Demographics of Kenya

Last updated
Demographics of Kenya
Kenya single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population pyramid of Kenya in 2020
Population51,044,355 (2022 est.)
Growth rate2.12% (2022 est.)
Birth rate26.39 births/1,000 population
Death rate5.01 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy69.69 years
  male67.98 years
  female71.43 years
Fertility rate3.29 children
Infant mortality rate27.86 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Nationality
NationalityKenyan

The demography of Kenya is monitored by the Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics. Kenya is a multi-ethnic state in East Africa. Its total population was at 47,558,296 as of the 2019 census. [1]

Contents

A national census was conducted in 1999, although the results were never released. A new census was undertaken in 2009, but turned out to be controversial, as the questions about ethnic affiliation seemed inappropriate after the ethnic violence of the previous year. [2] Preliminary results of the census were published in 2010. [3]

Kenya's population was reported as 47.6 million during the 2019 census compared to 38.6 million inhabitants 2009, 30.7 million in 1999, 21.4 million in 1989, and 15.3 million in 1979. [4] This was an increase of a factor of 2.5 over 30 years, or an average growth rate of more than 3 percent per year. The population growth rate has been reported as reduced during the 2000s, and was estimated at 2.7 percent (as of 2010), resulting in an estimate of 46.5 million in 2016. [5]

History

Ethnic groups

A Maasai Kenyan man 2.jpg
A Maasai

Kenya has a very diverse population that includes most major ethnic, racial and linguistic groups found in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 92% of the nation's inhabitants. [6] People from Asian or European heritage living in Kenya are estimated at around 200,000.

Kenya's largest ethnic group is the Kikuyu. They make up less than a fifth of the population. Since Kenyan independence in 1963, Kenyan politics have been characterized by ethnic tensions and rivalry between the larger groups. This devolved into ethnic violence in the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis.

In Kenya's last colonial census of 1962, population groups residing in the territory included European, African and Asian individuals. [7] According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Kenya had a population of 47,564,296 by 2019. The largest native ethnic groups were the Kikuyu (8,148,668), Luhya (6,823,842), Kalenjin (6,358,113), Luo (5,066,966), Kamba (4,663,910), Somalis (2,780,502), Kisii (2,703,235), Mijikenda (2,488,691), Meru (1,975,869), Maasai (1,189,522), and Turkana (1,016,174). Foreign-rooted populations included Asians (90,527), Europeans (42,868) with Kenyan citizenship, 26,753 without, and Kenyan Arabs (59,021). [8] The number of ethnic categories and sub-categories recorded in the census has changed significantly over time, expanding from 42 in 1969 to more than 120 in 2019. [9]

Bantu peoples

Bantus are the single largest population division in Kenya. The term Bantu denotes widely dispersed but related peoples that speak south-central Niger–Congo languages. Originally from Cameroon-Nigeria border regions, Bantus began a millennium-long series of migrations referred to as the Bantu expansion that first brought them south into East Africa about 2,000 years ago.

Most Bantu are farmers. Some of the prominent Bantu groups in Kenya include the Kikuyu, the Kamba, the Luhya, the Kisii, the Meru, and the Mijikenda. The Swahili people are descended from Wangozi Bantu peoples that intermarried with Arab immigrants. [10] [11]

The Kikuyu, who are one of the biggest tribes in Kenya, seem to have assimilated a significant number of Cushitic speakers. Evidence from their Y DNA shows that 18% of Kikuyu carry the E1b1b Y DNA. [12]

Nilotic peoples

Nilotes are the second-largest group of peoples in Kenya. They speak Nilo-Saharan languages and went south into East Africa from Western Asia and North Africa by way of South Sudan. [10] Most Nilotes in Kenya are historically pastoralists. The most prominent of these groups include the Luo, the Maasai, the Samburu,the Iteso, the Turkana, and the Kalenjin. [10] As with the Bantu, some Nilotic systems of governance (such as Ibinda of the Nandi [13] ) bear similarities with those of their Cushitic neighbors (such as the Gada system [14] of the Oromo). [15]

Cushitic peoples

Cushitic peoples form a small minority of Kenya's population. They speak languages belonging to the Afroasiatic family and originally came from Ethiopia and Somalia. However, some large ethnic Somali clans are native to the area that used be known as NFD in Kenya. These people are not from Somalia but share the same ethnicity as the majority in Somalia. Most are herdsmen and have almost entirely adopted Islam. [16] Cushites are concentrated in the northernmost North Eastern Province, which borders Somalia. [17]

The Cushitic peoples are divided into two groups: the Southern Cushites and the Eastern Cushites.

