Horses in Sudan

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Sudanese horseman in Darfur, 2010 COSV - Darfur 2010 - Horseriding (1) cropped.jpg
Sudanese horseman in Darfur, 2010

Sudan's equestrian history is deeply rooted, with evidence of horse use dating back to around 1000 BC. Contrary to common belief, horses were present in Sudan long before the arrival of nomadic Muslim tribes. They hold cultural significance, particularly among tribes in the Darfur region, where horse racing has been practiced since the 16th century. British colonial influence introduced horse racing, polo, and tent pegging in 1929, which persisted after Sudan gained independence in 1956. Efforts to improve horse breeding included importing Thoroughbreds from England in 1944, but this impacted local breeds that have adapted to the environment. Sudan faces equine diseases like African horse sickness and piroplasmosis.

Contents

The DAD-IS database lists four horse breeds reported by Sudan: the Dongola or Dongolawi, the Sudanese Country-Bred, the Tawleed and the Western Sudan Pony. The horse population of Sudan (including Sudan and present-day South Sudan) was probably around 700,000 individuals in 2009. Epidemics of horse sickness and drought represent obstacles to its expansion.

Horses are primarily used for transportation and traction in Sudan, with limited leisure applications. They play a historical role in warfare, prized for their agility and speed, though modern conflicts have altered their battlefield significance. Culturally, horses symbolise prestige and authority, celebrated in festivals and events, especially horse racing. Despite betting being prohibited by Islamic tradition, racing remains a popular sport, with Sudanese jockeys well-regarded for their courage.

History

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Magi from a nativity scene in Faras, Nubia. Note the elaborate horse harness.
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Rizeigat warrior

Equestrian practices are probably very old on Sudanese territory, as evidenced by the discovery of the remains of a Nubian chariot horse, dated to around 1000 BC. [1] According to Mamoun A. Mekki, general secretary of the Sudanese Equestrian Federation in 1994, the horse was in fact introduced by the Nubians around 2000 BC. [2] Contrary to widespread belief, it was certainly present on the territory of Sudan well before the arrival of nomadic Muslim tribes from the Sahara. [3] : 367  The use of cavalry seems historically rare, camelry being preferred, until agility during the battle became critical. [3]

The horse constitutes a cultural heritage, particularly in the Darfur region, among the Missairiyah and the Rizeigat tribes. [4] It appears that horse racing has been practiced in Darfur since 16th century. [5] During the 20th century, a policy of improving breeding was put in place [6] with the support of local tribes, who participated in the establishment of Thoroughbreds, particularly in the Khartoum region. [4] The English imported horse racing in 1929, and built a racecourse in Khartoum, at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile. [2] They imported other equestrian practices then unknown to the Sudanese, such as polo and tent pegging. While they had no intention of teaching equestrian sport to the Sudanese, this practice survived the colonial period, equestrian sport being in full development during the country's independence in 1956. [2] According to Ahmed Mekki Abdu, first Governor of Khartoum after independence, the English re-sold their horses to the Sudanese before their departure, allowing the maintenance of large stables sometimes numbering dozens of horses. [2]

The veterinary authorities imported Thoroughbreds from England from 1944, with the idea of "improving" the local herd and making Sudan a country exporting horses to Iraq, Egypt, Jordan and Nigeria, whose officials enjoy seeing tribal horse shows. A breeding centre was created in Nyala, capable of receiving 10 to 90 mares every day. [4] This centre became the main supplier of racehorses to Khartoum, and imported 400 to 500 of these animals annually until 1974. [4] Arabian horses were also imported at this time. [7] This breeding is established to the detriment of local breeds, although they are better adapted to their biotope. [7]

The environmental and ecological crisis (desertification of Darfur) impacts domestic animals as much as human beings, reducing horse patrols, polo, and racing. [4]

Warfare

Fire and Sword in the sudan - a personal narrative of fighting and serving the dervishes, 1879-1895 (1898) (14590904300).jpg
Fighting and serving the dervishes, 1879–1895
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Battle of Omdurman drawing by Fritz Bergen

