Demographics of Tunisia

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Demographics of Tunisia
Tunisia single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population pyramid of Tunisia in 2020
Population11,896,972 (2022 est.) [1]
Growth rate0.69% (2022 est.)
Birth rate14.62 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate6.36 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy76.82 years
 • male75.14 years
 • female78.6 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate2.11 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate11.87 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years25.28%
65 and over8.86%
Sex ratio
Total0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.07 male(s)/female
65 and over0.78 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality Tunisian
Major ethnic Arabs (98%) [2]
Minor ethnic Berbers (1%), [3] [4] Others (1%)
Language
Official Arabic
Tunisia's population (0 to 2021). Historical Population of Tunisia.svg
Tunisia's population (0 to 2021).

All figures are from Statistique Tunesie [5] and the United Nations Demographic Yearbooks [6] , unless otherwise indicated.

Contents

Tunisia's population was estimated to be around 12.04 million in 2022. [7] In the generally youthful African continent, Tunisia's population is among the most mature. This is because the government has supported a successful family planning program that has reduced the population growth rate to just over 1% per annum, contributing to Tunisia's economic and social stability. [8]

The population of Tunisia is made up of Arabs (98%), [2] Berbers (1%), [3] [4] and others (1%). Around 98 percent of the population are Muslim. [9] There is a Jewish population on the southern island of Djerba and in Tunis. There also exists a small autochthonous group of Christian adherents. [10]

Population History

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
0 800,000—    
500 850,000+0.01%
1000 1,000,000+0.03%
1500 800,000−0.04%
1700 800,000+0.00%
1900 1,880,000+0.43%
1960 4,220,701+1.36%
1970 5,127,000+1.96%
1980 6,384,000+2.22%
1990 8,154,400+2.48%
2000 9,563,500+1.61%
2010 10,547,000+0.98%
2020 11,818,619+1.14%

Source: National Institute of Statistics [11] and United Nations Statistics Division [12]

Regional data

Demographic of different governorates
RanggovernoratePopulation (2023)Density (2014)
(hab./km)
1 Tunis 1,078,4123,053
2 Sfax 1,028,364127
3 Nabeul 873,824283
4 Sousse 753,670253
5 Ben Arous 721,956830
6 Ariana 674,0251,195
7 Monastir 611,118539
8 Kairouan 601,91585
9 Bizerte 600,012154
10 Médenine 522,29456
11 Kasserine 465,83254
12 Sidi Bouzid 459,89161
13 Mahdia 448,273139
14 Manouba 426,525334
15 Gabès 407,07852
16 Jendouba 405,167129
17 Gafsa 355,34138
18 Béja 308,71085
19 Kef 247,74149
20 Siliana 229,15348
21 Zaghouan 191,06664
22 Kébili 171,4787
23 Tataouine 152,0694
24 Tozeur 116,31623
Source : Institut national de la statistique [13]

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (Census 23.IV.2014): [14]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total5 472 3335 510 42010 982 753100
0–4505 509466 662972 1718.85
5–9440 644408 362849 0067.73
10–14407 938381 684789 6227.19
15–19421 716405 792827 5087.53
20–24459 814465 595925 4098.43
25–29449 932484 685934 6178.51
30–34477 322506 459983 7818.96
35–39397 594419 392816 9867.44
40–44357 353370 495727 8486.63
45–49331 283351 673682 9566.22
50–54324 423326 185650 6085.92
55–59268 380266 788535 1684.87
60–64212 900212 524425 4243.87
65–69127 168135 135262 3032.39
70–74107 097113 584220 6812.01
75–7981 73285 164166 8961.52
80+101 528110 241211 7691.93
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–141 354 0911 256 7082 610 79923.77
15–643 700 7173 809 5887 510 30568.38
65+417 525444 124861 6497.85
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021): [15]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total5 845 7715 937 95111 783 722100
0–4926 0697.86
5–91 070 2399.08
10–14944 5338.02
15–19805 9736.84
20–24769 3076.53
25–29845 8677.18
30–34862 8477.32
35–39900 5847.64
40–44858 4617.29
45–49780 9616.63
50–54680 1585.77
55–59665 3925.65
60–64544 4714.62
65-69461 7083.92
70-74286 3172.43
75-79181 6751.54
80+199 1611.69
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–142 940 84124.96
15–647 714 02065.46
65+1 128 8619.58

