tunisia from 1613, when the Corsican-origin Muradid dynasty came to power, [1] until 1957, when the Cretan-origin Husainid monarchy was abolished. [2]
This is a list of the beys of Tunis who ruled Tunisia from 1613, when the Corsican-origin Muradid dynasty came to power, [1] until 1957, when the Cretan-origin Husainid monarchy was abolished. [2]
 |
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murad I Bey
| ? – 1631 | 1613 | 1631 | Muradid |  | |
Hammuda Pasha Bey
| ? – 13 April 1666 | 1631 | 1666 | Son of Murad I Bey | Muradid | |
Murad II Bey
| ? – 1675 | 1666 | 1675 (murdered) | Son of Hammuda Pasha Bey | Muradid | |
Mohamed Bey El Mouradi [3]
| ? – 14 October 1698 | 1675 | 14 October 1696 | Son of Murad II Bey | Muradid | |
Ramadan Bey [4]
| ? – 16 March 1699 | 14 October 1696 | 16 March 1699 | Son of Murad II Bey | Muradid | |
Murad III Bey [4]
| 1680 – 9 June 1702 | 16 March 1699 | 9 June 1702 | Grandson of Murad II Bey | Muradid | |
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ibrahim Sharif of Tunis [5]
| ? – 1705 | July 1702 | July 1705 | |
| |
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Husayn I ibn Ali
| 1669 – 13 March 1740 (aged 71) | 15 July 1705 | 7 September 1735 (deposed) | Husainid | | |
Abu l-Hasan Ali I
| 30 June 1688 – 22 September 1756 (aged 68) | 7 September 1735 | 22 September 1756 | Nephew of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki | Husainid | |
Muhammad I ar-Rashid
| 1710 – 12 February 1759 (aged 49) | 22 September 1756 | 12 February 1759 | Son of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki | Husainid | |
Ali II ibn Hussein
| 24 November 1712 – 26 May 1782 (aged 69) | 12 February 1759 | 26 May 1782 | Son of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki | Husainid | |
Hammuda ibn Ali
| 9 December 1759 – 15 September 1814 (aged 54) | 26 May 1782 | 15 September 1814 | Son of Ali II ibn Hussein | Husainid |  |
Uthman ibn Ali
| 27 May 1763 – 20 December 1814 (aged 51) | 15 September 1814 | 20 December 1814 (murdered) | Son of Ali II ibn Hussein | Husainid | |
Mahmud ibn Muhammad
| 10 July 1757 – 28 March 1824 (aged 66) | 20 December 1814 | 28 March 1824 | Son of Muhammad I ar-Rashid | Husainid | |
Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud
| 5 March 1784 – 20 May 1835 (aged 51) | 28 March 1824 | 20 May 1835 | Son of Mahmud ibn Muhammad | Husainid | |
Mustafa ibn Mahmud
| 1786 – 10 October 1837 (aged 51) | 20 May 1835 | 10 October 1837 | Son of Mahmud ibn Muhammad | Husainid | |
Ahmad I ibn Mustafa
| 2 December 1806 – 30 May 1855 (aged 48) | 10 October 1837 | 30 May 1855 | Son of Mustafa ibn Mahmud | Husainid |  |
Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn
| 18 September 1811 – 22 September 1859 (aged 48) | 30 May 1855 | 22 September 1859 | Son of Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud | Husainid |  |
Muhammad III as-Sadiq
| 7 February 1813 – 27 October 1882 (aged 69) | 22 September 1859 | 27 October 1882 | Son of Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud | Husainid |  |
Ali III ibn al-Husayn
| 14 August 1817 – 11 June 1902 (aged 84) | 28 October 1882 | 11 June 1902 | Son of Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud | Husainid |  |
Muhammad IV al-Hadi
| 24 June 1855 – 11 May 1906 (aged 50) | 11 June 1902 | 11 May 1906 | Son of Ali III ibn al-Husayn | Husainid |  |
Muhammad V an-Nasir
| 14 July 1855 – 10 July 1922 (aged 66) | 11 May 1906 | 10 July 1922 | Son of Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn | Husainid |  |
Muhammad VI al-Habib
| 13 August 1858 – 11 February 1929 (aged 70) | 10 July 1922 | 11 February 1929 | Cousin of Muhammad V an-Nasir | Husainid |  |
Ahmad II ibn Ali
| 13 April 1862 – 19 June 1942 (aged 80) | 11 February 1929 | 19 June 1942 | Son of Ali III ibn al-Husayn | Husainid |  |
Muhammad VII al-Munsif
| 4 March 1881 – 1 September 1948 (aged 67) | 19 June 1942 | 15 May 1943 (deposed) | Son of Muhammad V an-Nasir | Husainid |  |
Muhammad VIII al-Amin
| 4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962 (aged 81) | 15 May 1943 | 20 March 1956 (proclaimed King of Tunisia) | Son of Muhammad VI al-Habib | Husainid |  |
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muhammad VIII al-Amin
| 4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962 (aged 81) | 20 March 1956 | 25 July 1957 (deposed) | Son of Muhammad VI al-Habib | Husainid | |
Simplified genealogical tree of the Beys of Tunis. Only the Beys and their direct ancestors are shown.
