Demographics of Malawi

Demographics of Malawi
Population pyramid of Malawi in 2020
Population	20,794,353 (2022 est.)
Growth rate	2.34% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	27.94 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate	4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy	72.44 years
• male	69.33 years
• female	75.59 years
Fertility rate	3.4 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate	33.43 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	45.87%
65 and over	2.68%
Nationality
Nationality	Malawian
Language
Official	English

Demographic features of the population of Malawi include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Malawi derives its name from the Maravi, a Bantu people who came from the southern Congo about 600 years ago. On reaching the area north of Lake Malawi, the Maravi divided. One branch, the ancestors of the present-day Chewas, moved south to the west bank of the lake. The other, the ancestors of the Nyanjas, moved down the east bank to the southern part of the country.

By AD 1500, the two divisions of the tribe had established a kingdom stretching from north of the present-day city of Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River in the south, and from Lake Malawi in the east, to the Luangwa River in Zambia in the west. Migrations and tribal conflicts precluded the formation of a cohesive Malawian society until the turn of the 20th century. In more recent years, ethnic and tribal distinctions have diminished. Regional distinctions and rivalries, however, persist. Despite some clear differences, no significant friction currently exists between tribal groups,^{[ citation needed ]} and the concept of a Malawian nationality has begun to take hold. Predominantly a rural people, Malawians are generally conservative and traditionally nonviolent.^{[ citation needed ]}

Malawi health passport showing 3 languages most used in Malawi, English (red dot), Chewa (blue dot) and Tumbuka (green dot).

The Chewas constitute 90% of the population of the central region; the Nyanja tribe predominates in the south and the Tumbuka in the north. In addition, significant numbers of the Tongas live in the north; Ngonis—an offshoot of the Zulus who came from South Africa in the early 19th century—live in the lower northern and lower central regions; and the Yao, who are mostly Muslim, predominate in the Southern Region of the country and live in a wide band from Blantyre and Zomba north to Lake Malawi and east to the border with Mozambique. Bantus of other tribes came from Mozambique as refugees.

Population

Demographics of Malawi, Data of Our World in Data, year 2022; Number of inhabitants in millions.

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects ^{[1] [2]} the total population was 19,889,742 in 2021, compared to only 2 881 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 45.8%, 51.1% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.1% was 65 years or older. ^[3]

Year	Total population ( × 1000)	Population percentage
		aged 0–14	aged 15–64	aged 65+
1950	2 881	45.7	51.2	3.1
1955	3 166	45.7	51.5	2.8
1960	3 525	45.9	51.6	2.6
1965	3 975	45.3	52.3	2.4
1970	4 531	46.3	51.4	2.3
1975	5 302	46.9	50.6	2.5
1980	6 240	47.1	50.3	2.6
1985	7 268	47.5	50.0	2.5
1990	9 381	45.9	51.4	2.7
1995	9 883	44.7	52.2	3.1
2000	11 229	45.8	51.1	3.1
2005	12 823	46.1	50.9	3.1
2010	14 901	45.8	51.1	3.1

Total and Percent Distribution of Population by Single Year of Age (Census 09.03.2018) ^[4]