An entrepreneurial community, they established themselves in the business sector, particularly in Eastleigh, Nairobi. [21]

Indians

Asians living in Kenya are descended from South Asian migrants. Significant Asian migration to Kenya began between 1896 and 1901 when some 32,000 indentured labourers were recruited from British India to build the Kenya-Uganda Railway. [22] The majority of Kenyan Asians hail from the Gujarat and Punjab regions. [23] The community grew significantly during the colonial period, and in the 1962 census Asians made up a third of the population of Nairobi and consisted of 176,613 people across the country. [23]

Since Kenyan independence large numbers have emigrated due to race-related tensions with the Bantu and Nilotic majority. Those that remain are principally concentrated in the business sector, and Asians continue to form one of the more prosperous communities in the region. [17] According to the 2019 Census, Kenyan Asians number 47,555 people, while Asians without Kenyan citizenship number 42,972 individuals. [8] In 2017, they were officially recognised as the 44th tribe of Kenya. [24]

Europeans

Europeans in Kenya are primarily the descendants of British migrants during the colonial period, there is also a significant expat population of Europeans living in Kenya. Economically, virtually all Europeans in Kenya belong to the middle- and upper-middle-class. Nowadays, only a small minority of them are landowners (livestock and game ranchers, horticulturists and farmers), with the majority working in the tertiary sector: in air transport, finance, import, and hospitality. Apart from isolated individuals such as anthropologist and conservationist Richard Leakey, F.R.S., who died in 2022, Kenyan white people have virtually completely retreated from Kenyan politics, and are no longer represented in public service and parastatals, from which the last remaining staff from colonial times retired in the 1970s. [25] According to the 2019 Census, Kenyan Europeans number 42,868 people, while Europeans without Kenyan citizenship number 26,753 individuals. 0.3% of the population of Kenya is from Asia or Europe. [8]

Arabs

Arabs form a small but historically important minority ethnic group in Kenya. They are principally concentrated along the coast in cities such as Mombasa, Malindi, Lamu, and Nairobi. A Muslim community, they primarily came from Oman and Hadhramaut in Yemen, and are engaged in trade. Arabs are locally referred to as Washihiri or, less commonly, as simply Shihiri in the Bantu Swahili language, Kenya's lingua franca. [17] According to the 2019 Census, Kenyan Arabs number 59,021 people. [8]

Languages

Lord's Prayer in Swahili, a Bantu language that alongside English serves as a lingua franca for many in Kenya. Swahili-pn.jpg
Lord's Prayer in Swahili, a Bantu language that alongside English serves as a lingua franca for many in Kenya.

Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili, serve as the main lingua franca between the various ethnic groups. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government. [26] Peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages. [27]

According to Ethnologue , there are a total of 69 languages spoken in Kenya. Most belong to two broad language families: Niger-Congo (Bantu branch) and Nilo-Saharan (Nilotic branch), which are spoken by the country's Bantu and Nilotic populations, respectively. The Cushitic and Arab ethnic minorities speak languages belonging to the separate Afro-Asiatic family, with the Indian and European residents speaking languages from the Indo-European family. [28]

Population

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects [29] [30] , the total population was 53,005,614 in 2021 compared to 6,077,000 in 1950, and around 1,700,000 in 1900. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 42.5%, 54.9% between the ages of 15 and 65, and 2.7% was 65 years or older. [31] Worldometers estimates the total population at 48,466,928 inhabitants, a 29th global rank. [32]

YearTotal populationPopulation aged 0–14 (%)Population aged 15–64 (%)Population aged 65+ (%)
19506 077 00039.856.33.9
19556 980 00042.853.43.8
19608 105 00046.449.93.7
19659 505 00048.448.03.6
197011 252 00049.147.53.4
197513 486 00049.647.13.3
198016 268 00050.047.13.0
198519 655 00050.047.22.8
199023 447 00049.048.32.7
199527 426 00046.550.82.7
200031 254 00044.352.92.8
200535 615 00042.754.52.8
201040 513 00042.554.92.7
201947 564 29639.057.13.9

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 24.VIII.2009): [33]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total19 192 45819 417 63938 610 097100
0–43 000 4392 938 8675 939 30615.38
5–92 832 6692 765 0475 597 71614.50
10–142 565 3132 469 5425 034 85513.04
15–192 123 6532 045 8904 169 54310.80
20–241 754 1052 020 9983 775 1039.78
25–291 529 1161 672 1103 201 2268.29
30–341 257 0351 262 4712 519 5066.53
35–391 004 3611 004 2712 008 6325.20
40–44743 594732 5751 476 1693.82
45–49635 276637 4691 272 7453.30
50–54478 346477 860956 2062.48
55–59359 466352 497711 9531.84
60–64295 197298 581593 7781.54
65-69183 151207 612390 7631.01
70-74160 301179 000339 3010.88
75-7999 833118 675218 5080.57
80+159 125224 576383 7010.99
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–148 398 4218 173 45616 571 87742.92
15–6410 191 62710 514 32020 705 94753.63
65+602 410729 8631 332 2733.45
Unknown11 4789 60821 0860.05

