Demographics of Algeria

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Demographics of Algeria
Algeria single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population pyramid of Algeria in 2020
Population46,814,258 (2024 est.)
Growth rate1.52% (2023.)
Birth rate19.32 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate4.15 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy79.6 years (2023)
 • male78.2 years (2023)
 • female81 years (2023)
Fertility rate2.32 children
Infant mortality rate19.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)
Net migration rate-0.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio
Total1.03 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality Algerian
Major ethnic Arabs (73.6%) [1]
Minor ethnic
Language
Official Arabic, Amazigh [2]
SpokenArabic, Amazigh [2]
Population development of Algeria Historic population of Algeria.svg
Population development of Algeria
Location of Algeria Algeria (orthographic projection).svg
Location of Algeria

Demographic features of the population of Algeria include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. All figures are from National Office of Statistics Algeria [3] and the United Nations Demographic Yearbooks [4] , unless otherwise indicated.

Contents

Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of the country's total land mass. 75% of the population is urban, and urbanization continues, despite government efforts to discourage migration to the cities.

97% of the population follows Sunni Islam; the few non-Sunni Muslims are mainly Ibadis from the Mozabite valley at 1.3%[ citation needed ] (see Islam in Algeria).

Christianity in Algeria constitutes about 1% of the total population. [5] While significantly greater during the French colonial years, a mostly foreign Roman Catholic community still exists, as do some Protestants. The Jewish community of Algeria, which once constituted 2% of the total population,[ citation needed ] has substantially decreased due to emigration, mostly to France and Israel.

Algeria's educational system has grown rapidly since 1962. In 2022, there were almost 11 million pupils and 2 million students. [6] Education is free and compulsory to age 16. Modest numbers of Algerian students study abroad, primarily in France and French-speaking Canada. In 2000, the government launched a major review of the country's educational system.

Population size and structure

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
10002,000,000—    
15001,500,000−0.06%
19014,739,300+0.29%
19065,231,700+2.00%
19115,563,800+1.24%
19215,804,200+0.42%
19266,066,400+0.89%
19316,553,500+1.56%
19367,234,700+2.00%
19488,681,800+1.53%
201035,600,000+2.30%
201136,300,000+1.97%
201237,100,000+2.20%
201337,900,000+2.16%
201742,200,000+2.72%
Source: Our World in Data [7] and Office National des Statistiques (ONS) [8]