Age	Population	Percent
Total	17,563,749	100
0-4	2,552,406	14.53
0	522,802	2.98
1	509,351	2.90
2	490,811	2.79
3	511,365	2.91
4	518,077	2.95
5-9	2,632,878	14.99
5	529,111	3.01
6	546,708	3.11
7	526,347	3.00
8	532,846	3.03
9	497,866	2.83
10-14	2,533,303	14.42
10	539,264	3.07
11	489,887	2.79
12	517,832	2.95
13	492,122	2.80
14	494,198	2.81
15-19	2,035,945	11.59
15	452,017	2.57
16	339,248	1.93
17	384,682	2.19
18	497,831	2.83
19	362,167	2.06
20-24	1,651,576	9.40
20	357,667	2.04
21	323,511	1.84
22	304,519	1.73
23	330,222	1.88
24	335,657	1.91
25-29	1,229,411	7.00
25	291,198	1.66
26	274,739	1.56
27	213,337	1.21
28	238,630	1.36
29	211,507	1.20
30-34	1,107,226	6.30
30	243,969	1.39
31	209,155	1.19
32	226,360	1.29
33	218,620	1.24
34	209,122	1.19
35-39	968,998	5.52
35	221,078	1.26
36	207,499	1.18
37	165,564	0.94
38	210,252	1.20
39	164,605	0.94
40-44	729,600	4.15
40	168,637	0.96
41	137,967	0.79
42	147,438	0.84
43	151,363	0.86
44	124,195	0.71
45-49	535,868	3.05
45	129,172	0.74
46	121,996	0.69
47	89,576	0.51
48	112,116	0.64
49	83,008	0.47
50-54	387,812	2.21
50	99,632	0.57
51	57,309	0.33
52	63,690	0.36
53	72,671	0.41
54	94,510	0.54
55-59	306,921	1.75
55	69,274	0.39
56	63,914	0.36
57	50,534	0.29
58	75,091	0.43
59	48,108	0.27
60-64	234,918	1.34
60	69,006	0.39
61	38,753	0.22
62	44,264	0.25
63	40,119	0.23
64	42,776	0.24
65-69	240,551	1.37
65	47,861	0.27
66	50,078	0.29
67	35,456	0.20
68	59,659	0.34
69	47,497	0.27
70-74	144,788	0.82
70	39,380	0.22
71	27,618	0.16
72	26,622	0.15
73	31,656	0.18
74	19,512	0.11
75-79	124,718	0.71
75	25,635	0.15
76	28,492	0.16
77	19,096	0.11
78	35,174	0.20
79	16,321	0.09
80-84	63,675	0.36
80	16,846	0.10
81	9,987	0.06
82	12,908	0.07
83	14,208	0.08
84	9,726	0.06
85-89	54,754	0.31
85	12,054	0.07
86	14,628	0.08
87	8,331	0.05
88	15,327	0.09
89	4,414	0.03
90-94	15,130	0.09
90	5,041	0.03
91	2,466	0.01
92	2,746	0.02
93	2,897	0.02
94	1,980	0.01
95+	13,271	0.08

Age group	Population	Percent
0-14	7,718,587	43.95
15-64	9,188,275	52.31
65+	656,887	3.74

UN population projections

Numbers are in thousands. UN medium variant projections ^[3]

• 2015 17,522
• 2020 20,677
• 2025 24,212
• 2030 28,173
• 2035 32,667
• 2040 37,797
• 2045 43,521
• 2050 49,719

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events is in Malawi not complete. The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations. ^[5]