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 24.VIII.2019) (The figure for both sexes includes intersex persons.): [34]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total23 544 37224 011 27047 557 157100
0–43 005 4962 985 4845 991 12812.60
5–93 116 1013 084 4456 200 71913.04
10–143 209 5443 136 1496 345 86413.34
15–192 686 4762 599 9055 286 53511.12
20–242 112 7772 335 0524 448 0379.35
25–291 839 2562 014 5463 853 9558.10
30–341 698 3541 871 6253 570 1337.51
35–391 347 9621 301 6242 649 6795.57
40–441 156 9321 101 8672 258 8614.75
45–49916 166869 7401 785 9573.76
50–54662 864645 4631 308 3712.75
55–59546 852571 0001 117 8782.35
60–64419 362450 447869 8371.83
65-69311 281346 756658 0521.38
70-74235 929278 507514 4531.08
75-79119 265163 799283 0710.60
80-8482 909120 944203 8560.43
85-8943 94869 635113 5870.24
90-9419 22535 86655 0950.12
95-999 76818 23328 0010.06
100+3 90510 18314 0880.03
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149 331 1419 206 07818 537 71138.98
15–6413 387 00113 761 26927 149 24357.09
65+826 2301 043 9231 870 2033.93

Population by province in 2019 census

A map of Kenya. Kenya Map.png
A map of Kenya.

[35]

Province2019
Kenya (country total)47,564,296
Nairobi (capital city)4,397,073
Central5,482,239
Coast4,329,474
Eastern6,821,049
North Eastern2,490,073
Nyanza6,269,579
Rift Valley12,752,966
Western5,021,843

Population by census year

Population census
YearPop.±% p.a.
19629,980,563    
196910,942,705+1.32%
197915,327,061+3.43%
198921,448,636+3.42%
YearPop.±% p.a.
199928,686,607+2.95%
200938,610,097+3.02%
201947,564,296+2.11%

Fertility and Births (Demographic and Health Surveys)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): [36]

YearCBR TotalTFR TotalCBR UrbanTFR UrbanCBR RuralTFR Rural
19778.1
19847.7
19896.74.57.1
199335.85.40 (3.4)35.13.44 (2.5)35.95.80 (3.7)
199834.64.70 (3.5)33.63.12 (2.6)34.75.16 (3.8)
200337.54.9 (3.6)35.33.3 (2.6)38.15.4 (3.9)
2008–2009 (census)34,84.6 (3.4)32.52.9 (2.5)35.35.2 (3.7)
201430.53.9 (3.0)31.03.1 (2.6)30.34.5 (3.4)
202227.73.4 (2.9)30.12.7 (2.5)26.64.0 (3.3)

Fertility data as of 2014 (DHS Program): [37]

RegionTotal fertility ratePercentage of women age 15–49 currently pregnantMean number of children ever born to women age 40–49
Coast 4.36.65.5
North Eastern 6.412.07.1
Eastern 3.44.64.7
Central 2.84.83.7
Rift Valley 4.57.05.5
Western 4.76.76.1
Nyanza 4.35.95.8
Nairobi 2.76.83.1

UN population projections

Numbers are in thousands. UN medium variant projections [31]

Vital statistics

Life expectancy at birth in Kenya Life expectancy by WBG -Kenya -diff.png
Life expectancy at birth in Kenya

Registration of vital events is in Kenya not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [38]