Age distribution

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 16.IV.2008) (Data refer to population in housing units and collective living quarters only.): [9]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total17 232 75316 847 27734 080 030100
0–41 750 0971 654 8213 404 9189.99
5–91 475 6741 412 7022 888 3768.48
10–141 662 2621 596 5113 258 7739.56
15–191 847 3121 787 8593 635 17110.67
20–241 895 7031 867 8013 763 50411.04
25–291 730 4111 691 9663 422 37710.04
30–341 379 0851 361 9102 740 9968.04
35–391 167 2501 175 5292 342 7796.87
40–441 007 6831 010 6442 018 3275.92
45–49817 005812 4321 629 4364.78
50–54682 358664 3361 346 6953.95
55–59547 180515 3981 062 5783.12
60–64354 694356 788711 4822.09
65-69314 958316 345631 3031.85
70-74248 672256 254504 9261.48
75-79181 478182 364363 8431.07
80-8493 47293 657187 1300.55
85-8943 30746 41689 7220.26
90-9413 57516 09729 6720.09
95-994 1785 85110 0280.03
100+252398650<0.01
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–144 888 0334 664 0349 552 06728.03
15–6411 428 68211 244 66122 673 34366.53
65+899 892917 3821 817 2745.33
unknown16 14621 20037 3470.11
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (1.VII.2017): [10]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total21 118 89420 576 73241 695 626100
0-42 537 2102 400 5254 937 73511.84
5-92 155 2222 034 3064 189 52810.05
10-141 672 9251 583 2533 256 1787.81
15-191 513 9101 449 9662 963 8767.11
20-241 728 6721 662 9603 391 6338.13
25-291 887 4121 837 6183 725 0308.93
30-341 891 3101 868 6703 759 9809.02
35-391 672 0001 638 9963 310 9967.94
40-441 322 8071 314 9552 637 7626.33
45-491 128 5641 141 7892 270 3545.45
50-54957 002964 1271 921 1294.61
55-59764 232765 3951 529 6283.67
60-64623 980613 8371 237 8172.97
65-69464 950452 674917 6242.20
70-74288 205304 720592 9251.42
75-79237 094252 360489 4541.17
80-84156 185171 174327 3600.79
85+117 213119 406236 6190.57
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0-146 365 3576 018 08412 383 44129.70
15-6413 489 89013 258 31426 748 20464.15
65+1 263 6471 300 3342 563 9816.15
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (Estimates 1.VII.2020) (Data refer to national projections.): [10]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total22 407 00021 819 00044 226 000100
0-42 593 0002 454 0005 047 00011.41
5-92 402 0002 270 0004 672 00010.56
10-141 949 0001 838 0003 787 0008.56
15-191 557 0001 480 0003 037 0006.87
20-241 579 0001 517 0003 096 0007.00
25-291 800 0001 738 0003 538 0008.00
30-341 908 0001 875 0003 783 0008.55
35-391 827 0001 799 0003 636 0008.22
40-441 514 0001 489 0003 003 0006.79
45-491 227 0001 232 0002 459 0005.56
50-541 053 0001 067 0002 120 0004.79
55-59860 000869 0001 729 0003.91
60-64687 000690 0001 377 0003.11
65-69546 000537 0001 083 0002.45
70-74354 000362 000716 0001.62
75-79240 000261 000501 0001.13
80-84170 000191 000361 0000.82
85+141 000150 000291 0000.66
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0-146 944 0006 562 00013 506 00030.54
15-6414 012 00013 756 00027 768 00062.79
65+1 451 0001 501 0002 952 0006.67


Vital statistics

Average population (1 January)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration rate (per 1000)Total fertility rateMale life expectancyFemale life expectancy
196613,123,000667,00050.8
196713,497,000630,000214,000416,00050.115.934.2-6.5
196813,887,000618,000241,000377,00047.717.430.3-2.2
196914,287,000665,000243,000422,00049.817.032.8-4.8
197014,691,000689,000226,000463,00050.216.533.7-6.2
197115,098,000687,000241,000446,00048.417.031.4-4.4
197215,512,000697,000229,000468,00047.715.732.0-5.3
197315,936,000717,000246,000471,00047.616.331.3-4.7
197416,375,000722,000234,000488,00046.515.131.4-4.6
197516,834,000738,000249,000489,00046.115.530.6-3.3
197617,311,000751,000258,000493,00045.415.629.8-2.2
197717,809,000796,000241,000555,00045.014.430.6-2.6
197818,331,000817,000238,000579,00046.413.532.9-4.4
197918,885,000774,000212,000562,00042.811.731.1-1.8
198019,475,000797,000203,000594,00042.710.931.8-1.5
198120,104,000791,000178,000613,00041.09.431.6-0.3
198220,767,000808,000180,000628,00040.69.131.50.4
198321,453,000830,000181,000649,00040.48.831.60.4
198422,150,000850,000173,000677,00040.28.631.6-0.1
198522,847,000864,000183,000681,00039.58.431.1-0.6
198623,539,000781,000165,000616,00034.77.327.42.0
198724,226,000755,000161,000594,00034.67.027.60.8
198824,905,000806,000157,000649,00033.96.627.30
198925,577,000755,000153,000602,00031.06.025.01.3
199025,022,000775,000151,000624,00030.96.024.9-47.14.50
199125,643,000773,000155,000618,00030.16.024.10.1
199226,271,000799,000160,000639,00030.46.124.3-0.4
199326,894,000775,000168,000607,00028.86.222.60.6
199427,496,000776,000180,000596,00028.26.521.70.2
199528,060,000711,000180,000531,00025.36.418.91.2
199628,566,000654,000172,000482,00022.96.016.90.8
199729,045,000654,000178,000476,00022.56.116.40.1
199829,507,000607,000144,000463,00020.64.915.70
199929,965,000593,643141,000452,64319.84.715.10.2
200030,416,000588,628140,000448,62819.44.614.802.40
200130,879,000618,380141,000477,38020.04.615.5-0.5
200231,357,000616,963138,000478,96319.74.415.3-0.12.48
200331,848,000649,000145,000504,00020.44.615.8-0.42.53
200432,364,000669,000141,000528,00020.74.416.3-0.4
200532,906,000703,000147,000556,00021.44.516.9-0.42.52
200633,481,000739,000144,000595,00022.14.317.8-0.6
200734,096,000783,000149,000634,00023.04.418.6-0.674.776.8
200834,591,000817,000153,000664,00023.64.419.2-4.92.8174.876.4
200935,268,000849,000159,000690,00024.14.519.6-0.42.8474.776.3
201035,978,000888,000157,000731,00024.74.420.3-0.62.8775.677.0
201136,717,000910,000162,000748,00024.84.420.4-0.32.8775.677.4
201237,495,000978,000170,000808,00026.14.521.6-0.93.0275.877.1
201338,297,000963,000168,000795,00025.14.420.70.22.9376.577.6
201439,114,0001,014,000174,000840,00025.94.421.5-0.63.0376.677.8
201539,963,0001,040,285182,570857,71526.04.621.4-0.23.0976.477.8
201640,836,0001,066,823180,404886,41926.14.521.6-0.23.1377.178.2
201741,721,0001,060,000190,000870,00025.44.620.80.43.1376.978.2
201842,578,0001,038,000193,000845,00024.44.519.90.22.9777.178.4
201943,424,0001,034,000198,000837,00023.84.619.20.32.9977.278.6
202044,241,000988,209241,069747,14022.35.416.91.42.874.277.9
202144,938,000949,799258,491691,30821.15.815.4-8.82.774.477.2
202245,631,000915,223203,146712,07720.14.515.6-9.82.62(e)77.080.0
202346,344,163895,140192,186702,95419.34.115.20.12.53(e)78.281.0
202446,700,000


Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Algeria since 1923 Life expectancy in Algeria.svg
Life expectancy in Algeria since 1923
Life expectancy in Algeria since 1960 by gender Life expectancy by WBG -Algeria -diff.png
Life expectancy in Algeria since 1960 by gender
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years [11]
1950–195542.89
1955–1960Increase2.svg 45.00
1960–1965Increase2.svg 47.29
1965–1970Increase2.svg 49.47
1970–1975Increase2.svg 51.48
1975–1980Increase2.svg 54.93
1980–1985Increase2.svg 61.57
1985–1990Increase2.svg 65.85
1990–1995Increase2.svg 67.20
1995–2000Increase2.svg 69.14
2000–2005Increase2.svg 71.50
2005–2010Increase2.svg 73.88
2010–2015Increase2.svg 75.27

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Algeria [1]

   Arabs (73.6%)
   Berbers (23.2%)
   Arabized Berbers (3%)
  Others (0.2%)

Arabs make up 73.6% of the population of Algeria, Berbers make up 23.2%, Arabized Berbers make up 3%, and others constitute 0.2%. [1] Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks as well as other ethnic groups have contributed to the ethnic makeup and genetic structure of the Algerian population. [12] Descendants of Andalusian refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. [13] Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these Aragonese and Castillian Morisco descendants deep into the 18th century, and even Catalan was spoken at the same time by Catalan Morisco descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued. [14]

Algerian women in traditional clothes Algerians in traditional costumes.jpg
Algerian women in traditional clothes

The Arab population of Algeria is a result of the inflow of sedentary and nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia since the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century. [15] The majority of Algerians identify with an Arab-based identity due to the 20th century Arab nationalism. [16] [17] The ethnic Berbers are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the Kabyles, who live in the Kabylia region east of Algiers, the Chaoui of North-East Algeria, the Tuaregs in the southern desert and the Shenwa people of North Algeria. [18] [ page needed ]

