Demographics of Eritrea

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Demographics of Eritrea
Flag of Eritrea.svg
PopulationEstimates range between 3.6 million and 6.7 million [1] [2] Eritrea has never conducted an official government census. [3]
Growth rate1.03% (2022 est.)
Birth rate27.04 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate6.69 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy66.85 years
  male64.25 years
  female69.53 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate3.58 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate41.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-10.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years38.23%
65 and over4%
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.03 male(s)/female
Under 151.01 male(s)/female
65 and over0.67 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityEritrean
Major ethnic Tigrinya, Tigre
Minor ethnic Saho, Bilen, Beja, Kunama, Nara, Afar
Language
Spoken Languages of Eritrea

Sources disagree as to the current population of Eritrea, with some proposing numbers as low as 3.6 million [1] and others as high as 6.7 million. [2] Eritrea has never conducted an official government census. [3]

Contents

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates Eritrea Population 1950-2021 Forecast 2022-2032 UN World Population Prospects 2022.svg
Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates

The nation has nine recognized ethnic groups. Of these, the largest is the Tigrinya, who make up around 50% of the population; the Tigre people, who also speak an Ethiosemitic language, constitute around 30% of residents. [4] Most of the rest of the population belong to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities of the Cushitic branch. Additionally, there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking ethnic minorities and other smaller groups. [5]

The two most followed religions are Christianity (47%-63% of the total population) and Islam (37%-52%). [6] [7] [4]

Population

Sources disagree as to the current population of Eritrea, with UN DESA proposing a low estimate of 3.6 million for 2021 [1] and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa proposing a high estimate of 6.7 million for 2019. [2] Eritrea has never conducted an official government census. [3] In its 2019 data release, UN DESA described why its estimate was much lower than earlier estimates, stating, "The decrease is due to the availability of new official population estimates for several years (population count in 2000, official estimates up to 2018) that contribute to lower the size of the population in the recent years, as well as to revised past estimates since 1950." [8]

In the 2010s, worsening conditions fueled migration pressure, with Eritreans trying to reach Europe illegally. [9] [10] The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs expects Eritrean population growth to accelerate to 1.8% per year from 2020 to 2030, vs. 1.1% per year from 2010 to 2020. [11]

The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 41.1%, 54.3% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.5% were 65 or older. [11]

Eritrea population pyramid in 2020 Eritrea single age population pyramid 2020.png
Eritrea population pyramid in 2020
Population aged 0–14 (%)Population aged 15–64 (%)Population aged 65+ (%)
195045.351.63.0
196043.453.92.7
197044.153.42.5
198044.353.12.6
199045.252.12.7
200045.750.43.8
201039.556.54.0
202041.154.34.5

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (1 July 2020) (Estimates based on the 2000 quick population count results and 1995, 2002 and 2010 Eritrea Demographic and Health Surveys.): [12]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total1 704 5311 760 0573 464 588100
0–4258 209260 452518 66114.97
5–9226 081229 410455 49213.15
10–14189 259192 799382 05811.03
15–19156 082159 332315 4139.10
20–24141 888134 220276 1087.97
25–29166 664158 295324 9599.38
30–34139 275141 835281 1109.11
35–39103 079103 347206 4275.96
40–4462 19776 107138 3043.99
45–4960 15977 960138 1193.99
50–5447 63255 264102 8962.97
55–5939 49150 11789 6072.59
60–6434 80135 25970 0602.02
65–6928 01928 13456 1531.62
70–7422 88624 31847 2041.36
75–7914 57618 57433 1500.96
80–848 91210 11619 0280.55
85+5 3234 5199 8420.28
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14673 549682 6611 356 21039.14
15–64951 266991 7351 943 00156.08
65+79 71685 661165 3774.77

Vital statistics

Demographic and Health Surveys

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division published its UN DESA 2019 Revision (World Population Prospects 2019) data release [13] based on several data samples, including the 1995 and 2002 Demographic and Health Surveys (1995 DHS, 2002 DHS) and the 2010 Population and Health Survey (2010 PHS), since a full census had not been carried out in Eritrea as of 2010. [3] :31

The 1995 DHS survey was carried out in Eritrea by the Eritrean National Statistics Office (NSO) and Macro International Inc., collecting data by interviewing 5,054 women aged 15–49 and 1,114 men aged 15–59, chosen to be a statistically representative sample, from September 1995 to January 1996. [14]

The 2002 DHS survey was carried out by the NSO (renamed as the National Statistics and Evaluation Office), with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and ORC Macro, collecting data with interviews of 8,754 women in Eritrea in the 15–49 age range, in what was considered to be a statistically representative sample of the full population. [15] Key findings of the survey included a drop from 1995 to 2002 of fertility from 6.1 to 4.8 children per woman; improved knowledge of contraception; a drop in post-neonatal mortality; improved antenatal care; a doubling of the full vaccination rate for 12–23 month old babies from 41 to 76 percent; 38 percent of children under five years old were chronically malnourished or stunted; and near universal knowledge of HIV and AIDS. [16]