| Ali at-Turki | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad | Husayn I r. 1705–1735 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ali I r. 1735–1756 | Muhammad I ar-Rashid r. 1756–1759 | Ali II r. 1759–1782 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hammuda r. 1782–1814 | Uthman r. 1814 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mahmud r. 1814–1824 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Husayn II r. 1824–1835 | Mustafa r. 1835–1837 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ahmad I r. 1837–1855 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad II r. 1855–1859 | Muhammad III as-Sadiq r. 1859–1882 | Ali III r. 1882–1902 | Muhammad al-Ma'mun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad IV al-Hadi r. 1902–1906 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad V an-Nasir r. 1906–1922 | Muhammad VI al-Habib r. 1922–1929 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ahmad II r. 1929–1942 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad VII al-Munsif r. 1942–1943 | Muhammad VIII al-Amin r. 1943–1957 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The dynasty of the Husaynids, founded by Husayn Ibn 'All, an Ottoman agha of Greek origin, ruled Tunisia until 1957 when, after independence, it was abolished and a republic was announced.
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a part of the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of Carthage dating back to the 9th century BC, as well as the Great Mosque of Kairouan. Known for its ancient architecture, souks, and blue coasts, it covers 163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi), and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert; much of its remaining territory is arable land. Its 1,300 km (810 mi) of coastline includes the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, Cape Angela. Located on the northeastern coast, Tunis is the capital and largest city in the country. Tunisia is named after Tunis.
The prime minister of Tunisia is the head of the executive branch of the government of Tunisia. The prime minister directs the executive branch along with the president and, together with the prime minister's cabinet, is accountable to the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, to the prime minister's political party and, ultimately, to the electorate for the policies and actions of the executive and the legislature.
The Beylik of Tunis was a largely autonomous beylik of the Ottoman Empire located in present-day Tunisia. It was ruled by the Husainid dynasty from 1705 until the establishment of the French protectorate of Tunisia in 1881. The term beylik refers to the monarch, who was called the Bey of Tunis. Under the protectorate, the institution of the Beylik was retained nominally, with the Husainids remaining as largely symbolic sovereigns.
The Husainid dynasty or Husaynid dynasty was a ruling Turkish dynasty of the Beylik of Tunis. The dynasty was of Greek origin from the island of Crete. It came to power under al-Husayn I ibn Ali in 1705, succeeding the Muradid dynasty. After taking power, the Husainids ruled as Beys and ruled Tunisia until 1957.
Al-Husayn I ibn Ali, also known as Hussein I was the founder of the Husainid Dynasty, which ruled Tunisia until the abolition of the monarchy in 1957.
The New Constitutional Liberal Party, most commonly known as Neo Destour, was a Tunisian political party founded in 1934 in Dar Ayed, the house of independence activist Ahmed Ayed, by a group of Tunisian nationalist politicians during the French protectorate. It originated from a split with the Destour party.
The Constitution of Tunisia is the supreme law of the Tunisian Republic. The constitution is the framework for the organization of the Tunisian government and for the relationship of the federal government with the governorates, citizens, and all people within Tunisia. Tunisia's first modern constitution was the Fundamental Pact of 1857. This was followed by the Constitution of 1861, which was not replaced until after the departure of French administrators in 1956, by the constitution of 1959. It was adopted on 1 June 1959 and amended in 1999 and 2002, after the Tunisian constitutional referendum of 2002.