During the colonial period, there was a large (15% in 1960) [19] European population who became known as Pied-Noirs . They were primarily of French, Spanish and Italian origin. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end. [20]

Genetics

Y-DNA frequencies in coastal Algeria

PopulationNbE1a E1b1a E1b1b1aE1b1b1bE1b1b1cFKJ1 J2 R1a R1b QStudy
1 Oran 10207.85%5.90%45.10%00022.50%4.90%1%11.80%1%Robino et al. (2008) [21]
2 Algiers 352.85%011.40%42.85%011.80%2.85%22.85%5.70%000Arredi et al. (2004) [22]
3 Tizi Ouzou 1900047.35%10.50%10.50%015.80%0015.80%0Arredi et al. (2004)
Total1560.65%5.10%6.40%44.90%1.30%9.58%0.65%21.80%4.50%0.65%9.60%0.65%

In a recent genetic study by Semino et al. (2004), the Haplogroup J1 associated with the diffusion of Arabs was found at 35% in Algeria, [23] [24] which is one of the most common haplogroups in Algeria, like the rest of the Maghreb, along with E1b1b.

Recent studies on the common J1 Y chromosome suggest it arrived over 10,000 years ago in North Africa, and M81/E3b2 is a Y chromosome specific to North African ancestry, dating to the Neolithic. A thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004) which analyzed populations from Algeria concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both E3b2 and J haplogroups is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Afro-Asiatic–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East. This Neolithic origin was later confirmed by Myles et al. (2005) which suggest that "contemporary Berber populations possess the genetic signature of a past migration of pastoralists from the Middle East", although later papers have suggested that this date could have been as longas ten thousand years ago, with the transition from the Oranian to the Capsian culture in North Africa. [25]

Languages

Traffic sign in Isser in three languages: Arabic, Berber, and French Panneau de signalisation multilingue a Issers (Algerie).jpg
Traffic sign in Isser in three languages: Arabic, Berber, and French

Arabic and Berber serve as both official languages and national languages in Algeria. [26] [27]

Algerian Arabic (Algerian Dziriya or Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has many Berber and French loanwords.

Although French has no official status, Algeria is the second-largest Francophone country in the world in terms of speakers, [28] and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to Algeria's colonial history. It can be regarded as the de facto co-official language of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. [29] An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French. In recent decades the government has reinforced the study of French and TV programs have reinforced use of the language.

Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962. [30] Colloquial Arabic is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27.4%. [31]

Official and recognized languages

Religion

Religions of Algeria (2020)
Religionspercent
Islam (official; Sunni)
 
99%
Other (includes Christian and Jewish)
 
1%

Islam is the predominant religion with 99% of the population. There are about 150,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Ghardaia. [34]

There were an estimated 10,000 Christians in Algeria in 2008. [35] In a 2009 study the UNO estimated there were 45,000 Catholics and 50,000–100,000 Protestants in Algeria. [36] A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to Christianity in Algeria. [37]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Algeria</span> Country in North Africa

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berbers</span> Ethnic group indigenous to North Africa

Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also known as Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Maghreb. Their main connections are identified by their usage of Berber languages, most of them mutually unintelligible, which are part of the Afroasiatic language family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Tunisia</span>

All figures are from Statistique Tunesie and the United Nations Demographic Yearbooks, unless otherwise indicated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maghreb</span> Major region of Northern Africa; western half of Arab world

The Maghreb, also known as the Arab Maghreb and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world. The region comprises western and central North Africa, including Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. The Maghreb also includes the disputed territory of Western Sahara. As of 2018, the region had a population of over 100 million people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Algeria</span>

Arabic, particularly the Algerian Arabic dialect, is the most widely spoken language in Algeria, but a number of regional and foreign languages are also spoken. The official languages of Algeria are Arabic and Berber, as specified in its constitution since 1963 for the former and since 2016 for the latter. Berber has been recognized as a "national language" by constitutional amendment since 8 May 2002. In February 2016, a constitutional resolution was passed making Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Arabic is spoken by about 81% of Algerians, while Berber languages are spoken by 27%. French, though it has no official status, is still used in media and education due to Algeria's colonial history. Kabyle, with 3 million speakers, is the most spoken Berber language in the country, is taught and partially co-official in parts of Kabylie.