In 2010, the NSO, supported by the Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, published a Population and Health Survey (EPHS2010), based on a survey covering 34,423 households by choosing 900 areas around Eritrea, 525 rural and 375 urban, and randomly selecting 40 households in each cluster. Interviews aimed to include all women aged 15–49 and men aged 15–59 who were either residents or visitors in any selected household on the night preceding the interview. Key findings compared to the 1995 DHS survey included a decrease in early childhood mortality, increased children's vaccination, decreased maternal death, and a "wide gap between knowledge and use of family planning". [3]

Fertility and mortality

PeriodLive births per 5 years [17] Deaths per 5 years [18] Natural change per 5 yearsCBR* [19] CDR* [20] NC* [21] TFR* [22] IMR* [23]
1950–1955204 000128 00076 00047.529.717.76.96199
1955–1960233 000128 000105 00048.826.822.06.96181
1960–1965261 000127 000134 00048.423.624.86.82160
1965–1970291 000133 000158 00047.421.725.76.70148
1970–1975324 000140 000184 00046.019.826.26.62140
1975–1980366 000148 000218 00045.318.327.96.62132
1980–1985422 000161 000261 00045.217.327.76.70121
1985–1990469 000174 000295 00044.016.423.36.6112
1990–1995428 000168 000260 00038.415.119.46.394.4
1995–2000359 000140 000219 00031.912.524.05.671.1
2000–2005442 000135 000307 00034.610.628.35.159.4
2005–2010564 000140 000424 00037.69.428.34.851.6
2010–2015552 000134 000418 00033.98.225.74.3545.0
2015–2020528 000125 000403 00030.67.223.44.134.7
* Values per year: CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Urban/rural and geographical distribution

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR) (1995 DHS, Table 3.1; [14] 2002 DHS, Table 4.1; [15] [24] )

YearTotalUrbanRural
CBRTFRCBRTFRCBRTFR
199537.56.1029.34.2340.36.99
2002324.8283.5355.7

Fertility geographical distribution as of 2010 (PHS, Table 4–2): [3]

ZobaTotal fertility rateMean number of children ever born to women age 40–49Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant
Debubawi Keih Bahri4.25.47.6
Maekel3.44.15.5
Semenawi Keih Bahri5.45.98.1
Anseba5.76.38.2
Gash-Barka5.45.68.0
Debub5.06.07.9

Life expectancy

PeriodLife expectancy in
Years [25]
1950–195534.08
1955–1960Increase2.svg 36.68
1960–1965Increase2.svg 40.08
1965–1970Increase2.svg 42.15
1970–1975Increase2.svg 44.11
1975–1980Increase2.svg 45.91
1980–1985Increase2.svg 47.33
1985–1990Increase2.svg 48.69
1990–1995Increase2.svg 50.77
1995–2000Increase2.svg 53.97
2000–2005Increase2.svg 56.70
2005–2010Increase2.svg 60.71
2010–2015Increase2.svg 63.42
2015–2020Increase2.svg 65.74

Migration

Eritrean migration (immigrants minus emigrants; UN DESA Revisions 2010 to 2019). Negative numbers indicate more emigration than immigration; positive numbers indicate more immigration. Sources: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division: (Revisions 2012 [26] and 2017 are almost identical to Revisions 2010 and 2015, respectively. [27] )

In 2015, there was a major outflow of emigrants from Eritrea. The Guardian attributed the emigration to Eritrea being "a totalitarian state where most citizens fear arrest at any moment and dare not speak to their neighbours, gather in groups or linger long outside their homes", with a major factor being the conditions and long durations of conscription in the Eritrean Army. [31] At the end of 2018, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that about 507,300 Eritreans were refugees who had fled Eritrea. [32] Factors corresponding to emigration include the "lack of political, religious and social freedom", economic reasons and indefinite military service. Young people choosing to flee Eritrea often keep their plans secret from their families in order to decrease their families' stress and risk of being fined or imprisoned. Payment to people smugglers is typically made when a refugee arrives in Libya and provides the smugglers with a telephone number of a diaspora contact who is expected to pay. [33] Several refugees given educational opportunities while residing in refugee camps in Ethiopia felt that they lacked long-term life opportunities beyond obtaining academic degrees, motivating them to attempt further emigration to Europe. [34]

During the first four half decades of the twenty-first century, UN DESA Population Division, in its 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects, estimated that Eritrea had 227 thousand more immigrants than emigrants during 2000–2005 (more people arrived than left), and had net outflows afterwards, with 80 thousand net emigrants during 2005–2010, 246 thousand during 2010–2015 and 199 thousand during 2015–2020. [35]

Ethno-linguistic groups

Ethno-Demography of Eritrea Ethno-Demography of Eritrea.png
Ethno-Demography of Eritrea
Ethnicity in Eritrea (2021) [36]
  1. Tigrinya (50%)
  2. Tigre (30%)
  3. Saho (4%)
  4. Afar (4%)
  5. Kunama (4%)
  6. Bilen (3%)
  7. Other (5%)

Languages

Afar, Arabic (spoken by the Rashaida), Beja (spoken by the Hedareb), Blin, Kunama, Nara, Saho, Tigre, Tigrinya, as a second language. English, Italian and Arabic are the foremost second languages.