	Mid-year population (thousands)	Live births (thousands)	Deaths (thousands)	Natural change (thousands)	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate (TFR)	Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)	Life expectancy (in years)
1950	2 950 000	145 000	96 000	49 000	49.2	32.5	16.7	6.80	206.1	32.75
1951	3 001 000	149 000	96 000	53 000	49.6	31.8	17.8	6.81	205.8	32.81
1952	3 056 000	153 000	96 000	57 000	50.1	31.4	18.6	6.83	204.9	32.91
1953	3 115 000	157 000	97 000	60 000	50.5	31.2	19.4	6.85	203.9	33.10
1954	3 176 000	160 000	98 000	62 000	50.4	30.8	19.5	6.79	202.9	33.40
1955	3 240 000	165 000	99 000	66 000	50.9	30.5	20.5	6.83	201.8	33.79
1956	3 309 000	170 000	100 000	70 000	51.4	30.2	21.3	6.87	200.5	34.22
1957	3 381 000	176 000	101 000	74 000	52.0	30.0	22.0	6.91	199.3	34.52
1958	3 457 000	181 000	103 000	78 000	52.4	29.9	22.6	6.95	197.9	34.80
1959	3 537 000	187 000	105 000	82 000	53.0	29.8	23.2	7.00	196.5	35.02
1960	3 621 000	193 000	108 000	85 000	53.3	29.7	23.5	7.03	195.2	35.20
1961	3 708 000	199 000	110 000	89 000	53.7	29.7	24.0	7.07	193.8	35.33
1962	3 799 000	205 000	112 000	93 000	54.0	29.5	24.5	7.10	192.6	35.65
1963	3 894 000	212 000	116 000	96 000	54.3	29.7	24.6	7.13	191.8	35.62
1964	3 990 000	216 000	118 000	98 000	54.1	29.6	24.4	7.10	191.1	35.69
1965	4 089 000	221 000	121 000	100 000	54.1	29.6	24.4	7.11	190.7	35.72
1966	4 191 000	227 000	124 000	103 000	54.2	29.5	24.7	7.16	190.1	35.87
1967	4 296 000	233 000	127 000	107 000	54.3	29.5	24.8	7.22	189.4	35.90
1968	4 403 000	239 000	129 000	110 000	54.3	29.4	25.0	7.28	188.6	36.04
1969	4 513 000	244 000	131 000	113 000	54.1	29.1	25.0	7.29	187.7	36.32
1970	4 625 000	249 000	133 000	117 000	53.9	28.7	25.2	7.32	186.2	36.73
1971	4 742 000	254 000	133 000	121 000	53.6	28.1	25.5	7.33	183.8	37.24
1972	4 866 000	260 000	134 000	127 000	53.5	27.4	26.0	7.35	180.6	37.90
1973	4 996 000	266 000	134 000	132 000	53.2	26.8	26.5	7.36	176.8	38.54
1974	5 134 000	272 000	134 000	138 000	53.0	26.0	26.9	7.37	172.9	39.27
1975	5 281 000	279 000	133 000	146 000	52.9	25.2	27.7	7.40	168.6	40.22
1976	5 438 000	287 000	132 000	155 000	52.8	24.3	28.5	7.43	164.3	41.23
1977	5 612 000	296 000	131 000	164 000	52.7	23.4	29.3	7.46	159.7	42.23
1978	5 809 000	305 000	131 000	174 000	52.6	22.6	30.1	7.48	154.9	43.29
1979	6 029 000	315 000	132 000	184 000	52.5	21.9	30.6	7.51	149.8	44.27
1980	6 267 000	329 000	134 000	195 000	52.6	21.4	31.2	7.57	145.7	45.09
1981	6 520 000	339 000	137 000	203 000	52.3	21.0	31.3	7.54	142.1	45.70
1982	6 784 000	351 000	141 000	210 000	51.9	20.9	31.1	7.51	140.1	45.99
1983	7 058 000	361 000	147 000	214 000	51.3	20.9	30.4	7.44	140.0	46.04
1984	7 339 000	370 000	155 000	215 000	50.7	21.2	29.4	7.36	141.6	45.58
1985	7 625 000	382 000	164 000	218 000	50.3	21.7	28.7	7.29	143.7	44.95
1986	7 910 000	393 000	174 000	220 000	49.9	22.0	27.9	7.22	145.2	44.34
1987	8 296 000	404 000	182 000	222 000	49.5	22.3	27.2	7.15	145.5	43.81
1988	8 755 000	423 000	198 000	225 000	48.9	22.9	26.0	7.02	144.6	43.38
1989	9 175 000	439 000	204 000	234 000	48.3	22.5	25.8	6.91	142.6	43.34
1990	9 540 000	454 000	210 000	244 000	47.8	22.1	25.7	6.81	139.9	43.32
1991	9 832 000	467 000	213 000	253 000	47.5	21.7	25.8	6.72	136.5	43.31
1992	10 115 000	477 000	215 000	262 000	47.2	21.3	25.9	6.65	132.4	43.41
1993	10 257 000	488 000	219 000	269 000	46.9	21.0	25.9	6.59	128.9	43.39
1994	10 132 000	484 000	214 000	270 000	46.6	20.6	26.0	6.51	125.4	43.56
1995	10 113 000	470 000	206 000	264 000	46.3	20.3	26.0	6.42	122.4	43.64
1996	10 311 000	476 000	212 000	264 000	46.0	20.5	25.5	6.31	120.0	43.44
1997	10 513 000	486 000	218 000	268 000	46.1	20.7	25.4	6.26	117.6	43.13
1998	10 732 000	497 000	224 000	273 000	46.2	20.8	25.4	6.24	114.6	42.85
1999	10 974 000	506 000	222 000	284 000	46.0	20.2	25.8	6.15	110.7	43.57
2000	11 229 000	510 000	220 000	290 000	45.4	19.6	25.8	6.04	105.2	44.52
2001	11 499 000	520 000	214 000	306 000	45.2	18.6	26.6	5.99	98.1	45.90
2002	11 784 000	532 000	208 000	324 000	45.1	17.7	27.4	5.96	90.9	47.22
2003	12 088 000	546 000	201 000	345 000	45.1	16.6	28.5	5.94	83.1	48.79
2004	12 411 000	559 000	193 000	366 000	45.0	15.5	29.4	5.93	76.7	50.45
2005	12 756 000	573 000	187 000	387 000	44.9	14.6	30.3	5.91	71.7	52.04
2006	13 118 000	583 000	183 000	400 000	44.4	14.0	30.4	5.84	68.2	53.24
2007	13 495 000	589 000	182 000	407 000	43.6	13.5	30.1	5.74	65.8	53.95
2008	13 889 000	593 000	180 000	413 000	42.7	13.0	29.7	5.61	62.8	54.60
2009	14 299 000	598 000	174 000	424 000	41.8	12.2	29.6	5.45	59.9	55.45
2010	14 718 000	601 000	168 000	433 000	40.8	11.4	29.4	5.27	56.9	56.38
2011	15 146 000	604 000	161 000	444 000	39.9	10.6	29.3	5.11	53.1	57.46
2012	15 581 000	605 000	153 000	452 000	38.8	9.8	29.0	4.92	49.0	58.68
2013	16 025 000	607 000	146 000	461 000	37.9	9.1	28.8	4.78	44.6	59.73
2014	16 478 000	606 000	138 000	468 000	36.8	8.4	28.4	4.61	41.0	60.90
2015	16 939 000	606 000	136 000	470 000	35.8	8.0	27.8	4.45	38.5	61.38
2016	17 406 000	606 000	131 000	475 000	34.8	7.5	27.3	4.31	35.9	62.21
2017	17 881 000	614 000	128 000	486 000	34.3	7.1	27.2	4.22	33.7	62.98
2018	18 368 000	623 000	128 000	496 000	33.9	7.0	27.0	4.14	31.7	63.28
2019	18 867 000	634 000	125 000	509 000	33.6	6.6	27.0	4.07	30.1	64.12
2020	19 377 000	644 000	130 000	514 000	33.2	6.7	26.5	4.00	28.7	63.72
2021	19 890 000	654 000	139 000	515 000	32.9	7.0	25.9	3.92	27.5	62.90

