Demographics of Sudan | |
---|---|
Population | 50,467,278 (2024 est.) [1] |
Growth rate | 2.55% (2022 est.) |
Birth rate | 33.47 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
Death rate | 6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
Life expectancy | 67.12 years |
Fertility rate | 4.6 children born/woman (2022 est.) |
Infant mortality rate | 42.27 deaths/1,000 live births |
Net migration rate | -1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 42.01% |
65 and over | 3.03% |
Nationality | |
Nationality | Sudanese |
Major ethnic | Sudanese Arabs (70.0%) |
Minor ethnic | |
Language | |
Official | Arabic and English |
The demographics of Sudan include the Sudanese people (Arabic : سودانيون) and their characteristics, Sudan, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.
In Sudan's 1993 census, the population was calculated at 30 million. No comprehensive census has been carried out since that time due to the Second Sudanese Civil War. Estimates of Sudan, including the population of South Sudan, ranged from 37 million (United Nations) to 45 million (CIA). Since the secession of South Sudan in July 2011, the current population of Sudan is estimated to be about 46 million. [2] [3] The population of metropolitan Khartoum (including Khartoum, Omdurman, and Khartoum North) is growing rapidly and ranges from six to seven million, including around two million displaced persons from the southern war zone, as well as western and eastern drought-affected areas.
The majority of the population in Sudan are the indigenous Nubian inhabitants of the Nile Valley. The majority of ethnic groups of Sudan fall under Arabs, and the minority being other African ethnic groups such as the Beja, [4] Fur, Nuba, and Fallata. [5] When counted as one people Sudanese Arabs are by far the largest ethnic group in Sudan, however African ethnic groups are a large minority if counted as one group. They are almost entirely Muslim; while the majority speak Sudanese Arabic; some other Arab tribes speak different Arabic dialects like Awadia and Fadnia and Bani Arak tribes who speak Najdi Arabic; Bani Hassan, Al-Ashraf, Kinanah and Rashaida who speak Hejazi Arabic. In addition, Arab tribes like the Baggara and other Darfurians, both who speak Chadian Arabic. [6] Sudanese Arabs of northern and eastern parts descend primarily from migrants from the Arabian Peninsula. Additionally, a few pre-Islamic Arabian tribes existed in Sudan from earlier migrations into the region from Western Arabia, although most Arabs in Sudan are dated from migrations after the 12th century. [7] The vast majority of Arab tribes in Sudan migrated into the Sudan in the 12th century. [8]
