List of governors of pre-independence Sudan

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A map of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty; it shows military campaigns of Muhammad Ali Pasha, including the Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (light green). Egypt under Muhammad Ali Dynasty map en.png
A map of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty; it shows military campaigns of Muhammad Ali Pasha, including the Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (light green).
A map of Mahdist State (green) in 1894, on the eve of the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan. MILNER(1894) MAP OF EGYPT AND THE SUDAN.jpg
A map of Mahdist State (green) in 1894, on the eve of the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan.
A map of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (orange) in 1912. Egypt sudan under british control.jpg
A map of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (orange) in 1912.
Standard of the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Flag of the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg
Standard of the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

The governors of pre-independence Sudan were the colonial administrators responsible for the territory of Turco-Egyptian Sudan and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, an area equivalent to modern-day Sudan and South Sudan.

Contents

List

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

TenurePortraitIncumbentNotes
Turco-Egyptian Sudan
November 1820 to 1821 Isma'il Kamil Pasha ,
Commander
April 1821 to September 1824 Muhammad Bey Defterdar ,
Commander
September 1824 to May 1825 Osman Bey Jarkas ,
Commander
May 1825 to March 1826 Mahu Bey Urfali ,
Commander
March 1826 to 1835 Ali Khurshid Agha ,
Governor
1835 to June 1838 Ali Khurshid Pasha ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
June 1838 to 6 October 1843 Ahmad Pasha abu Widan ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
1843 to 1845 Ahmad Pasha Manikli (Manliki),
Hakimdar
Governor-General
1845 to 1850 Khalid Khusraw Pasha ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
1850 to January 1851 'Abd al-Latif Pasha ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
January 1851 to May 1852 Rustum Pasha Jarkas ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
May 1852 to 1853 Isma'il Haqqi Pasha abu Jabal ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
1853 to 1854 Salim Pasha Sa'ib al-Jaza'irli ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
July 1854 to November 1854 Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arna'ut ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
1854 to 1855 Ali Pasha Jarkas ,
Governor
1856 to 1858 Arakil Bey al-Armani ,
Governor
1859 to 1861 Hasan Bey Salama Jarkas ,
Governor
1861 to 1862 Muhammad Rasikh Bey ,
Governor
1862 to 1865 Mūsā Pasha Ḥamdī ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
1865 to November 1865 'Umar Bey Fakhri ,
acting Hakimdar
acting Governor-General
November 1865 to 1866 Ja'afar Pasha Sadiq ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
1866 to 5 February 1871 Ja'afar Pasha Mazhar ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
5 February 1871 to October 1872 Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
October 1872 to 1872 Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi ,
acting Hakimdar
acting Governor-General
1872 to 18 May 1877 Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur.jpg Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
May 1877 to December 1879 Charles Gordon Pasha.jpg Charles George Gordon ("Gordon Pasha"),
Hakimdar
Governor-General, 1st time
December 1879 to February 1882 MuhammedRaufPashaPotrait.jpg Muhammad Rauf Pasha ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
4 March 1882 to 11 May 1882 CarlChristianGiegler.jpg Carl Christian Giegler ("Giegler Pasha"),
acting Hakimdar
acting Governor-General
May 1882 to March 1883 'Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hilmi ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
March 1883 to 5 November 1883 'Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq ,
Hakimdar
Governor-General
February 1884 to 18 February 1884 Henry Watts Russell de Coetlogon ,
acting Hakimdar
acting Governor-General
18 February 1884 to 26 January 1885 Charles Gordon Pasha.jpg Charles George Gordon ("Gordon Pasha"),
Hakimdar
Governor-General, 2nd time; Killed at the end of the Siege of Khartoum
26 January 1885 to 2 October 1898Territory of Turkish Sudan under complete control of Mahdiyah (Mahdist State)
Mahdist State
29 June 1881 to 22 June 1885 Muhammad Ahmad.jpg Muhammad Ahmad ,
Mahdi
Self-proclaimed Mahdi, Islamic Messiah
22 June 1885 to 2 September 1898 Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, 1846-1899.jpg Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ,
Khalifa
Self-proclaimed Caliph, successor to Muhammad Ahmad; Defeated in the Battle of Omdurman, and later killed in the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat
British Military Administration
2 September 1898 to 19 January 1899 Horatio Herbert Kitchener (cropped).jpg Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener ,
Military Governor
Simultaneously served as Sirdar
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium)
19 January 1899 to 22 December 1899 Horatio Herbert Kitchener (cropped).jpg Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener ,
Governor-General
Simultaneously served as Sirdar
22 December 1899 to 31 December 1916 ReginaldWingate.jpg Sir Francis Reginald Wingate ,
Governor-General
Simultaneously served as Sirdar
1 January 1917 to 20 November 1924 Major General Sir Lee Stack 1924.jpg Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack ,
Governor-General
Simultaneously served as Sirdar; assassinated in Cairo [1]
21 November 1924 to 5 January 1925 Wasey Sterry  [ de ],
acting Governor-General
5 January 1925 to 6 July 1926 Sir Geoffrey Archer LCCN2014709676.jpg Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer ,
Governor-General
The first civilian Governor-General [2]
31 October 1926 to 10 January 1934 John Loader Maffey, 1st Baron Rugby by Philip Alexius de Laszlo.jpg Sir John Loader Maffey ,
Governor-General
10 January 1934 to 19 October 1940 Sir George Stewart Symes.png Sir George Stewart Symes ,
Governor-General
19 October 1940 to 8 April 1947 Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston ,
Governor-General
8 April 1947 to 29 March 1954 Sir Robert George Howe ,
Governor-General
29 March 1954 to 12 December 1955 Knox Helm.jpg Sir Alexander Knox Helm ,
Governor-General
12 December 1955 to 1 January 1956 Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat ,
acting Governor-General
Chief Justice of Sudan
1 January 1956Independence as Republic of the Sudan

