Myzozoa

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Myzozoa
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Myzozoa membrane structure
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Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Sar
Clade: Alveolata
Clade: Myzozoa
Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004
Phyla

Myzozoa [1] is a grouping of specific phyla within Alveolata, [2] [3] that either feed through myzocytosis, or were ancestrally capable of feeding through myzocytosis. [1]

Contents

It is sometimes described as a phylum, containing the major subphyla Dinozoa and Apicomplexa, plus minor subphyla. [4]

The term Myzozoa superseded the previous term Miozoa, by the same authority, and gave a slightly altered meaning. [1]

Phyla

Within Myzozoa, there are four phyla:

Evolution

The most closely related large clade to the myzozoans are the ciliates. [1] Both of these groups of organisms – unlike the majority of eukaryotes studied to date – seem to have a linear mitochondrial genome. Most other eukaryotes that have had their mitochondrial genomes examined have circular genomes. However, the taxonomic term Myzozoa specifically excludes ciliates [1] which are rather under the higher taxonomic rank Alveolata. Thus, Alveoata includes two large groups: Myzozoa and Ciliophora [5] plus the smaller groups discussed above.

All Myzozoa appears to have evolved from an ancestor that possessed plastids, required through endosymbiosis. [6]

The branching order within both Myzozoa and Protalveolata, is only partly understood. Three groups – the colpodellids, Chromerida and the Apicomplexa – appear to be sister clades. [7] Three other groups – the perkinsids, Syndiniales and Oxyrrhis are distantly related to the dinoflagellates. [8] [9]

Notes

Perkinsus marinus and the Apicomplexa both have histones while the dinoflagellates appear to have lost theirs. [10]

Chromerida are ancestrally myzocytotic, on the basis of evidence for myzocytosis by the chromerid Vitrella brassicaformis. [11]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E. E. (2004-09-06). "Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.)" . European Journal of Protistology. 40 (3): 185–212. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2004.01.002. ISSN   0932-4739.
  2. ↑ Leander BS, Hoppenrath M (February 2008). "Ultrastructure of a novel tube-forming, intracellular parasite of dinoflagellates: Parvilucifera prorocentri sp. nov. (Alveolata, Myzozoa)". Eur. J. Protistol. 44 (1): 55–70. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2007.08.004. PMID   17936600.
  3. ↑ "Alveolates" . Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  4. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (June 2004). "Only six kingdoms of life". Proc. Biol. Sci. 271 (1545): 1251–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC   1691724 . PMID   15306349.
  5. ↑ "Protalveolata – Wikispecies".
  6. ↑ Muñoz-Gómez, Sergio A.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (2018). "Plastid Genomes in the Myzozoa". Plastid Genome Evolution. Advances in Botanical Research. Vol. 85. pp. 55–94. doi:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.11.015. ISBN   9780128134573.
  7. ↑ Moore RB, Oborník M, Janouskovec J, et al. (February 2008). "A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites". Nature. 451 (7181): 959–63. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..959M. doi:10.1038/nature06635. PMID   18288187.
  8. ↑ Saldarriaga, J. F.; McEwan, M. L.; Fast, N. M.; Taylor, F. J.; Keeling, P. J. (2003). "Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (Pt 1): 355–365. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02328-0 . PMID   12656195.
  9. ↑ Leander BS, Kuvardina ON, Aleshin VV, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ (2003). "Molecular phylogeny and surface morphology of Colpodella edax (Alveolata): insights into the phagotrophic ancestry of apicomplexans". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50 (5): 334–40. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00145.x. PMID   14563171.
  10. ↑ Gornik SG, Ford KL, Mulhern TD, Bacic A, McFadden GI, Waller RF (December 2012). "Loss of nucleosomal DNA condensation coincides with appearance of a novel nuclear protein in dinoflagellates". Curr. Biol. 22 (24): 2303–12. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.036 . PMID   23159597.
  11. ↑ Molecular ecology and phylogeny of protistan algal symbionts from corals (Thesis). 2006.
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