Achieving good counts of the population is difficult in Sudan, because conducting a census has been difficult due to various conflicts and wars in the southern, eastern and western regions of Sudan over the past few decades. The government of South Sudan (led by the former SPLM resistance movement) has in the past accused Sudan of deliberately manipulating the census in oil-rich regions such as the Abyei district, on the border between Sudan and South Sudan. The population count is a determining factor for the share of wealth and power each part of Sudan receives after the secession of South Sudan (See: Naivasha Agreement). Another complication is the Southern Sudanese refugees present in the north, whose citizenship in Sudan after the secession of South Sudan is now in question. [9] 250,000 refugees from Syria live in Sudan. [10]
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2016) (Unrevised data.): [11]
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 20 105 842 | 19 541 779 | 39 647 621 | 100 |
0–4 | 3 506 328 | 3 377 853 | 6 884 181 | 17.36 |
5–9 | 2 801 266 | 2 677 988 | 5 479 254 | 13.82 |
10–14 | 2 325 624 | 2 196 472 | 4 522 096 | 11.41 |
15–19 | 2 073 006 | 1 952 605 | 4 025 611 | 10.15 |
20–24 | 1 816 041 | 1 721 450 | 3 537 491 | 8.92 |
25–29 | 1 547 613 | 1 519 393 | 3 067 006 | 7.74 |
30–34 | 1 295 965 | 1 329 629 | 2 625 594 | 6.62 |
35–39 | 1 085 101 | 1 136 535 | 2 221 636 | 5.60 |
40–44 | 891 195 | 949 131 | 1 840 327 | 4.64 |
45–49 | 732 711 | 762 251 | 1 494 962 | 3.77 |
50–54 | 589 400 | 586 304 | 1 175 703 | 2.97 |
55–59 | 458 118 | 441 240 | 899 359 | 2.27 |
60–64 | 340 396 | 314 518 | 654 915 | 1.65 |
65-69 | 248 570 | 225 431 | 474 001 | 1.20 |
70-74 | 170 069 | 152 437 | 322 506 | 0.81 |
75-79 | 109 224 | 97 712 | 206 936 | 0.52 |
80+ | 115 214 | 100 828 | 216 042 | 0.54 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 8 633 218 | 8 252 313 | 16 885 531 | 42.59 |
15–64 | 10 829 547 | 10 713 058 | 21 542 605 | 54.34 |
65+ | 643 077 | 576 408 | 1 219 485 | 3.08 |
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data refer to national projections.): [12]
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 20 857 303 | 20 281 599 | 41 138 904 | 100 |
0–4 | 2 873 465 | 2 773 594 | 5 647 059 | 13.73 |
5–9 | 2 571 562 | 2 483 977 | 5 055 532 | 12.29 |
10–14 | 2 304 529 | 2 216 524 | 4 521 059 | 10.99 |
15–19 | 2 280 148 | 2 152 491 | 4 432 638 | 10.77 |
20–24 | 2 158 344 | 1 943 776 | 4 102 116 | 9.97 |
25–29 | 1 821 785 | 1 665 559 | 3 487 349 | 8.48 |
30–34 | 1 442 332 | 1 474 329 | 2 916 654 | 7.09 |
35–39 | 1 179 849 | 1 330 120 | 2 509 965 | 6.10 |
40–44 | 1 000 575 | 1 110 734 | 2 111 309 | 5.13 |
45–49 | 855 408 | 909 671 | 1 765 081 | 4.29 |
50–54 | 717 995 | 717 820 | 1 435 807 | 3.49 |
55–59 | 545 001 | 511 980 | 1 056 992 | 2.57 |
60–64 | 404 866 | 374 598 | 779 458 | 1.89 |
65-69 | 275 266 | 247 207 | 522 480 | 1.27 |
70-74 | 199 364 | 173 388 | 372 747 | 0.91 |
75-79 | 125 079 | 106 375 | 231 456 | 0.56 |
80+ | 103 574 | 92 332 | 195 909 | 0.48 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 7 749 556 | 7 474 095 | 15 223 651 | 37.01 |
15–64 | 12 404 464 | 12 188 202 | 24 592 666 | 59.78 |
65+ | 703 283 | 619 302 | 1 322 585 | 3.21 |
