Anaeramoeba

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Anaeramoeba
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Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Metamonada
Family: Anaeramoebidae
Táborský, Pánek & Čepička 2017
Genus: Anaeramoeba
Táborský, Pánek & Čepička 2017
Type species
Anaeramoeba flamelloides
Táborský, Pánek & Čepička 2017
Species
  • A. flamelloides
  • A. gargantua
  • A. ignava
  • A. megacephala
  • A. oblonga
  • A. parva
  • A. pumila

Anaeramoeba is a free-living anaerobic eukaryotes, first described in 2017.

Contents

Description

As the name implies, Anaeramoeba are anaerobic amoeboid organisms which form a fan-like shape similar to that of Flamella . At least two species can also sometimes assume flagellate forms; with either two or four flagella. They contain double-membrane bound organelles called hydrogenosomes, which is a type of mitochondria-related organelles (MROs) and assumed to be derived from mitochondria, [1] to perform metabolism in anaerobic environments. The hydrogenosomes in Anaeramoeba are closely associated with H2-consuming bacterial symbionts, which are enveloped by Anaeramoeba host's membrane called symbiosome. [2]

Discovery and classification

Anaeramoeba specimens were first isolated in 2017, from shallow marine sediments around the world. [3] Despite the similarities to Flamella in both morphology and environment, genetic analyses found that Anaeramoeba do not belong within Amoebozoa. [3] Instead, Anaeramoeba represents a newly identified protist belonging to Metamonads, as a close relative to parabasalids. [1]

Symbiosome in Anaeramoeba

Anaeramoeba's symbiosome is a unique highly elaborate membrane-bound structure that houses their bacterial symbionts in close association with their hydrogenosomes that allow efficient metabolic syntrophy between the hosts and the symbionts. [2] In A. flamelloides BUSSELTON2, the symbionts are suggested to be Desulfobacteraceae, that uses the hydrogenosome products from the host, including H2, acetate and propionate, [2] together with sulfate that they acquire through deep membrane-pits of the symbiosome to the cell-surrounding environment, in their metabolic pathways. [2]

References

  1. 1 2 Stairs, Courtney W.; Táborský, Petr; Salomaki, Eric D.; Kolisko, Martin; Pánek, Tomáš; Eme, Laura; Hradilová, Miluše; Vlček, Čestmír; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Roger, Andrew J.; Čepička, Ivan (2021-12-20). "Anaeramoebae are a divergent lineage of eukaryotes that shed light on the transition from anaerobic mitochondria to hydrogenosomes". Current Biology. 31 (24): 5605–5612.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.010 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   34710348. S2CID   240054026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Gallot-Lavallée, Lucie; Salas-Leiva, Dayana E.; Curtis, Bruce A.; Záhonová, Kristína; Čepička, Ivan; Stairs, Courtney W.; Pipaliya, Shweta; Dacks, Joel B.; Archibald, John M.; Roger, Andrew J. (2024-11-09). "A unique symbiosome in an anaerobic single-celled eukaryote". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 9726. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54102-7. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   11550330 . PMID   39521804.
  3. 1 2 Táborský, Petr; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan (2017). "Anaeramoebidae fam. nov., a Novel Lineage of Anaerobic Amoebae and Amoeboflagellates of Uncertain Phylogenetic Position". Protist. 168 (5): 495–526. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.07.005. ISSN   1434-4610. PMID   28985627.


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