Horses were used for warfare in the central Sudan region since the 9th century, where they were considered "the most precious commodity following the slave." [8] The first conclusive evidence of horses playing a major role in the warfare of West Africa dates to the 11th century when the region was controlled by the Almoravids, a Muslim Berber dynasty. [9] : 119  During the 13th and 14th centuries, cavalry became an important factor in the area. [10] : 119  This coincided with the introduction of larger breeds of horse and the widespread adoption of saddles and stirrups. [10] : 127–133 

Mounted warfare was a prominent feature of Sudanese military strategies. Horses served as cavalry, offering not only mobility but also the ability to charge into enemy lines with force. Cavalry units were known for their speed and manoeuvrability, making them a formidable presence on the battlefield. They played a crucial role in various campaigns and conflicts, contributing to Sudan's military successes. [11] Horses held symbolic significance in Sudanese warfare. They were not only tools of combat but also symbols of victory and prestige. Victorious leaders often paraded on horseback, showcasing their authority and triumph. Horses became a source of pride and a representation of power in Sudanese culture. The use of horses in Sudan's military history also extended to trade and exchange. Sudan imported horses from North Africa and the Western Sahara, often exchanging them for slaves. This trade had significant economic and military implications for the region, highlighting the multifaceted role of horses in Sudanese society. [12]

During the 18th and 19th centuries, horses were extensively used in inter-tribal conflicts in Sudan. Their agility and speed made them invaluable assets on the battlefield, allowing for swift manoeuvres and rapid charges. Horses became a common sight in these battles, as various tribes vied for power and territory within the region. [2]

While horses once dominated the battlefield in Sudan, modern conflicts have witnessed changes in military technology and tactics. The role of horses in warfare has evolved, with mechanised vehicles and modern weaponry largely replacing them. Still, organised armed fighters on horseback are occasionally seen. The best-known current examples are the Janjaweed, militia groups seen in the Darfur region of Sudan, who became notorious for their attacks upon unarmed civilian populations in the Darfur conflict. [13] [14] [15] Many nations still maintain small numbers of mounted military units for certain types of patrol and reconnaissance duties in extremely rugged terrain, including the conflict in Afghanistan. [16]

Breeds

Sudan has the largest population of domestic livestock (cattle, goats, camels, donkeys, sheep, etc.) in all of Africa, with the domestic donkey being much more present than the horse. [17] Based on figures provided by the Sudanese government in 2009, R. Trevor Wilson estimates, in his study of domestic livestock in Sudan (including present-day South Sudan), that there are 784,000 horses in the country in 2009. [17] The Delachaux guide puts forward a figure of around 20,000 horses in Sudan in 2014. [6]

The indigenous horses of Sudan were of Barb type, quite small, with a light frame. [7] In the twenty-first century, four horse breeds are reported by Sudan: the Dongola, the Sudan Country-Bred, the Tawleed and the Western Sudan Pony or Gharbawi. [7] [6] : 413 

The Dongola, named for the Dongola province of Sudan, is an African riding breed of Barb type, possibly influenced by Arabs in the past. It is distributed in northern Sudan, in western Eritrea, and in many West African nations. It has many regional variants such as the West African Dongola and the Bahr-el-Ghazal of Chad. [7] : 462  West African Dongolawi breeds include the Mossi, Yagha, Bandiagara, Songhaq, Djerma, and Nigerian. Known for its convex profile, [18] the Dongola horse is hardy and is used for riding, traction, and pack work. [7] : 461 

The Sudanese Country-Bred originated in the early twentieth century through a government programme aimed at improving the breed. Local Barb-type mares, mainly from Dongola and Gharbaui populations, were bred with Arab and Thoroughbred stallions, often at the Nyala stud farm in South Darfur. [19] : 245  Although the resulting crossbred horses were larger, they lost some of the local qualities, such as hardiness and water endurance. By the 1950s or 1960s, most local horses were affected by this process. [20] [21] : 408  In 1994, their population was around 65,000. The breed's conservation status is currently considered "not at risk," according to FAO in 2007 and the DAD-IS database in 2023. [7] : 505  These horses are primarily used for riding, with bay being the most common coat colour. [7] : 221 