The vital statistics below do not include South Sudan.
Year [13] | Mid-year population (thousands) | Live births (thousands) | Deaths (thousands) | Natural change (thousands) | CBR* | CDR* | NC* | IMR* | TFR* | Life expectancy (years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 6 191 | 296 | 114 | 182 | 47.8 | 18.4 | 29.4 | 123.7 | 6.69 | 46.77 |
1951 | 6 380 | 305 | 116 | 189 | 47.8 | 18.2 | 29.6 | 122.5 | 6.68 | 47.05 |
1952 | 6 574 | 314 | 118 | 197 | 47.8 | 17.9 | 29.9 | 120.2 | 6.68 | 47.55 |
1953 | 6 774 | 324 | 119 | 204 | 47.7 | 17.6 | 30.1 | 118.0 | 6.68 | 47.92 |
1954 | 6 979 | 333 | 121 | 212 | 47.7 | 17.4 | 30.4 | 116.3 | 6.69 | 48.26 |
1955 | 7 193 | 343 | 123 | 220 | 47.7 | 17.1 | 30.6 | 114.5 | 6.69 | 48.65 |
1956 | 7 414 | 353 | 127 | 226 | 47.6 | 17.1 | 30.4 | 113.4 | 6.68 | 48.56 |
1957 | 7 639 | 362 | 132 | 230 | 47.4 | 17.3 | 30.1 | 112.1 | 6.66 | 48.11 |
1958 | 7 861 | 374 | 147 | 226 | 47.5 | 18.7 | 28.8 | 111.6 | 6.67 | 45.81 |
1959 | 8 087 | 383 | 149 | 235 | 47.4 | 18.4 | 29.0 | 109.9 | 6.65 | 46.26 |
1960 | 8 326 | 394 | 151 | 244 | 47.3 | 18.1 | 29.2 | 108.3 | 6.65 | 46.60 |
1961 | 8 577 | 405 | 152 | 252 | 47.2 | 17.8 | 29.4 | 106.9 | 6.63 | 47.02 |
1962 | 8 841 | 422 | 155 | 267 | 47.7 | 17.5 | 30.2 | 105.4 | 6.69 | 47.35 |
1963 | 9 115 | 438 | 167 | 272 | 48.1 | 18.3 | 29.8 | 105.2 | 6.75 | 46.19 |
1964 | 9 407 | 456 | 153 | 303 | 48.4 | 16.3 | 32.2 | 102.6 | 6.80 | 49.46 |
1965 | 9 713 | 471 | 172 | 299 | 48.5 | 17.8 | 30.8 | 102.7 | 6.85 | 46.94 |
1966 | 10 015 | 488 | 193 | 296 | 48.7 | 19.2 | 29.5 | 102.8 | 6.90 | 44.63 |
1967 | 10 321 | 504 | 195 | 309 | 48.9 | 18.9 | 30.0 | 101.8 | 6.94 | 45.06 |
1968 | 10 639 | 518 | 198 | 320 | 48.7 | 18.6 | 30.1 | 100.9 | 6.97 | 45.46 |
1969 | 10 966 | 535 | 206 | 329 | 48.8 | 18.8 | 30.0 | 101.4 | 7.00 | 45.15 |
1970 | 11 305 | 552 | 209 | 342 | 48.8 | 18.5 | 30.3 | 100.7 | 7.03 | 45.53 |
1971 | 11 669 | 571 | 186 | 384 | 48.9 | 16.0 | 32.9 | 99.7 | 7.06 | 49.65 |
1972 | 12 057 | 583 | 189 | 394 | 48.4 | 15.7 | 32.7 | 97.8 | 7.01 | 49.93 |
1973 | 12 470 | 596 | 173 | 423 | 47.8 | 13.9 | 33.9 | 94.5 | 6.96 | 53.07 |
1974 | 12 951 | 611 | 177 | 434 | 47.4 | 13.7 | 33.6 | 94.0 | 6.95 | 53.23 |
1975 | 13 498 | 636 | 183 | 454 | 47.3 | 13.6 | 33.7 | 93.5 | 6.93 | 53.38 |
1976 | 14 066 | 662 | 189 | 473 | 47.3 | 13.5 | 33.8 | 93.0 | 6.90 | 53.46 |
1977 | 14 667 | 690 | 195 | 495 | 47.2 | 13.3 | 33.9 | 92.4 | 6.87 | 53.65 |
1978 | 15 306 | 722 | 204 | 518 | 47.4 | 13.4 | 34.0 | 91.8 | 6.84 | 53.44 |
1979 | 15 973 | 753 | 212 | 541 | 47.3 | 13.3 | 34.0 | 91.2 | 6.78 | 53.56 |
1980 | 16 674 | 785 | 217 | 568 | 47.3 | 13.1 | 34.2 | 90.5 | 6.73 | 53.93 |
1981 | 17 404 | 819 | 225 | 594 | 47.3 | 13.0 | 34.3 | 89.9 | 6.68 | 54.08 |
1982 | 18 129 | 855 | 232 | 623 | 47.3 | 12.8 | 34.4 | 89.3 | 6.64 | 54.32 |
1983 | 18 734 | 882 | 323 | 559 | 47.0 | 17.2 | 29.8 | 113.1 | 6.60 | 47.45 |
1984 | 19 166 | 893 | 345 | 548 | 46.4 | 17.9 | 28.5 | 114.1 | 6.55 | 46.22 |
