Theileria

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Theileria
Theileria-parva-kinete.jpg
Kinete stage of Theileria parva in the transmitting tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Aconoidasida
Order: Piroplasmida
Family: Theileriidae
Genus: Theileria
Species

Theileria annulata
Theileria electrophori
Theileria equi
Theileria microti
Theileria orientalis
Theileria parva

Contents

Theileria is a genus of parasites that belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, and is closely related to Plasmodium . Two Theileria species, T. annulata and T. parva, are important cattle parasites. [1] T. annulata causes tropical theileriosis and T. parva causes East Coast fever. Theileria species are transmitted by ticks. [2] The genomes of T. orientalis Shintoku [3] , Theileria equi WA, [4] Theileria annulata Ankara [5] and Theileria parva Muguga [6] have been sequenced and published.

Theileria equi infects equid blood cells causing equine piroplasmosis. [7] The disease presents with a variety of clinical conditions, such as fever, depression, jaundice, cramps, haemolytic anaemia, hemoglobinuria and even death, but asymptomatic infections are frequently observed. [8] The most common vectors are the ticks Dermacentor nitens and Rhipicephalus microplus [9] but Amblyomma cajennense was also implicated in the disease transmission. [10]

Vaccines against Theileria are in development. [1] [11] In May 2010, a vaccine that was reported to protect cattle against East Coast fever had been approved and registered by the governments of Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania. [12]

Description

Species in this genus undergo exoerythrocytic merogony in the lymphocytes, histiocytes, erythroblasts, and other cells of the internal organs. This is followed by invasion of the erythrocytes by the merozoites, which may or may not reproduce. When merogony does occur, no more than four daughter cells are produced. The frequent occurrence of elongated bacillary or "bayonet" forms within the erythrocyte is considered as characteristic of this genus.

The organism is transmitted by various tick species, including Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor , and Haemaphysalis . The organism reproduces in the tick as it progresses through its life stages. [13] Both T. annulata and T. parva induce transformation of infected cells of lymphocyte or macrophage/monocyte lineages. T. orientalis does not induce uncontrolled proliferation of infected leukocytes and instead multiplies predominantly within infected erythrocytes.

Following infection with Theileria equi, horses may develop detectable antibodies, with seroprevalence varying widely across regions. Serological surveys have revealed a high prevalence of T. equi antibodies in horses and other equids, including 39.8% in Central-Southern Italy [14] and 33.4% in Northern Brazil [15] .

Genomics

The genomes of T. orientalis Shintoku [3] , Theileria equi WA, [4] Theileria annulata Ankara [5] and Theileria parva Muguga [6] have been sequenced. Genomic data can be accessed though PiroplasmaDB which is part of the Eukaryotic Pathogen Database). [16]

Evolution

The genus is thought to have first appeared in ruminants during the Miocene. It is named for parasitologist Gertrud Theiler, daughter of Arnold Theiler.

Transmission

Theileria spp. can be transmitted to cattle through tick bites, including the brown ear tick, a Rhipicephalus sp.