The Tawleed originated in the Khartoum region from crossbreeding of the Sudanese Country-Bred with imported blood horses, especially Thoroughbreds. [22]

The Gharbaui was developed though a government-led "improvement" program in the twentieth century at the Nyala stud farm in South Darfur. Local mares of Barb type were cross-bred with Arab and Thoroughbred stallions, resulting in larger but less hardy horses. [20] : 408  [19] : 245  By the 1950s or 1960s, few remained unaffected by this cross-breeding process. In 1994, their population was estimated at 8000–10,000. [20] : 408  [23] It is a small horse, standing around 140–145 cm at the withers, resembling the Barb in many ways, particularly in its hardiness and endurance. [23] The legs often have poor conformation. It has a convex profile; coat colour is commonly grey but can also be bay or chestnut. [20] : 408  [23]

Diseases and parasitism

Like other countries in North Africa and the Middle East, the Khartoum region is hit by epidemics of African horse sickness, which causes high horse mortality. Majority of the Sudanese horses studied were, directly or indirectly, exposed to this virus. Piroplasmosis is also present, with 35.9% of horses and donkeys tested in 2013 being or having been parasitised. [24] Parasitization by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi is common in 2008, including present-day South Sudan. [25]

Usage and culture

Working horse krw HSn.jpg
Working horse

The horse is mainly used as a means of transport, traction, and more rarely as a leisure animal. [6] Horse riding is practiced in rural areas of Sudan for transportation purposes. [6] On the other hand, horse was not used, or only very little, as an agricultural aid in Central Sudan. [3] The vast majority of Sudanese horses are used as working animals, with the exception of a minority of sport horses. [6] In addition to its horse racing, Sudan is known for its tent pegging competitions, imported by the British. [4]

The use of mounted police to secure the streets at night, inspired by British traditions, continued throughout the 20th century, before disappearing at the start of the following century. [4]

Horse racing

As of 2014, Horse races are still organised in the Khartoum region. [6] Horse racing is a popular and vibrant tradition in Sudan. These events not only showcase the speed and agility of horses but also provide opportunities for social gatherings and cultural expression. [3]

Betting is prohibited in horse racing, in accordance with Islamic laws. [2] The racing season takes place from October to June, due to the heat. [2] People suspected of betting despite the ban are regularly arrested. [2] Sudanese jockeys, renowned for their courage and combativeness, are recruited by racing stables in Gulf countries. [2] In 2012, the African Union proposed the organisation of horse races in Nyala, in South Darfur, as a factor of cohesion and peace between peoples. [5] Maintaining the races also supports cohesion and morale among the Sudanese population of Khartoum since the secession of South Sudan. [26]

Horse racing in Khartoum 01.jpg
Horse racing in Khartoum, in 2007

Cultural significance

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Dancing horses

Sudan's horse culture dates back centuries, with horses being highly prized and associated with wealth and power. Particularly, ethnic groups in the Darfur region, such as the Missairiyah and Rizeigat tribes, have preserved their historic connection with horses, considering them a part of their identity and heritage. [27]

Horses are a symbol of power in Sudanese culture. Only the wealthy and powerful could own horses, and rulers like the Soso king Soumaoro Kanté showcased their authority through impressive cavalries. [28]

According to researcher Humphrey J. Fisher, of the University of London (1974), traditional festivals and ceremonies seem to constitute the main use of the horse in Sudan, as well as the first vector of transmission of knowledge in terms of horsemanship and horse care. [3] The major limit to equestrian practices seems to lie in the cost and availability of equestrian equipment. [3] There is also a restriction due to a stream of radical Islam, which considers ownership of a horse unacceptable, and the practice of horse riding suspicious. [3]

Sudanese culture celebrates horses through various festivals and events. The horse is often mentioned in traditional Sudanese poems and songs. On the occasion of festivals, particularly weddings, riders accompany the processions. [4] The Sudanese also make numerous references to the important role of the horse in the Koran and Islamic conquests. [2] The horse has always represented a prestigious gift or tribute. [3]