PeriodPopulation

per year

Live births per yearDeaths per yearNatural change per yearCBR*CDR*NC*TFR*IMR* Life expectancy
(in years)
19505 712 000  285,000  167,000  118,00049.528.920.67.33162.238.90
19515 836 000  299,000  166,000  133,00050.728.122.67.36161.239.09
19525 975 000  313,000  168,000  146,00051.827.824.17.39159.438.95
19536 122 000  328,000  163,000  165,00052.826.326.57.42152.240.32
19546 282 000  342,000  159,000  183,00053.725.028.77.45145.341.69
19556 461 000  356,000  156,000  200,00054.323.830.57.48138.942.96
19566 657 000  372,000  154,000  219,00055.022.732.37.53132.944.12
19576 871 000  388,000  149,000  239,00055.521.334.27.59127.345.83
19587 104 000  403,000  148,000  255,00055.620.435.27.60122.246.88
19597 343 000  414,000  146,000  268,00055.419.535.87.62117.547.77
19607 609 000  428,000  145,000  283,00055.218.636.57.63113.248.68
19617 894 000  446,000  144,000  302,00055.517.937.67.72109.449.53
19628 201 000  465,000  144,000  321,00055.617.238.47.80106.050.22
19638 526 000  482,000  145,000  338,00055.516.638.87.86103.150.81
19648 868 000  500,000  146,000  354,00055.216.139.17.92100.651.33
19659 227 000  521,000  148,000  373,00055.315.739.68.0398.751.70
19669 608 000  539,000  150,000  388,00054.915.339.68.0697.052.10
19679 997 000  555,000  153,000  402,00054.415.039.48.0595.552.46
196810 405 000  572,000  155,000  417,00053.814.639.38.0494.052.78
196910 823 000  589,000  157,000  433,00053.414.239.28.0392.453.17
197011 256 000  606,000  158,000  447,00052.713.838.98.0290.853.58
197111 690 000  625,000  159,000  466,00052.413.339.18.0089.154.26
197212 107 000  639,000  158,000  481,00051.712.838.97.9887.255.01
197312 539 000  652,000  158,000  495,00051.012.338.77.9485.355.68
197412 982 000  668,000  160,000  507,00050.412.138.37.9183.355.63
197513 426 000  685,000  162,000  523,00050.011.838.27.8881.255.83
197613 878 000  704,000  164,000  540,00049.811.638.27.8479.055.90
197714 327 000  722,000  164,000  559,00049.411.238.27.8076.756.49
197814 828 000  744,000  164,000  580,00049.210.838.47.7574.456.94
197915 347 000  766,000  163,000  604,00049.010.438.67.6872.157.72
198015 894 000  787,000  162,000  626,00048.610.038.67.6070.158.50
198116 480 000  816,000  151,000  665,00048.59.039.57.5168.261.17
198217 092 000  838,000  156,000  683,00048.18.939.17.4066.560.95
198317 731 000  860,000  159,000  701,00047.58.838.77.2664.961.01
198418 408 000  888,000  164,000  724,00047.38.838.67.1263.760.80
198519 099 000  913,000  170,000  743,00046.98.838.16.9862.860.58
198619 806 000  941,000  178,000  763,00046.68.837.86.8562.460.22
198720 516 000  966,000  185,000  781,00046.28.837.36.6862.460.04
198821 248 000  982,000  195,000  788,00045.49.036.46.5162.959.54
198922 004 000  998,000  205,000  793,00044.59.235.46.3263.959.04
199022 772 000 1,008,000  216,000  793,00043.59.334.26.1365.258.61
199123 553 000 1,019,000  228,000  791,00042.59.533.05.9466.858.01
199224 284 000 1,029,000  242,000  787,00041.79.831.95.7568.357.26
199325 028 000 1,044,000  255,000  789,00041.110.031.05.5769.456.62
199425 756 000 1,062,000  266,000  796,00040.610.230.45.4570.156.27
199526 512 000 1,088,000  280,000  809,00040.410.430.05.3770.155.62
199627 245 000 1,112,000  292,000  821,00040.210.529.75.3169.755.16
199727 987 000 1,139,000  303,000  836,00040.110.729.45.2668.754.82
199828 742 000 1,174,000  313,000  861,00040.210.729.55.2567.454.53
199929 533 000 1,199,000  321,000  878,00040.010.729.35.1865.654.50
200030 398 000 1,232,000  329,000  903,00039.910.729.35.1463.654.41
200131 306 000 1,271,000  336,000  934,00040.010.629.45.0961.354.51
200232 295 000 1,298,000  339,000  959,00039.610.329.35.0258.954.99
200333 265 000 1,318,000  337,000  981,00039.010.029.14.9156.555.60
200434 270 000 1,347,000  334,000 1,013,00038.79.629.14.8354.056.36
200535 314 000 1,380,000  328,000 1,052,00038.59.129.44.7851.357.34
200636 372 000 1,414,000  323,000 1,091,00038.38.729.54.7548.858.22
200737 479 000 1,450,000  322,000 1,128,00038.18.529.64.7246.558.87
200838 595 000 1,471,000 317,000 1,154,00037.58.129.54.6543.859.61
200939 779 000 1,476,000  312,000 1,164,00036.67.728.84.5141.760.37
201040 950 000 1,471,000  314,000 1,157,00035.47.627.94.3740.260.65
201142 086 000 1,461,000  317,000 1,144,00034.27.426.84.2239.061.05
201243 185 000 1,451,000  326,000 1,125,00033.27.525.74.0938.161.12
201344 267 000 1,440,000  332,000 1,008,00032.17.424.73.9537.061.39
201445 318 000 1,436,000  335,000 1,101,00031.37.324.03.8436.061.82
201546 346 000 1,452,000  345,000 1,107,00031.07.423.63.8034.961.89
201647 357 000 1,457,000  352,000 1,105,00030.47.323.13.7233.862.16
201748 432 000 1,458,000  357,000 1,100,00029.87.322.53.6433.062.48
201849 464 000 1,460,000  365,000 1,094,00029.27.321.93.5832.062.68
201950 443 000 1,451,000  372,000 1,079,00028.57.321.23.4731.162.94
202051 460 000 1,456,000  388,000 1,068,00028.07.520.53.4030.462.68
202152 511 000 1,468,000427,000 1,041,00027.78.119.63.3429.861.43
202254 027 000 1,488,000423,000 1,065,00027.57.819.73.3028.062.10
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Other population statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022. [39]