Fertility and births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): ^{[6] [7]}

Year	Total		Urban		Rural
	CBR	TFR	CBR	TFR	CBR	TFR
1984	52	7.58
1992	42.9	6.73 (5.74)	40.5	5.51 (4.38)	43.2	6.88 (5.92)
2000	45.5	6.3 (5.2)	40.8	4.5 (3.5)	46.2	6.7 (5.5)
2004	42.4	6.0 (4.9)	37.0	4.2 (3.3)	43.4	6.4 (5.2)
2010	39.2	5.7 (4.5)	36.0	4.0 (3.3)	39.8	6.1 (4.8)
2015-16	32.2	4.4 (3.4)	29.5	3.0 (2.5)	32.6	4.7 (3.6)
2017	32.1	4.2	27.4	2.8	33.0	4.5

Fertility data as of 2016 (DHS Program): ^[8]

Region	Total fertility rate	Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant	Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49
Northern	4.2	8.1	5.7
Central	4.4	7.8	6.2
Southern	4.6	7.3	5.7
Total	4.4	7.6	5.9

Other demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019. ^[9]

• One birth every 48 seconds
• One death every 4 minutes
• One net migrant every 65 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 59 seconds

The following demographic are from the CIA World Factbook ^[10] unless otherwise indicated.

Population

20,794,353 (2022 est.)

19,842,560 (July 2018 est.)

19,196,246 (July 2017 est.)

Religions

Protestant 33.5% (includes Church of Central Africa Presbyterian 14.2%, Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist 9.4%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Anglican 2.3%), Roman Catholic 17.2%, other Christian 26.6%, Muslim 13.8%, traditionalist 1.1%, other 5.6%, none 2.1% (2018 est.)