The history of Tunisia under French rule started in 1881 with the establishment of the French protectorate and ended in 1956 with Tunisian independence. The French presence in Tunisia came five decades after their occupation of neighboring Algeria. Both of these lands had been associated with the Ottoman Empire for three centuries, yet each had long since attained political autonomy. Before the French arrived, the Bey of Tunisia had begun a process of modern reforms, but financial difficulties mounted, resulting in debt. A commission of European creditors then took over the finances. After the French conquest of Tunisia the French government assumed Tunisia's international obligations. Major developments and improvements were undertaken by the French in several areas, including transport and infrastructure, industry, the financial system, public health, administration, and education. Although these developments were welcome, nonetheless French businesses and citizens were clearly being favored over Tunisians. Their ancient national sense was early expressed in speech and in print; political organization followed. The independence movement was already active before World War I, and continued to gain strength against mixed French opposition. Its ultimate aim was achieved in 1956.
Mustapha Khaznadar, born as Georgios Halkias Stravelakis was a Tunisian politician who served as Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1855 to 1873. He was one of the most influential people in modern Tunisian history.
The Muradid dynasty was a dynasty of beys that ruled Tunisia from 1613 to 1702. They were succeeded in 1705 by the Husainid dynasty.
Mohamed Bey El Mouradi was a Muradid leader and Bey of Tunis from 1675 until his death in 1696. He was the eldest son of Murad II Bey.
The French Protectorate of Tunisia, commonly referred to as simply French Tunisia, was established in 1881, during the French colonial Empire era, and lasted until Tunisian independence in 1956.
Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf, known colloquially as Bin Diyaf, was the author of a chronicle of Tunisian history. He was also a long-time and trusted official in the Beylical government of Tunisia. His multi-volume history, while it begins with the 7th-century arrival of the Arabs, devotes the most attention to details of the Husainid dynasty (1705–1957), during the 18th and 19th centuries. His writing is informed by his experience as chancellery secretary during the reigns of five Beys in succession. Bin Diyaf himself eventually favored the reform view, which was current then in Tunisian politics. His letter in reply to questions about Tunisian women has also attracted the interest of scholars of history.
The Kingdom of Tunisia was a short-lived country established as a monarchy on 20 March 1956 after Tunisian independence and the end of the French protectorate period. It lasted for a period of one year and five months between 20 March 1956, the day of the independence, until 25 July 1957, the day of the declaration of the republic. Bey of Tunis, Muhammad VIII al-Amin with his Prime Minister, Habib Bourguiba.
Ibrahim Sharif was Bey of Tunis from 1702 to 1705, during the revolutions of Tunis, a period of crisis which brought an end to the Muradid dynasty and preceded the rise to power of Husayn I Bey.
The Conventions of La Marsa supplementing the Treaty of Bardo were signed by the Bey of Tunis Ali III ibn al-Husayn and the French Resident General Paul Cambon on 8 June 1883. They provided for France to repay Tunisia's international debt so it could abolish the International Debt Commission and thereby remove any obstacles to a French protectorate in Tunisia. It was in the Conventions of La Marsa that the term 'protectorate' was first employed to describe the relationship between France and the Regency of Tunis. As the first protectorate to be established, Tunisia provided a working model for later French interventions in Morocco and Syria.
Tunisian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Tunisia, as amended; the Tunisian Nationality Code, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Tunisia. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Tunisian nationality is typically obtained under the principal of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth in Tunisia or abroad to parents with Tunisian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.
In Tunisia, makhzen was the term used to designate the political and administrative establishment of the Beylik of Tunis before the proclamation of the republic in 1957. The makhzen consisted of families of Turkish origin, or Turkish-speaking mamluks of European origin, intermarried with indigenous Tunisian families who were great merchants or landowners. This network of families dominated the high offices of state, the leadership of the army and the positions of rank and power in the regions outside the capital. They were also closely connected with the senior ulema. These were known as “makhzen families”. Outside of the capital and the major towns, the term 'makhzen' designated not the leading families close to the regime, but those of the interior tribes which had a trusted relationship with the ruling family. Together the great families and the loyal tribes made up the country's 'establishment'.
Murad III Bey was the last bey of Ottoman Tunisia to rule from the Muradid dynasty from 1699 until his assassination in 1702, during the Revolutions of Tunis, a period of crisis that preceded the rise to power of Husayn I Bey.
Ramadan Bey was a Muradid leader and Bey of Tunis from 1696 until his assassination in 1699. He was the youngest son of Murad II Bey.