The following demographic are from the CIA World Factbook [40] unless otherwise indicated.

Population

55,864,955 (2022 est.)
47,564,296 (2019 census )

Age structure

0-14 years: 38.71% (male 10,412,321/female 10,310,908)
15-24 years: 20.45% (male 5,486,641/female 5,460,372)
25-54 years: 33.75% (male 9,046,946/female 9,021,207)
55-64 years: 4.01% (male 1,053,202/female 1,093,305)
65 years and over: 3.07% (2020 est.) (male 750,988/female 892,046)
0-14 years: 39.03% (male 9,474,968 /female 9,416,609)
15-24 years: 19.61% (male 4,737,647 /female 4,752,896)
25-54 years: 34.27% (male 8,393,673 /female 8,193,800)
55-64 years: 4% (male 894,371 /female 1,040,883)
65 years and over: 3.08% (male 640,005 /female 852,675) (2019 est.)

Population growth rate

2.12% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 38th
1.57% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 67th

Birth rate

26.39 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 43rd
22.6 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 66th

Death rate

5.01 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 196th
6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 137th

Total fertility rate

3.29 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 44th
2.81 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 59th

Median age

total: 20 years. Country comparison to the world: 195th
male: 19.9 years
female: 20.1 years (2020 est.)
total: 20 years. Country comparison to the world: 191st
male: 19.9 years
female: 20.2 years (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

20.3 years (2014 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Contraceptive prevalence rate

59.7% (2019)
61.6% (2016)

Net migration rate

-0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 111st
-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 109th

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 78.3 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 73.7 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 4.6 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 21.7 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 29% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
urban population: 27% of total population (2018) [41]
rate of urbanization: 4.23% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 69.69 years. Country comparison to the world: 175th
male: 67.98 years
female: 71.43 years (2022 est.)
total population: 64.6 years (2018 est.)
male: 63.1 years (2018 est.)
female: 66.1 years (2018 est.)

Education expenditures

5.1% of GDP (2020) Country comparison to the world: 60th

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 81.5%
male: 85%
female: 78.2% (2018)
total population: 78% (2015 est.)
male: 81.1% (2015 est.)
female: 74.9% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 5 years (1970) to 11 years (2009) [42]
male: 11 years (2009)
female: 11 years (2009)

Health

Like the demographics of Africa in general, Kenya is plagued by high infant mortality, low life expectancy, malnourishment (32% of population) and HIV/AIDS. While these concerns remain grave, a trend towards improvement is reported in the period of 2006 to 2010: Infant mortality was at estimated at 59.26 deaths/1,000 live births as of 2006, decreasing to 54.7 deaths/1,000 live births as of 2010. Life expectancy was estimated at 48.9 years as of 2006, and has risen to 64 years in 2012. [43]

According to 2008–09 Kenyan government survey, total fertility was 4.6, contraception usage among married women was 46 percent. [44] Total fertility rate has decreased 4.91 children per woman (2006 estimate), to 4.38 (2010 estimate). Literacy (age 7 and over) was estimated at 85.1% in 2003 (male: 90.6%, female: 79.7%).

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
animal contact diseases: rabies

Religion

Pew Research Center (2020) [45]
religionpercent
Christianity
84.5%
Islam
10.5%
None
2.3%
Traditionalists
1.5%
Other
1.1%
Unspecified
0.1%

CIA World Factbook estimate: [5]

See also

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