Age structure

Population pyramid of Malawi in 2020

0-14 years: 45.87% (male 4,843,107/female 4,878,983)

15-24 years: 20.51% (male 2,151,417/female 2,195,939)

25-54 years: 27.96% (male 2,944,936/female 2,982,195)

55-64 years: 2.98% (male 303,803/female 328,092)

65 years and over: 2.68% (2020 est.) (male 249,219/female 318,938)

0-14 years: 46.17% (male 4,560,940 /female 4,600,184)

15-24 years: 20.58% (male 2,023,182 /female 2,059,765)

25-54 years: 27.57% (male 2,717,613 /female 2,752,983)

55-64 years: 3% (male 284,187 /female 310,393)

65 years and over: 2.69% (male 234,776 /female 298,537) (2018 est.)

Birth rate

27.94 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 38th

40.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th

41 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death rate

4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 206th

7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 100th

7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.4 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 41st

4 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th

Population growth rate

2.34% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 31st

3.31% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 3rd

3.31% (2017 est.)

Median age

total: 16.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 221st

male: 16.7 years

female: 16.9 years (2020 est.)

total: 16.6 years. Country comparison to the world: 223rd

male: 16.5 years

female: 16.8 years (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

18.9 years (2015/16 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Contraceptive prevalence rate

59.2% (2015/16)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 91st

0 migrants/1,000 population (2017). There is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 91 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 85.3 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 5.7 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio: 17.4 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 18% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 4.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population: 16.9% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanization: 4.19% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

v t e Largest cities or towns in Malawi According to the 2018 Census [11]
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
Lilongwe Blantyre	1	Lilongwe	Central	989,318
	2	Blantyre	Southern	800,264
	3	Mzuzu	Northern	221,272
	4	Zomba	Southern	105,013
	5	Karonga	Northern	61,609
	6	Kasungu	Central	58,653
	7	Mangochi	Southern	53,498
	8	Salima	Central	36,789
	9	Liwonde	Southern	36,421
	10	Balaka	Southern	36,308

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 72.44 years. Country comparison to the world: 154th

male: 69.33 years female: 75.59 years (2022 est.)

total population: 62.2 years (2018 est.)

male: 60.2 years (2018 est.)

female: 64.3 years (2018 est.)

total population: 61.7 years

male: 59.7 years

female: 63.8 years (2017 est.)

Sex ratio

• at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
• under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
• 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
• 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
• total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2000 est.)

Ratio of medical doctors to general population

1 Doctor/65,000 Malawians ^[12]

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever

water contact diseases: schistosomiasis

animal contact diseases: rabies

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Malawi is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

Nationality

• noun: Malawian(s)
• adjective: Malawian

Ethnic groups

^[13]

• Chewa 34.3%
• Lomwe 18.8%
• Yao 13.2%
• Ngoni 11.4%
• Tumbuka 9.2%
• Sena 3.8%
• Mang'anja 3.2%
• Tonga 1.8%
• Nyanja 1.8%
• Nyakyusa 1%
• Europeans 0.04%
• Other 2.5%

Languages

^{[13] [ failed verification ]}

English (official)

• Chichewa 6,180,000
• Chitumbuka - 4,180,000
• Chiyao - 3,760,000
• Chilomwe - 3,290,000
• Chisena - 2,468,000
• Chingoni - 37,500
• Chitonga - 471,000
• Chinyika - 5,000
• Chindali - 70,000
• Chinyakyusa - 149,000
• Chilambya - 59,500

Education expenditures

2.9% of GDP (2020)

country comparison to the world: 159

Literacy

Further information: Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 62.1%

male: 69.8%

female: 55.2% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years (2011)

male: 11 years (2011)

female: 11 years (2011)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 8.5%

male: 6.7%

female: 10.6% (2017 est.)

See also

• Malawi
• Malawian American

References

1. "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
2. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
3. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Archived May 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
4. "2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report" (PDF). Malawi National Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
5. "Population & Demography Data Explorer". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
6. "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". Microdata.worldbank.org. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
7. "STATcompiler". www.statcompiler.com. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
8. "Malawi Demographic and Demographic and Health Survey : Health Survey 2015-16" (PDF). Dhsprogram.com. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
9. "Malawi Population 2019", World Population Review
10.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Malawi". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA . Retrieved July 12, 2018.  (Archived 2018 edition.)
11. "Malawi". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
12. von Bothmer, Eleanore (2009). "Global lack of medical doctors". Development and Cooperation. 36 (3). Frankfurt am Main: Societäts-Verlag: 94. Archived from the original on 2009-07-26.
13. "Africa :: MALI". CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 2017-08-04.