For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of Sudan

See also

Related Research Articles

These are lists of incumbents, including heads of states or of subnational entities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudan</span> Country in Northeast Africa

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Egypt to the north, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the southeast, Libya to the northwest, South Sudan to the south, and the Red Sea to the east. Sudan has a population of nearly 50 million people as of 2024 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres, making it Africa's third-largest country by area and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011; since then both titles have been held by Algeria. Sudan's capital and most populous city is Khartoum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Sudan</span>

The history of Sudan refers to the territory that today makes up Republic of the Sudan and the state of South Sudan, which became independent in 2011. The territory of Sudan is geographically part of a larger African region, also known by the term "Sudan". The term is derived from Arabic: بلاد السودان bilād as-sūdān, or "land of the black people", and has sometimes been used more widely referring to the Sahel belt of West and Central Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Sudan</span>

Currently, the politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of a federal provisional government. Previously, a president was head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces in a de jure multi-party system. Legislative power was officially vested in both the government and in the two chambers, the National Assembly (lower) and the Council of States (higher), of the bicameral National Legislature. The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court. However, following a deadly civil war and the still ongoing genocide in Darfur, Sudan was widely recognized as a totalitarian state where all effective political power was held by President Omar al-Bashir and his National Congress Party (NCP). However, al-Bashir and the NCP were ousted in a military coup which occurred on April 11, 2019. The government of Sudan was then led by the Transitional Military Council or TMC. On 20 August 2019, the TMC dissolved giving its authority over to the Sovereignty Council of Sudan, who were planned to govern for 39 months until 2022, in the process of transitioning to democracy. However, the Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved in October 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Sudan</span> National flag

The current flag of Sudan was adopted on 20 May 1970 and consists of a horizontal red-white-black tricolour with a green triangle at the hoist. The flag is based on the Arab Liberation Flag of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, as are the flags of Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine and formerly of the United Arab Republic, North Yemen, South Yemen, and the Libyan Arab Republic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darfur</span> Region of western Sudan