1985 | 19 517 | 898 | 347 | 551 | 45.8 | 17.7 | 28.1 | 112.8 | 6.49 | 46.46 |
1986 | 19 887 | 904 | 282 | 622 | 45.2 | 14.1 | 31.1 | 90.5 | 6.43 | 51.48 |
1987 | 20 231 | 906 | 393 | 513 | 44.5 | 19.3 | 25.2 | 102.9 | 6.36 | 43.44 |
1988 | 20 454 | 909 | 532 | 377 | 44.2 | 25.9 | 18.3 | 118.5 | 6.28 | 35.92 |
1989 | 20 719 | 912 | 315 | 597 | 43.8 | 15.1 | 28.7 | 91.5 | 6.23 | 49.34 |
1990 | 21 091 | 914 | 314 | 599 | 43.1 | 14.8 | 28.3 | 90.0 | 6.17 | 49.73 |
1991 | 21 454 | 921 | 313 | 608 | 42.7 | 14.5 | 28.2 | 88.4 | 6.12 | 50.21 |
1992 | 21 780 | 925 | 377 | 548 | 42.2 | 17.2 | 25.0 | 94.8 | 6.05 | 45.89 |
1993 | 22 163 | 925 | 370 | 555 | 41.7 | 16.7 | 25.0 | 93.0 | 5.96 | 46.58 |
1994 | 22 704 | 931 | 247 | 684 | 41.0 | 10.9 | 30.1 | 77.0 | 5.87 | 56.64 |
1995 | 23 291 | 940 | 308 | 632 | 40.3 | 13.2 | 27.1 | 82.3 | 5.79 | 51.99 |
1996 | 23 862 | 949 | 309 | 640 | 39.7 | 12.9 | 26.8 | 80.5 | 5.71 | 52.28 |
1997 | 24 454 | 956 | 308 | 649 | 39.1 | 12.6 | 26.5 | 78.8 | 5.60 | 52.83 |
1998 | 25 029 | 967 | 371 | 596 | 38.6 | 14.8 | 23.8 | 83.1 | 5.50 | 48.81 |
1999 | 25 634 | 986 | 265 | 721 | 38.4 | 10.3 | 28.1 | 70.4 | 5.45 | 57.02 |
2000 | 26 299 | 1 004 | 256 | 748 | 38.1 | 9.7 | 28.4 | 67.4 | 5.38 | 58.32 |
2001 | 26 947 | 1 024 | 258 | 766 | 37.9 | 9.6 | 28.3 | 65.3 | 5.33 | 58.56 |
2002 | 27 570 | 1 035 | 258 | 777 | 37.4 | 9.3 | 28.1 | 63.3 | 5.25 | 58.98 |
2003 | 28 189 | 1 044 | 274 | 770 | 36.9 | 9.7 | 27.3 | 63.1 | 5.17 | 58.20 |
2004 | 28 832 | 1 049 | 298 | 751 | 36.3 | 10.3 | 26.0 | 63.7 | 5.09 | 56.77 |
2005 | 29 541 | 1 062 | 297 | 764 | 35.9 | 10.1 | 25.9 | 62.2 | 5.04 | 57.28 |
2006 | 30 333 | 1 108 | 264 | 844 | 36.5 | 8.7 | 27.8 | 57.5 | 5.04 | 60.28 |
2007 | 31 191 | 1 159 | 260 | 899 | 37.1 | 8.3 | 28.8 | 55.3 | 5.07 | 61.26 |
2008 | 32 065 | 1 204 | 269 | 935 | 37.5 | 8.4 | 29.1 | 54.5 | 5.07 | 61.21 |
2009 | 32 948 | 1 239 | 257 | 982 | 37.6 | 7.8 | 29.8 | 52.0 | 5.05 | 62.64 |
2010 | 33 740 | 1 272 | 259 | 1 012 | 37.5 | 7.6 | 29.8 | 50.7 | 5.02 | 63.02 |
2011 | 34 420 | 1 277 | 261 | 1 016 | 36.9 | 7.5 | 29.4 | 49.6 | 4.96 | 63.25 |
2012 | 35 160 | 1 281 | 258 | 1 023 | 36.3 | 7.3 | 29.0 | 48.5 | 4.90 | 63.79 |
2013 | 35 991 | 1 311 | 266 | 1 046 | 36.3 | 7.4 | 29.0 | 47.5 | 4.90 | 63.68 |
2014 | 37 003 | 1 344 | 264 | 1 080 | 36.3 | 7.1 | 29.2 | 46.4 | 4.91 | 64.27 |
2015 | 38 171 | 1 390 | 268 | 1 122 | 36.4 | 7.0 | 29.4 | 45.3 | 4.90 | 64.66 |
2016 | 39 377 | 1 418 | 274 | 1 143 | 36.0 | 7.0 | 29.1 | 44.2 | 4.83 | 64.78 |
2017 | 40 680 | 1 448 | 273 | 1 175 | 35.7 | 6.7 | 28.9 | 43.1 | 4.76 | 65.45 |
2018 | 41 999 | 1 479 | 279 | 1 200 | 35.2 | 6.6 | 28.6 | 42.0 | 4.68 | 65.68 |
2019 | 45 548 | 1 590 | 298 | 1 292 | 34.9 | 6.5 | 28.4 | 40.2 | 4.62 | 65.8 |
2020 | 46 789 | 1 613 | 317 | 1 296 | 34.5 | 6.8 | 27.7 | 39.1 | 4.54 | 65.1 |
2021 | 48 067 | 1 630 | 366 | 1 294 | 33.9 | 7.0 | 26.9 | 38.1 | 4.46 | 64.5 |
2022 | 49 383 | 1 656 | 322 | 1 334 | 33.5 | 6.5 | 27.0 | 37.1 | 4.38 | 65.7 |