Vital statistics

Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1,000)Crude death rate (per 1,000)Natural change (per 1,000)Crude migration rate (per 1,000)Population growth (annual %)Fertility rates
19483,425,100111,08449,91761,16732.414.617.8
19493,489,400 92,439 35,40957,03026.510.116.42.01.877
19503,530,000106,23533,64872,58730.19.520.6-9.11.164
19513,596,000119,98133,93586,04633.49.424.0-5.61.870
19523,662,000105,46930,67674,79328.88.420.4-2.41.835
19533,727,000116,63831,11685,52231.38.323.0-5.61.7756.90
19543,793,000119,77431,24988,52531.68.223.4-6.01.771
19553,860,000134,48928,942105,54734.87.527.3-9.91.766
19563,929,000140,50533,367107,13835.88.527.3-9.71.788
19573,999,000157,74136,964120,77739.49.230.2-12.71.782
19584,072,000181,14437,018144,12644.59.135.4-17.51.8257.00
19594,145,000184,20941,737142,47244.410.134.3-16.71.793
19604,220,701182,22142,064140,15743.210.033.2-15.31.826
19614,297,000184,39645,437138,95942.910.632.3-14.51.808
19624,376,000181,86149,200132,66141.611.230.4-12.31.838
19634,457,000187,39545,415141,98042.010.231.8-13.61.8517.21
19644,541,000206,04643,656162,39045.49.635.8-17.31.885
19654,630,000193,22051,700141,52041.711.230.2-11.01.960
19664,716,000206,71748,307158,41043.810.233.6-15.41.8577.22
19674,819,000187,32049,387137,93338.910.228.7-7.32.184
19684,920,000188,19046,712141,47838.39.528.8-8.32.0966.86
19695,027,500194,94052,872142,06838.810.528.3-6.92.185
19705,126,500186,36045,560140,80036.48.927.5-8.21.9696.09
19715,228,400183,31148,625134,68635.19.325.8-7.31.9886.00
19725,331,800199,12139,488159,63337.37.429.9-10.51.978
19735,333,400194,81060,800134,01036.511.425.1-24.80.0306.18
19745,463,700194,60054,700139,90035.610.025.6-1.82.443
19755,611,400205,39041,172164,21836.67.329.3-3.02.703
19765,774,900208,04037,028171,01236.06.429.6-1.32.914
19775,928,300220,54636,272184,27437.26.131.1-5.22.656
19786,067,100207,34234,885172,45734.25.728.5-5.62.3415.14
19796,219,800218,16137,201180,96035.16.029.1-4.52.5174.92
19806,392,300225,16536,445188,72035.25.729.5-2.52.7734.51
19816,565,500226,42536,989189,43634.55.628.9-2.52.710
19826,703,600219,39336,069183,32432.75.427.3-6.72.103
19836,839,500216,36535,054181,31131.65.126.52.027-6.64.88
19847,033,900227,05233,740193,31232.34.827.50.12.8424.66
19857,261,100227,18835,963191,22531.35.026.35.03.2304.42
19867,464,900234,73635,467199,26931.44.826.60.72.8074.39
19877,639,000224,16935,632188,53729.34.724.6-1.82.3324.07
19887,769,900215,06934,984180,08527.74.523.2-6.41.7143.78
19897,909,600199,45934,921164,53825.24.420.8-3.11.7983.36
19908,154,400205,31545,700159,61525.25.619.6-10.43.0953.35
19918,318,200207,45546,500160,95524.95.619.30.42.0093.28
19928,489,900211,64946,300165,34924.95.519.50.72.0643.25
19938,657,400207,78649,400158,38624.05.718.31.01.9733.12
19948,815,300200,22350,300149,92322.75.717.00.91.8242.90
19958,957,500186,41652,000134,41620.85.815.00.91.6132.67
19969,089,300178,80149,800129,00119.75.514.20.31.4712.51
19979,214,900173,75751,700122,05718.95.613.20.41.3822.38
19989,333,300166,71852,300114,41817.95.612.30.41.2852.23
19999,455,900160,16954,400105,76916.95.811.21.81.3142.09
20009,552,500163,08953,700109,38917.15.611.5-1.31.0222.08
20019,650,600163,91953,210110,70917.05.511.5-1.21.0272.05
20029,748,900163,01157,048105,96316.75.910.9-0.71.0192.00
20039,839,841168,02259,779108,24317.16.111.0-1.80.9332.06
20049,932,431166,55159,234107,31716.86.010.8-1.50.9412.02
200510,038,508170,99958,673112,32617.05.811.2-1.60.9732.04
200610,141,800173,39056,998116,39217.15.611.5-1.70.9852.03
200710,225,200177,50356,743120,76017.45.511.8-2.30.9612.04
200810,328,700182,99059,975123,01517.75.811.9-1.91.0122.06
200910,458,095198,01059,499138,51118.95.713.2-1.91.2532.05
201010,477,321204,28853,780150,50819.55.114.4-2.71.0292.13
201110,610,629206,40359,930146,47319.55.613.8-2.71.0292.29
201210,748,166217,73863,260154,47820.35.914.4-4.11.0292.39
201310,880,853222,96261,730161,23220.55.714.8-4.61.0292.43
201411,017,049225,88762,790163,09720.55.714.8-4.21.0762.46
201511,158,628222,53469,644152,89019.96.213.7-0.21.3642.42
201611,292,778219,44166,298153,14319.45.913.6-1.01.2702.40
201711,418,218209,47474,002135,47218.36.511.9-0.31.1552.29
201811,532,078202,69372,716129,97717.66.311.3-2.80.8492.23
201911,638,066195,82376,091119,73216.86.510.3-1.20.9192.17
202011,726,178174,11679,89194,22514.86.88.0-0.50.7571.96
202111,783,723160,268107,00653,26213.69.14.50.40.4911.82
202211,826,910147,97881,33466,64412.56.95.6-2.20.3661.70
202311,887,412