Related Research Articles

Horse breeding is reproduction in horses, and particularly the human-directed process of selective breeding of animals, particularly purebred horses of a given breed. Planned matings can be used to produce specifically desired characteristics in domesticated horses. Furthermore, modern breeding management and technologies can increase the rate of conception, a healthy pregnancy, and successful foaling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Sudan</span>

The history of Sudan refers to the territory that today makes up Republic of the Sudan and the state of South Sudan, which became independent in 2011. The territory of Sudan is geographically part of a larger African region, also known by the term "Sudan". The term is derived from Arabic: بلاد السودان bilād as-sūdān, or "land of the black people", and has sometimes been used more widely referring to the Sahel belt of West and Central Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Sudan</span>

The demographics of Sudan include the Sudanese people and their characteristics, Sudan, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nyala, South Darfur</span> Place in South Darfur, Sudan

Nyala is the capital of the state of South Darfur in the south-west of Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darfur</span> Region of western Sudan

Darfur is a region of western Sudan. Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]" – the region was named Dardaju while ruled by the Daju, who migrated from Meroë c. 350 AD, and it was renamed Dartunjur when the Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for several hundred years until 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. The region was later invaded and incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. As an administrative region, Darfur is divided into five federal states: Central Darfur, East Darfur, North Darfur, South Darfur and West Darfur. Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and the rivalry between farmers and herders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleveland Bay</span> Breed of horse that originated in England

The Cleveland Bay is a breed of horse that originated in England during the 17th century, named after its colouring and the Cleveland district of Yorkshire. It is a well-muscled horse, with legs that are strong but short in relation to the body. The horses are always bay in colour, although a few light hairs in the mane and tail are characteristic of some breed lines. It is the oldest established horse breed in England. The ancestors of the breed were developed during the Middle Ages for use as pack horses, when they gained their nickname of "Chapman Horses". These pack horses were cross-bred with Andalusian and Barb blood, and later with Arabians and Thoroughbreds, to create the Cleveland Bay of today. Over the years, the breed became lighter in frame as they were employed more as carriage and riding horses. The popularity of the Cleveland Bay has greatly fluctuated since it was first imported to the United States in the early nineteenth century. Despite serious declines in the population after the Second World War, the breed has experienced a resurgence in popularity since the 1970s, although only around 550 horses existed worldwide as of 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barb horse</span> North African breed of horse

The Barb or Berber horse is a North African breed of riding horse with great hardiness and stamina. It is closely associated with the Berber or Amazigh peoples of the Maghreb. It has influenced a number of modern breeds, including many in northern and western Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lusitano</span> Horse breed from Portugal

The Lusitano, also known as the Pure Blood Lusitano or PSL, is a Portuguese horse breed. Horses were known to be present on the Iberian Peninsula as far back as 20,000 BC, and by 800 BC the region was renowned for its war horses. The fame of the horses from Lusitania goes back to the Roman Age, which attributed its speed to the influence of the West wind, who was considered capable of fertilizing the mares. When the Muslims invaded Iberia in 711 AD, they brought Arabian horses with them that were crossed with the native horses, developing a horse that became useful for war, dressage and bull fighting. The Portuguese horse was named the Lusitano, after the word Lusitania, the ancient Roman name for the region that modern Portugal occupies. There are four main breed lineages within the breed today, and characteristics differ slightly between each line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geneina</span> City in West Darfur, Sudan

Geneina is a city in West Darfur, part of the dar Masalit region, in Sudan. It joined British Sudan at the end of 1919 through the Gilani Agreement, signed between the Masalit Sultanate and the United Kingdom, according to which it became a territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shaigiya tribe</span> Arab tribe in northern Sudan

The Shaigiya, Shaiqiya, Shawayga or Shaykia are an Arabized Nubian tribe. They are part of the Sudanese Arabs and are also one of the three prominent Sudanese Arabs tribes in North Sudan, along with the Ja'alin and Danagla. The tribe inhabits the region of Dar al-Shayqiya, which stretches along the banks of the Nile River from Korti to the end of 4th Nile cataract and includes their tribal capital of Merowe Sheriq and parts of the Bayuda desert.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Warmblood</span> Type of horse

The American Warmblood is a horse of warmblood type, intended primarily for the traditional sport horse disciplines of dressage, show jumping, eventing and combined driving.