Important species

Treatment

References

  1. 1 2 Morrison W, McKeever D (2006). "Current status of vaccine development against Theileria parasites". Parasitology. 133: S169–87. doi:10.1017/S0031182006001867. PMID   17274845. S2CID   928055.
  2. ↑ Florin-Christensen, M.; Schnittger, L. (Jan 2009). "Piroplasmids and ticks: a long-lasting intimate relationship". Frontiers in Bioscience. 14 (14): 3064–3073. doi: 10.2741/3435 . ISSN   1093-9946. PMID   19273257.
  3. 1 2 Hayashida K, Hara Y, Abe T, Yamasaki C, Toyoda A, Kosuge T, Suzuki Y, Sato Y, Kawashima S, Katayama T, Wakaguri H, Inoue N, Homma K, Tada-Umezaki M, Yagi Y, Fujii Y, Habara T, Kanehisa M, Watanabe H, Ito K, Gojobori T, Sugawara H, Imanishi T, Weir W, Gardner M, Pain A, Shiels B, Hattori M, Nene V, Sugimoto C (2012). "Comparative genome analysis of three eukaryotic parasites with differing abilities to transform leukocytes reveals key mediators of Theileria-induced leukocyte transformation". mBio. 3 (5): e00204–12. doi:10.1128/mBio.00204-12. PMC   3445966 . PMID   22951932.
  4. 1 2 Kappmeyer, Lowell S.; Thiagarajan, Mathangi; Herndon, David R.; Ramsay, Joshua D.; Caler, Elisabet; Djikeng, Appolinaire; Gillespie, Joseph J.; Lau, Audrey OT; Roalson, Eric H. (2012-01-01). "Comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of Theileria equi". BMC Genomics. 13: 603. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-603 . PMC   3505731 . PMID   23137308.
  5. 1 2 Pain, Arnab; Renauld, Hubert; Berriman, Matthew; Murphy, Lee; Yeats, Corin A.; Weir, William; Kerhornou, Arnaud; Aslett, Martin; Bishop, Richard (2005-07-01). "Genome of the host-cell transforming parasite Theileria annulata compared with T. parva". Science. 309 (5731): 131–3. doi:10.1126/science.1110418. PMID   15994557. S2CID   34556923.
  6. 1 2 Gardner, Malcolm J.; Bishop, Richard; Shah, Trushar; de Villiers, Etienne P.; Carlton, Jane M.; Hall, Neil; Ren, Qinghu; Paulsen, Ian T.; Pain, Arnab (2005-07-01). "Genome sequence of Theileria parva, a bovine pathogen that transforms lymphocytes". Science. 309 (5731): 134–7. doi:10.1126/science.1110439. PMID   15994558. S2CID   37769438.
  7. ↑ Mehlhorn, H.; Schein, E. (1998-05-01). "Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998". Parasitology Research. 84 (6): 467–475. doi:10.1007/s004360050431. ISSN   1432-1955.
  8. ↑ Rothschild, Chantal M. (2013-07-01). "Equine Piroplasmosis". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 33 (7): 497–508. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.189. ISSN   0737-0806.
  9. ↑ de Waal, D. T. (1992-01-01). "Equine piroplasmosis: A review". British Veterinary Journal. 148 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5. ISSN   0007-1935.
  10. ↑ Scoles, Glen A.; Hutcheson, H. Joel; Schlater, Jack L.; Hennager, Steven G.; Pelzel, Angela M.; Knowles, Don P. (October 2011). "Equine piroplasmosis associated with Amblyomma cajennense Ticks, Texas, USA". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (10): 1903–1905. doi:10.3201/eid1710.101182. ISSN   1080-6059. PMC   3310643 . PMID   22000367.
  11. ↑ Darghouth, A. (Dec 2008). "Review on the experience with live attenuated vaccines against tropical theileriosis in Tunisia: considerations for the present and implications for the future". Vaccine. 26. Suppl 6: G4 –G10. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.065. ISSN   0264-410X. PMID   19178892.
  12. ↑ "Cattle disease vaccine launched 30 years after invention". 2010-05-07. SciDev.net (7 May 2010).
  13. 1 2 3 4
  14. ↑ Bartolomé Del Pino, Leticia Elisa; Roberto, Nardini; Vincenzo, Veneziano; Francesca, Iacoponi; Antonella, Cersini; Luca, Autorino Gian; Francesco, Buono; Teresa, Scicluna Maria (2016-04-01). "Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Central-Southern Italy: Sero-molecular survey and associated risk factors". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 7 (3): 462–469. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.01.011. ISSN   1877-959X.
  15. ↑ Minervino, Antonio Humberto Hamad; Torres, Allana Cavalcante; Moreira, Thiago Rocha; Vinholte, Brena Peleja; Sampaio, Bruna Matarucco; Bianchi, Daniela; Portela, Juliana Machado; Sarturi, Cristiane; Marcili, Arlei; Barrêto Júnior, Raimundo Alvês; Gennari, Solange Maria; Machado, Rosangela Zacarias (2020). "Factors associated with the prevalence of antibodies against Theileria equi in equids of Western Pará, Brazil". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 67 (S2): 100–105. doi:10.1111/tbed.13268. ISSN   1865-1682.
  16. ↑ Harb, Omar S.; Roos, David S. (2015-01-01). "The Eukaryotic Pathogen Databases: A Functional Genomic Resource Integrating Data from Human and Veterinary Parasites". Parasite Genomics Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1201. pp. 1–18. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1438-8_1. ISBN   978-1-4939-1437-1. PMC   6157018 . PMID   25388105.
  17. ↑ Mehlhorn, Heinz; Schein, Eberhard (1998). "Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998". Parasitology Research. 84 (6): 467–475. doi:10.1007/s004360050431. PMID   9660136. S2CID   27992280 . Retrieved June 19, 2020.
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