Current vital statistics

[16]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January - November 2022136,11370,401+65,712
January - November 2023123,84065,525+58,315
DifferenceDecrease2.svg -12,273 (-9.02%)Decrease Positive.svg -4,876 (-6.93%)Decrease2.svg -7,397


Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Tunisia since 1923 Life expectancy in Tunisia.svg
Life expectancy in Tunisia since 1923
Life expectancy in Tunisia since 1960 by gender Life expectancy by WBG -Tunisia -diff.png
Life expectancy in Tunisia since 1960 by gender
total population: 76.82 years. Country comparison to the world: 99th
male: 75.14 years
female: 78.6 years (2022 est.)
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195538.81985–199067.1
1955–196040.71990–199570.3
1960–196543.71995–200072.4
1965–197048.32000–200573.7
1970–197554.12005–201074.6
1975–198059.42010–201575.0
1980–198564.3

Source: UN World Population Prospects [17]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Tunisia [2] [3]

   Arabs (98%)
   Berbers (1%)
  Others (1%)

The majority of the population of Tunisia is made up of Arabs (98% of the population). [2] The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers, who currently make up 1% of the population, and were ultimately conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century. [3] There was a continuing inflow of nomadic Arab tribes to the Maghreb from the Arabian Peninsula since the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century. [18]

Whilst the Ottoman influence has been particularly significant in forming the Turco-Tunisian community, other peoples have also migrated to Tunisia during different periods of time, including Sub-Saharan Africans, Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians (Punics), Jews, and French settlers. The Tunisian, by 1870 the distinction between the Arabic-speaking mass and the Turkish elite had blurred. [19] There is also a small Berber (1% at most) [4] population located in the Dahar mountains and on the island of Djerba in the south-east and in the Khroumire mountainous region in the north-west.

From the late 19th century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of French and Italians (255,000 Europeans in 1956), [20] although nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became independent. The history of the Jews in Tunisia goes back some 2,000 years. In 1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000, but by 2013 only about 900 remained. [21]

After the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Muslims and Jews also arrived. According to Matthew Carr, "As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia Alley." [22]

Genetics

Geographical frequency distribution of Haplogroup J1. HG J1 (ADN-Y).PNG
Geographical frequency distribution of Haplogroup J1.