Religion

Regions of Eritrea 1. Maekel 2. Anseba 3. Gash-Barka 4. Debub 5. Northern Red Sea 6. Southern Red Sea Regions of Eritrea.svgDebub region
Regions of Eritrea 1. Maekel 2. Anseba 3. Gash-Barka 4. Debub 5. Northern Red Sea 6. Southern Red Sea

People in Eritrea practice various religions. According to the Pew Research Center (2010), 62.9% of the population are Christian, mostly followers of Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo, and to a lesser extent, Roman Catholicism, with the second-largest religion being Muslims. [40] [6] In general, most local residents who adhere to Christianity live in the Maekel and Debub regions, whereas those who follow Islam predominantly inhabit the Anseba, Northern Red Sea, Southern Red Sea and Gash-Barka regions. A few adherents of traditional faiths can also be found, particularly in the lowlands.

Region [41] Christians
56%
Muslims
43%
Other
1%
Maekel Region, ዞባ ማእከል
90%
9%
1%
Debub region, ዞባ ደቡብ
89%
10%
<1%
Gash-Barka Region, ዞባ ጋሽ ባርካ
9%
90%
1%
Anseba Region, ዞባ ዓንሰባ
27%
72%
<1%
Northern Red Sea Region,
Semienawi Keyih Bahri ዞባ ሰሜናዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ
1%
99%
0%
Southern Red Sea Region,
Debubawi Keyih Bahri ዞባ ደቡባዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ
23%
76%
<1%

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "World Population Prospects 2019". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
  2. 1 2 3 "Eritrea – Indicators – Population (million people), 2018". Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Eritrea – Population and Health Survey 2010" (PDF). National Statistics Office, Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies . 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Eritrea". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Minahan, James (1998). Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 76. ISBN   0-313-30610-9. The majority of the Eritreans speak Semitic or Cushitic languages of the Afro-Asiatic language group. The Kunama, Baria, and other smaller groups in the north and northwest speak Nilotic languages.
  6. 1 2 "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2015-04-02. Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  7. "Eritrea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  8. "World Population Prospect 2019: release note about major differences in total population estimates for mid-2019 between 2017 and 2019 revisions" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. 2019-08-28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-03-03. The population of Eritrea in 2019 is 3.5 million, which is about 1.8 million (34.1 per cent) less than the previous estimate from the 2017 revision. The decrease is due to the availability of new official population estimates for several years (population count in 2000, official estimates up to 2018) that contribute to lower the size of the population in the recent years, as well as to revised past estimates since 1950.
  9. Why they leave -- Eritreans are taking to the seas because of worsening conditions at home 12 October 2013. "Some 30,000 people reached Italy illegally in boats in the first nine months of 2013, three times as many as in the whole of 2012, according to Frontex, [...] the largest batch came from Eritrea, a country that has supposedly been at peace for the past 13 years." Emigration has left Eritrea ‘desolate’, say bishops, Catholic Herald, 6 September 2014.
  10. Bilateral Estimates of Migrant Stocks in 2010 estimates 942,000 emigrants, of whom 450,000 migrated to Sudan and 290,000 to Ethiopia. Cf. the World' Bank's Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011.
  11. 1 2 "World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website". United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Archived from the original on 2018-09-22. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  12. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org.
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  14. 1 2 "Eritrea – Demographic and Health Survey 1995" (PDF). National Statistics Office . 2001-01-29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  15. 1 2 "Eritrea – Demographic and Health Survey 2002" (PDF). National Statistics Office (Eritrea) . 2003-06-02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  16. "Eritrea – 2002 Demographic and Health Survey – Key Findings" (PDF). National Statistics Office (Eritrea), ORC Macro . 2003-06-16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  17. "File FERT/1: Births (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  18. "File MORT/3-1: Deaths (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  19. "File FERT/3: Crude birth rate by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (births per 1,000 population)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  20. "File MORT/2: Crude death rate by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (deaths per 1,000 population)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  21. "File POP/3: Rate of natural increase by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (per 1,000 population)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  22. "File FERT/4: Total fertility by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (live births per woman)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  23. "File MORT/1-1: Infant mortality rate (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (infant deaths per 1,000 live births)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  24. "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys" . Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  25. "File MORT/7-1: Life expectancy at birth (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (years)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  26. "File MIGR/2: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by major area, region and country, 1950-2100 (thousands)". UN DESA . 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
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  30. "File MIGR/2: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
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  32. Eritrea – events of 2019. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
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  34. Poole, Amanda; Riggan, Jennifer (2021-02-28). "Why Eritrean refugees choose the risky migration to Europe". The Conversation . Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  35. "File MIGR/2: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands)". UN DESA . 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
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  39. Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 336. ISBN   978-1438126760.
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  41. Hsu, Becky (2011). "Eritrea". In Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. Los Angeles: SAGE Publishing. pp. 354–355. ISBN   978-0-7619-2729-7 . Retrieved 2020-10-22 via Google Books.

Attribution:PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.  (Archived 2008 edition.)