The Tawleed is a Sudanese breed of sport horse. It derives from the Sudanese Country-Bred through cross-breeding with imported blood horses, principally of Thoroughbred stock. It is found mainly in the Khartoum region of Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thoroughbred</span> Horse breed developed for racing

The Thoroughbred is a horse breed developed for horse racing. Although the word thoroughbred is sometimes used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, it technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed. Thoroughbreds are considered "hot-blooded" horses that are known for agility, speed, and spirit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Darfur</span> Former state in north-east Africa

The Sultanate of Darfur was a pre-colonial state in present-day Sudan. It existed from 1603 to 24 October 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, and again from 1898 to 1916, when it was occupied by the British and the Egyptians and was integrated into Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. At its peak in the late 18th and early 19th century it stretched all the way from Darfur in the west to Kordofan and the western banks of the White Nile in the east, giving it the size of present-day Nigeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglo-Norman horse</span> A horse breed developed in Lower Normandy in France

The Anglo-Norman horse is a warmblood horse breed developed in Lower Normandy in northern France. A major center of horse breeding, the area had numerous regional types that were bred to one another and then crossed with Thoroughbreds to form the Anglo-Norman. Various body types developed within the Anglo-Norman breed, two of which were split off to form the Norman Cob and French Trotter. The remaining types were eventually standardized, although there remained some criticism of the "hybrid" nature of the breed's conformation. However, it is successful as an international sport horse, especially in the sport of show jumping. The Anglo-Norman also contributed to the development of several other breeds in Europe and Asia.

Western Sudan Pony is an exonym for a Sudanese breed or group of breeds or ecotypes of small horse or pony. These are distributed principally in southern Darfur and south-western Kordofan, extending into southern Chad, and are known generically as Gharbaui ("western") or by a variety of regional names including Darfur Pony and Kordofani.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dongola horse</span> Breed of horse

The Dongola or Dongolawi is an African breed of riding horse. It is predominantly of Barb type, though there may have been some Arab influence in the past. It originated in the Dongola province of Sudan, for which it is named. In eastern Africa it is distributed in the northern part of Sudan and in western Eritrea; it is also present in several West African countries including Cameroon, Chad and the Central African Republic. A number of local West African breeds or types derive from it; they may be regarded as sub-types, or may be reported as separate breeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omer Ihsas</span> Sudanese musician and peace activist (born 1958)

Omer Ihsas is a Sudanese singer, composer and bandleader from South Darfur. Since 1987, he has become known both in Sudan and internationally for his music, based on different folk music styles from his home region, as well as for his social activism, calling for reconciliation and peace in Darfur, as well as in all of Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horses in Cameroon</span> Equine breed in Central Africa

The history of horses in Cameroon is linked above all to the traditional presence of this animal in the northern regions of the country, around Lake Chad from the 16th century, then in Adamawa, as well as in the Garoua and Maroua regions. Traditional equestrian practices in Cameroon, such as horse parades and horse dances, have more recently been joined by equestrian activities, under the influence of Western expatriates and investors, notably in Yaoundé since the 1990s. The main use of horses in Cameroon is in agriculture and transport fields.

The Sudanese Country-Bred is a Sudanese breed of light riding horse. It was bred in the twentieth century by cross-breeding local mares of Barb type with imported Arab or Thoroughbred stallions.