2023 | 50 043 | 1 682 | 320 | 1 362 | 33.6 | 6.4 | 27.2 | 36.2 | 4.32 | 66.3 |
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) |
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Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Sudan is a country characterized by its cultural and ethnic diversity. Various ethnic groups contribute to the rich tapestry of Sudanese society. The major ethnic groups in Sudan include Sudanese Arabs, Nubians, Zaghawa, and Beja, among others.
Sudanese Arab speakers form the largest linguistic group in Sudan, comprising approximately 70% of the population. [14] They are predominantly Muslim and speak Arabic. [15] Nubians, another significant ethnic group, have their origins in the Nubia region along the Nile River. They have a distinct cultural heritage and are known for their architectural achievements. [15]
The Zaghawa, also known as Beri or Gimi, are an ethnic group with a presence in Sudan, Chad, and other neighboring countries. They have a pastoralist lifestyle and are known for their cattle herding and camel breeding skills. [15]
Additionally, Sudan is home to diverse ethnic groups such as the Fur, Beja, Nuba, Fula, and Nubian people. These groups have unique cultural expressions, languages, social structures, and religious practices, contributing to the cultural mosaic of Sudan.
It's important to note that Sudan's demographics have undergone changes, particularly with the secession of South Sudan in 2011. South Sudan was home to many sub-Saharan African ethnic groups. As a result, Sudan's ethnic landscape has evolved, and South Sudan became an independent nation. [16]
The most widely spoken languages in Sudan are:
Before 2005, only Arabic was the official language. [17] In the 2005 constitution, Sudan's official languages became Arabic and English: [18]
Article 8:
- All indigenous languages of Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted.
- Arabic is a widely spoken national language in Sudan.
- Arabic, as a major language at the national level and English shall be the official working languages of the national government and the languages of instruction for higher education.
- In addition to Arabic and English, the legislature of any sub-national level of government may adopt any other national language as an additional official working language at its level.
- There shall be no discrimination against the use of either Arabic or English at any level of government or stage of education.
The working constitution of the post-2019 Revolution transitional period specifies no national language.
In Sudan, 97% of the population adheres to Islam, with the overwhelming majority being adherents of the Sunni branch and the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence. [20] The remainder of the population follows either animist and indigenous beliefs or Christianity, especially in Khartoum and in southern regions of the country bordering South Sudan.