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Algerians are the citizens and nationals of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. The majority of the country's population is composed of Arabs who make up 85% of the population, and there is a Berber minority of 15%. The term also applies more broadly to any people who are of Algerian nationality, sharing a common culture and identity, as well as those who natively speak Algerian Arabic or other languages of Algeria.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">French language in Algeria</span>

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Algeria | Flag, Capital, Population, Map, & Language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  2. 1 2 Languages of Algeria, Britannica
  3. ↑ "National Office of Statistics". 9 June 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012.
  4. ↑ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "Algeria: Hope in a Hidden Church | EWTN". EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  6. ↑ "Rentrée scolaire 2022-2023: Onze millions d'élèves scolarisés - L'Express Algérie" (in French). 11 September 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  7. ↑ "Algeria Population - Our World in Data". www.ourworldindata.org.
  8. ↑ "Office National des Statistiques". Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  9. ↑ https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics>
  10. 1 2 "Demographic and Social Statistics: Demographic Yearbook System". United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).
  11. ↑ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  12. ↑ UNESCO (2009). "Diversité et interculturalité en Algérie" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2013.
  13. ↑ Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation. Indiana University Press. p. 22. ISBN   9780253217820.
  14. ↑ De Epalza, Mikel (2011). El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII). Universitat de València. pp. 32–38–39–444. ISBN   9788437084152.
  15. ↑ Stearns, Peter N.; Leonard Langer, William (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged (6 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 129–131. ISBN   978-0-395-65237-4.
  16. ↑ Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. ISBN   978-1-4381-2676-0.
  17. ↑ Oxford Business Group (2011). The Report: Algeria 2011. Oxford Business Group. p. 9. ISBN   978-1-907065-37-8.{{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  18. ↑ Marion Mill Preminger (1961). The sands of Tamanrasset: the story of Charles de Foucauld. Hawthorn Books.
  19. ↑ Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland. p. 398. ISBN   978-0-8153-4057-7.
  20. ↑ De Azevedo, Raimond Cagiano (1994). Migration and Development Co-Operation. Council of Europe. p. 25. ISBN   9789287126115.
  21. ↑ Robino, C; Crobu, F; Di Gaetano, C; Bekada, A; Benhamamouch, S; Cerutti, N; Piazza, A; Inturri, S; Torre, C (2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 122 (3): 251–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID   17909833. S2CID   11556974.
  22. ↑ Arredi et al. (2004),A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa
  23. ↑ Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maccioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. doi:10.1086/386295. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   1181965 . PMID   15069642.
  24. ↑ Semino et al. (2004), Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J Archived 2011-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ Myles, Sean; Bouzekri, Nourdine; Haverfield, Eden; Cherkaoui, Mohamed; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Ward, Ryk (2005). "Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin". Human Genetics. 117 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-1266-3. PMID   15806398. S2CID   23939065.
  26. ↑ "APS" (PDF). Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  27. ↑ "Présentation de l'Algérie". French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. 23 October 2012. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  28. ↑ "La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie". Senat.fr. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."
  29. ↑ "Le dénombrement des francophones" (PDF). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n’appartenant pas à l’OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l’Algérie (11,2 millions en 20081)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d’après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l’Office national des statistiques d’Algérie."
  30. ↑ New, The (19 November 2008). "Algeria's liberation terrorism and Arabization". blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  31. 1 2 3 Leclerc, Jacques (5 April 2009). "Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique". L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Université Laval. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  32. ↑ fr:Langues en Algérie
  33. ↑ "APS" (PDF). Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  34. ↑ [ unreliable source? ] "Ibadis and Kharijis". (via Angelfire). Archived from the original on 2 July 2001. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  35. ↑ "Algerian Christian converts fined". BBC News. 3 June 2008.
  36. ↑ Deeb, Mary Jane. "Religious minorities" Algeria (Country Study). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; Helen Chapan Metz, ed. December 1993. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  37. ↑ Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census

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