Tunisians mainly carry haplogroup J1 (34.2%) and haplogroup E (55%). [24] [25] [26]

"In fact, the Tunisian genetic distances to European samples are smaller than those to North African groups. (...) This could be explained by the history of the Tunisian population, reflecting the influence of the ancient Punic settlers of Carthage followed, among others, by Roman, Byzantine, Arab and French occupations, according to historical records. Notwithstanding, other explanations cannot be discarded, such as the relative heterogeneity within current Tunisian populations, and/or the limited sub-Saharan genetic influence in this region as compared with other North African areas, without excluding the possibility of the genetic drift, whose effect might be particularly amplified on the X chromosome.", [27] [28]

However, later research has suggested instead that Tunisians exhibit a mostly indigenous North African ancestral component similar to other Northwest African populations; characterized by a high amount of native Northwest African genes, but with higher Middle Eastern input than in Algeria or Morocco. [29]

Y-Chromosome

Listed here are the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in Tunisia. [30]

HaplogroupMarkerTunisia
n601
B
0.17%
E1aM33
0.5%
E1b1aM2
0.67%
E1b1b1M35
1.66%
E1b1b1a3V22
3%
E1b1b1a4V65
3.16%
E1b1b1bM81
62.73%
E1b1b1cM34
1.16%
FM89
2.66%
GM201
0.17%
I
0.17%
J1
16.64%
J2
2.83%
K
0.33%
P,R
0.33%
R1a1
0.5%
R1b1aV88
1.83%
R1b1bM269
0.33%
TM70
1.16%

Migration

Emigration

Detailed article : Tunisian diaspora

Main countries of origin of international migrants in Tunisia [31]
Country of origin2020
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 11,060
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 9,688
Flag of France.svg  France 9,151
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 6,146
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 2,345
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 1,537
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 1,382
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 1,206
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 1,058
Total60,415'

Languages

Religion

Muslim (official; Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha'i) <1%

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  17. ↑ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations" . Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  18. ↑ Stearns, Peter N.; Leonard Langer, William (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged (6 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 129–131. ISBN   978-0-395-65237-4.
  19. ↑ Green, Arnold H. (1978), The Tunisian Ulama 1873–1915: Social Structure and Response to Ideological Currents, BRILL, p. 69, ISBN   978-90-04-05687-9
  20. ↑ Angus Maddison (20 September 2007). Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History. OUP Oxford. p. 214. ISBN   978-0-19-922721-1 . Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  21. ↑ "The Jews of Tunisia". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  22. ↑ Carr, Matthew (2009). Blood and faith: the purging of Muslim Spain. The New Press. p. 290. ISBN   978-1-59558-361-1.
  23. ↑ Singh, Sakshi; Singh, Ashish; Rajkumar, Raja; Sampath Kumar, Katakam; Kadarkarai Samy, Subburaj; Nizamuddin, Sheikh; Singh, Amita; Ahmed Sheikh, Shahnawaz; Peddada, Vidya; Khanna, Vinee; Veeraiah, Pandichelvam; Pandit, Aridaman; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (12 January 2016). "Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup". Scientific Reports. 6: 19157. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619157S. doi:10.1038/srep19157. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   4709632 . PMID   26754573.
  24. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ↑ Cruciani, Fulvio; et al. (May 2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC   1181964 . PMID   15042509.
  26. ↑ Tej K. Bhatia; William C. Ritchie (2006). The Handbook of Bilingualism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 860. ISBN   978-0631227359 . Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  27. ↑ The X chromosome Alu insertions as a tool for human population genetics: data from European and African human groups, Athanasiadis et al. 2007
  28. ↑ Tomas C, Sanchez JJ, Barbaro A, et al. (2008). "X-chromosome SNP analyses in 11 human Mediterranean populations show a high overall genetic homogeneity except in North-west Africans (Moroccans)". BMC Evol. Biol. 8 (1): 75. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8...75T. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-75 . PMC   2315647 . PMID   18312628. Tunisians did not show a significant level of differentiation with northern populations as mentioned by others
  29. ↑ Benammar-Elgaaïed, Amel; Larruga, José M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Mahmoudi, Hejer Abdallah El; González, Ana M.; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Fregel, Rosa; Ennafaa, Hajer (2011). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia". Journal of Human Genetics. 56 (10): 734–741. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2011.92 . PMID   21833004.
  30. ↑ Bekada, A; Fregel, R; Cabrera, VM; Larruga, JM; Pestano, J; et al. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 . PMC   3576335 . PMID   23431392.
  31. ↑ "International Migrant Stock | Population Division".
  32. ↑ Arabic, Tunisian Spoken. Ethnologue (19 February 1999). Retrieved on 5 September 2015.
  33. ↑ "What Languages Are Spoken In Tunisia?". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
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