Christians in Sudan which are refugees or immigrants from the south belong to various churches including the Roman Catholic Church, small Melkite and Maronite communities in the north, as well as Anglicans followers in the Episcopal Church of Sudan and the recently formed Reformed Episcopal Church. There are significant but long-established groups of Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox Christians in Khartoum and other northern cities.
There are also Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox communities in Khartoum and eastern Sudan, largely made up of refugees and migrants from the past few decades. Other Christian groups with smaller followings in the country include the Africa Inland Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Sudan Church of Christ, the Sudan Interior Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Sudan Pentecostal Church, the Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church (in the North).
Religious identity plays a role in the country's political divisions. Northern and western Muslims have dominated the country's political and economic system since independence. The NCP draws much of its support from Islamists, Salafis/Wahhabis and other conservative Arab Muslims in the north. The Umma Party has traditionally attracted Arab followers of the Ansar sect of Sufism as well as non-Arab Muslims from Darfur and Kordofan.[ citation needed ]
The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) includes both Arab and non-Arab Muslims in the north and east, especially those in the Khatmia Sufi sect.[ citation needed ]
The Ababda are an Arab or Beja tribe in eastern Egypt and Sudan. Historically, most were Bedouins living in the area between the Nile and the Red Sea, with some settling along the trade route linking Korosko with Abu Hamad. Numerous traveler accounts from the nineteenth century report that some Ababda at that time still spoke Beja or a language of their own, hence many secondary sources consider the Ababda to be a Beja subtribe. Most Ababda now speak Arabic and identify as an Arab tribe from the Hijaz. The Ababda have a total population of over 250,000 people.
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the southeast, and South Sudan to the south. Sudan has a population of 50 million people as of 2024 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres, making it Africa's third-largest country by area and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011; since then both titles have been held by Algeria. Sudan's capital and most populous city is Khartoum.
Nubians are a Nilo-Saharan speaking ethnic group indigenous to the region which is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt. They originate from the early inhabitants of the central Nile valley, believed to be one of the earliest cradles of civilization. In the southern valley of Egypt, Nubians differ culturally and ethnically from Egyptians, although they intermarried with members of other ethnic groups, especially Arabs. They speak Nubian languages as a mother tongue, part of the Northern Eastern Sudanic languages, and Arabic as a second language.
The Beja people are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Eastern Desert, inhabiting a coastal area from southeastern Egypt through eastern Sudan and into northwestern Eritrea. They are descended from peoples who have inhabited the area since 4000 BC or earlier, although they were Arabized by Arabs who settled in the region. They are nomadic and live primarily in the Eastern Desert. The Beja number around 1,900,000 to 2,759,000.
The Baggāra, also known as Chadian Arabs, are a nomadic confederation of people of mixed Arab and Arabized indigenous African ancestry, inhabiting a portion of the Sahel mainly between Lake Chad and the Nile river near south Kordofan, numbering over six million. They are known as Baggara and Abbala in Sudan, and as Shuwa Arabs in Cameroon, Nigeria and Western Chad. The term Shuwa is said to be of Kanuri origin.
Sudanese Arabic, also referred to as the Sudanese dialect, Colloquial Sudanese or locally as Common Sudanese refers to the various related varieties of Arabic spoken in Sudan as well as parts of Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Chad. Sudanese Arabic has also influenced a number of Arabic-based pidgins and creoles, including Juba Arabic, widely used in South Sudan, as well as Ki-Nubi, spoken by the Nubi communities of Kenya and Uganda.
Western Bahr el Ghazal is a state in South Sudan. It has an area of 93,900 km2 (36,255 sq mi) and is the least populous state in South Sudan, according to the controversial Sudanese census conducted in 2008. It is part of the Bahr el Ghazal region. Its capital is Wau. The state shared international borders with Sudan to the north and the Central African Republic to the west. The portion now occupied by Raga County is the southern part of the historical region known as "Dar Fertit".