References

  1. ↑ "Well-Preserved Chariot Horse Found in Sudan - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hedges, Chris (1994-12-12). "Khartoum Journal; In Sudan, All the Horses Run Under a Handicap". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fisher, Humphrey J. (July 1973). "'He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage' the horse in the Central Sudan II. Its use". The Journal of African History. 14 (3): 355–379. doi:10.1017/S0021853700012779. ISSN   1469-5138. S2CID   162333455.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 al-Shafee, Rogia (2018-11-25). "Sudan: Horses in Sudan". allAfrica.
  5. 1 2 "Horses "race to peace" in Nyala - Sudan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rousseau, Élise; Le Bris, Yann (2014). Tous les chevaux du monde: près de 570 races et types décrits et illustrés. Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 412. ISBN   978-2-603-01865-1.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Porter, V.; Alderson, L.; Hall, S.; Sponenberg, P., eds. (January 2016). Mason's world encyclopedia of livestock breeds and breeding. Volume 1 and Volume 2. UK: CABI. p. 505. doi:10.1079/9781845934668.0000. ISBN   978-1-84593-466-8.
  8. ↑ Azevedo, Mario Joaquim (1998). Roots of violence: a history of war in Chad. War and society. Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach. p. 54. ISBN   978-90-5699-582-9.
  9. ↑ Law, Robin (1980). The horse in West African history: the role of the horse in the societies of pre-colonial West Africa. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-724206-5.
  10. 1 2 Law, Robin (2018-08-16), "Horses and Society in Pre-Colonial West Africa", The Horse in West African History, Routledge, pp. 176–200, doi:10.4324/9780429490323-7, ISBN   978-0-429-49032-3, S2CID   166351962 , retrieved 2023-09-24
  11. ↑ "Cavalry roles | National Army Museum". www.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  12. ↑ Webb, James L. A. (July 1993). "The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia". The Journal of African History. 34 (2): 221–246. doi:10.1017/S0021853700033338. ISSN   1469-5138.
  13. ↑ Lacey, Marc (May 4, 2004). "In Sudan, Militiamen on Horses Uproot a Million". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  14. ↑ SudanTribune (2003-11-08). "Sudanese President vows not to surrender contested areas to SPLA". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  15. ↑ "War crimes in Darfur". the Guardian. 2009-03-04. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  16. ↑ Pelton, Robert Young (February 15, 2002). "Afghan War Eyewitness on Warlords, Future, More". National Geographic News . Archived from the original on February 20, 2002. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
  17. 1 2 Karamalla, Siham T.; Gubran, Ahmed I.; Adam, Ibrahim A.; Abdalla, Tamadur M.; Sinada, Reem O.; Haroun, Eltahir M.; Aradaib, Imadeldin E. (2018-08-01). "Sero-epidemioloical survey on African horse sickness virus among horses in Khartoum State, Central Sudan". BMC Veterinary Research. 14 (1): 230. doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1554-5 . ISSN   1746-6148. PMC   6090883 . PMID   30068335.
  18. ↑ "Browse by country and species | Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  19. 1 2 Haller, Martin (2009). Der neue Kosmos-Pferdeführer. Internet Archive. Stuttgart Kosmos. ISBN   978-3-440-10990-8.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Rousseau, Élise (2017-05-09). Horses of the World. Princeton University Press. p. 413. ISBN   978-0-691-16720-6.
  21. ↑ FAO, ed. (2007). The state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN   978-92-5-105762-9.
  22. ↑ Porter, Valerie (2002). Mason's world dictionary of livestock breeds, types and varieties (5th ed.). Wallingford, UK, New York: CABI Pub. p. 204. ISBN   978-0-85199-430-7. OL   17605327M.
  23. 1 2 3 "Western Sudan Pony / Sudan (Horse)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  24. ↑ MA, Christa Lesté-Lasserre (2013-05-11). "Developing a Piroplasmosis Control Strategy for Sudan". The Horse. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  25. ↑ Salim, B. O. M.; Hassan, S. M.; Bakheit, M. A.; Alhassan, A.; Igarashi, I.; Karanis, P.; Abdelrahman, M. B. (2008). "Diagnosis of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Sudan using ELISA and PCR". Parasitology Research. 103 (5): 1145–1150. doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1108-z . ISSN   0932-0113. PMID   18618143. S2CID   40054577.
  26. ↑ "A horse race to boost Sudan's morale". 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  27. ↑ "Horses In Sudan| Sudanow Magazine". sudanow-magazine.net. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  28. ↑ "The Empires of the Western Sudan". The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
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