Darfur is a region of western Sudan. Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]" – the region was named Dardaju while ruled by the Daju, who migrated from Meroë c. 350 AD, and it was renamed Dartunjur when the Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for several hundred years until 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. The region was later invaded and incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. As an administrative region, Darfur is divided into five federal states: Central Darfur, East Darfur, North Darfur, South Darfur and West Darfur. Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and the rivalry between farmers and herders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salva Kiir Mayardit</span> President of South Sudan since 2011

Salva Kiir Mayardit, also known as Salva Kiir, is a South Sudanese politician who has been the President of South Sudan since its independence on 9 July 2011. Prior to independence, he was the President of the Government of Southern Sudan, as well as First Vice President of Sudan, from 2005 to 2011. He was named Commander-in-Chief of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in 2005, following the death of John Garang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)</span> Defunct state in northeast Africa

The Republic of the Sudan was established as an independent sovereign state upon the termination of the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in Egypt and the United Kingdom. On December 19, 1955, the Sudanese parliament, under Ismail al-Azhari's leadership, unanimously adopted a declaration of independence that became effective on January 1, 1956. During the early years of the Republic, despite political divisions, a parliamentary system was established with a five member Supreme Commission as head of state. In 1958, after a military coup, General Ibrahim Abboud was installed as president. The Republic was disestablished when a coup led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry founded the Democratic Republic of Sudan in 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emblem of Sudan</span> National emblem of Sudan

The current national emblem of Sudan was adopted in 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Bank of Sudan</span> Sudan government body that manages currency and monetary policy

The Central Bank of Sudan was the central bank of Sudan. The bank was formed in 1960, four years after Sudan's independence. It was located in the capital Khartoum. In April 2023, the Central Bank of Sudan was hit, and destroyed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vice President of Sudan</span> Deputy head of state of the Republic of Sudan

The vice president of Sudan is the second highest political position obtainable in Sudan. Currently there is a provision for one de facto vice president, deputy chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council, who is appointed by the chairman of the council. Historically either the first or the second vice president was from Southern Sudan. From 2011 until the abolition of the post in 2019, the second vice president was from Darfur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egypt–Sudan relations</span> Bilateral relations

Contact between Egypt and Sudan goes back to trade and conflict during ancient times. In 1820, the British conquered Sudan after they had conquered Egypt, and the Egyptians entered Sudan through the British as officials, but they did not have any authority over Sudan. The British continued to occupy the country until Sudan declared independence in 1956. Sudan later joined the Arab League, of which Egypt is a founding member. Relations between successive governments in Egypt and Sudan have warmed and cooled at various times. Relations today are cordial, but tensions remain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)</span> Pre-independence region of ten states

Southern Sudan was an autonomous region consisting of the ten southern states of Sudan between its formation in July 2005 and independence as the Republic of South Sudan in July 2011. The autonomous government was initially established in Rumbek and later moved to Juba. It was bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south; and the Central African Republic to the west. To the north lies the predominantly Arab and Muslim region directly under the control of the central government. The region's autonomous status was a condition of a peace agreement between the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) and the Government of Sudan represented by the National Congress Party ending the Second Sudanese Civil War. The conflict was Africa's longest running civil war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vice President of South Sudan</span> Deputy head of state of the Republic of South Sudan

The vice president of South Sudan is the second highest political position obtainable in South Sudan. Additionally, a temporary position called first vice president was created in August 2015. In 2020, a coalition agreement was reached in 2020 creating five vice presidents.

The history of South Sudan comprises the history of the territory of present-day South Sudan and the peoples inhabiting the region.

References

  1. "The Assassination of Sir Lee Stack". The Townsville Daily Bulletin. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  2. Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed (2004). Sayyid ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mahdī: a study of neo-Mahdīsm in the Sudan, 1899–1956. BRILL. p. 92. ISBN   90-04-13854-4.