Arabization or Arabicization is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes Arab, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Arabic language, culture, literature, art, music, and ethnic identity as well as other socio-cultural factors. It is a specific form of cultural assimilation that often includes a language shift. The term applies not only to cultures, but also to individuals, as they acclimate to Arab culture and become "Arabized". Arabization took place after the Muslim conquest of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as during the more recent Arab nationalist policies toward non-Arab minorities in modern Arab states, such as Algeria, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Bahrain, and Sudan.
Kordofan is a former province of central Sudan. In 1994 it was divided into three new federal states: North Kordofan, South Kordofan and West Kordofan. In August 2005, West Kordofan State was abolished and its territory divided between North and South Kordofan States, as part of the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement. West Kordofan was reestablished in July 2013.
The Bishari are a Cushitic ethnic group who live in parts of Northeast Africa. They are one of the major divisions of the Beja people. Apart from local dialects of Arabic, the Bishari speak the Beja language, which belongs to the Afroasiatic family of the Cushitic branch.
The Shaigiya are an Arabized Nubian tribe. They are part of the Sudanese Arabs and are also one of the three prominent Sudanese Arabs tribes in North Sudan, along with the Ja'alin and Danagla. The tribe inhabits the region of Dar al-Shayqiya, which stretches along the banks of the Nile River from Korti to the end of 4th Nile cataract and includes their tribal capital of Merowe Sheriq and parts of the Bayuda desert.
The Ja'alin, Ja'aliya, Ja'aliyin or Ja'al are a tribal confederation and an Arab or Arabised Nubian tribe in Sudan. The Ja'alin constitute a large portion of the Sudanese Arabs and are one of the three prominent Sudanese Arab tribes in northern Sudan - the others being the Shaigiya and Danagla. They trace their origin to Ibrahim Ja'al, an Abbasid noble, whose clan originally hailed from the Hejaz in the Arabian Peninsula and married into the local Nubian population. Ja'al was a descendant of al-Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad. The Ja'alin formerly occupied the country on both banks of the Nile from Khartoum to Abu Hamad. According to a source, the tribe allegedly once spoke a now extinct dialect of Nubian as late as the nineteenth century. Many Sudanese politicians have come from the Ja'alin tribal coalition.
The Hedareb or T'bdawe are a Cushitic ethnic group native to northwestern Eritrea. They are a subgroup of the Beja. They are more diverse than the other Eritrean ethnicities; one subgroup speaks the traditional Beja language, which belongs to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, while another is more closely related to Sudanese Hadendoa. They are among the least-researched groups in Eritrea.
Sudan is a multilingual country dominated by Sudanese Arabic. In the 2005 constitution of the Republic of Sudan, the official languages of Sudan are Literary Arabic and English.
The Arab world consists of the 22 members of the Arab League. As of 2023, the combined population of all the Arab states was around 473 million people.
Sudanese Arabs are the inhabitants of Sudan who identify as Arabs and speak Arabic as their mother tongue. Sudanese Arabs make up 70% of the population of Sudan, however prior to the independence of South Sudan in 2011, Sudanese Arabs made up only 40% of the population. They are Sunni Muslims and speak Sudanese Arabic.
The official languages of the Central African Republic are French and Sango. In total there are about 72 languages in the country.
Arab Muslims are the largest subdivision of the Arab people and the largest ethnic group among Muslims globally, followed by Bengalis and Punjabis. Likewise, they comprise the majority of the population of the Arab world. Currently, around 93% of Arabs are Muslims, while the rest are mainly Arab Christians, as well as Druze and Baháʼís.
South Sudan is home to around 60 indigenous ethnic groups and 80 linguistic partitions among a 2021 population of around 11 million. Historically, most ethnic groups were lacking in formal Western political institutions, with land held by the community and elders acting as problem solvers and adjudicators. Today, most ethnic groups still embrace a cattle culture in which livestock is the main measure of wealth and used for bride wealth.
Bedaria is an Arab tribe in Sudan. It is part of the Ja'alin tribe and constitutes a large portion of Sudanese Arabs. They speak Sudanese Arabic and are Sunni Muslims.