Chlorokybus

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Chlorokybus
Chlorokybus atmophyticus.jpg
Chlorokybus atmophyticus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Clade: Viridiplantae
(unranked): Charophyta
Class: Chlorokybophyceae
Irisarri & al. [1]
Order: Chlorokybales
Irisarri & al. [2]
Family: Chlorokybaceae
Irisarri & al. [3]
Genus: Chlorokybus
Geitler [4] [5]
Type species
Chlorokybus atmophyticus
Geitler [4]
Species [4]

Chlorokybus is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or charophyte. It has been classified as the sole member of the family Chlorokybaceae, [3] which is the sole member of the order Chlorokybales, [2] in turn the sole member of the class Chlorokybophyceae. [1] [6] It grows on soil and rock surfaces, [7] and is rare. [8]

Contents

Description

Chlorokybus is a microalga forming sarcinoid, cubical packets of two to eight cells. Each cell contains a single chloroplast which contains a central pyrenoid surrounded by grains of starch, as well as another pyrenoid (called the pseudopyrenoid) near the edge of the chloroplast which lacks starch grains. Mature packets produce a layer of mucilage surrounding the cells. [7]

Chlorokybus reproduces asexually by forming autospores. The autospores can also differentiate into zoospores, which have two flagella. Zoospores can form groups of up to 32 cells. Zoospores swim to a new location and then settle, retracting their flagella and creating a new vegetative cell. [7]

Taxonomy

Chlorokybus atmophyticus was once thought to be the only species in the genus. [8] In 2021, a study showed that there were at least four other species, morphologically indistinguishable, but with deep genomic differences, suggesting divergences possibly about 76 million years ago. Chlorokybus has been found in Eurasia, Central and South America. [7]

Chlorokybus was placed in a new class, order and family. The new class Chlorokybophyceae was basal within the charophytes. [7]

Within the genus, the species were related as shown in the cladogram: [7]

Chlorokybus

C. cerffii

C. riethii

C. bremeri

C. atmophyticus

C. melkonianii

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyceae</span> Class of green algae

The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral- or ribbon-shaped in different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some green algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. They usually have a cell wall made up of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.

Characiosiphon is a genus of green algae in the family Characiosiphonaceae. It contains a single species, Characiosiphon rivularis.

<i>Characium</i> Genus of algae

Characium is a genus of green algae in the family Characiaceae. It is very commonly found in freshwater habitats, where it is attached to phytoplankton or zooplankton.

Palmellopsis is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Palmellopsidaceae. They are either planktonic or attached to substrates in fresh water, or in aeroterrestrial habitats.

<i>Planktosphaeria</i> Genus of algae

Planktosphaeria is a genus of Chlorophyceae of the green algae. It was first described by the phycologist Gilbert Morgan Smith in 1918, with Planktosphaeria gelatinosa as its type species. Species of Planktosphaeria are commonly found in freshwater plankton around the world.

Pseudomuriella is a genus of green algae, specifically of the class Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Pseudomuriellaceae. It is a terrestrial alga that inhabits soils.

Pseudoschroederia is a genus of green algae in the family Characiaceae. It is planktonic in freshwater habitats, and probably has a cosmopolitan distribution. The genus Pseudoschroederia was circumscribed by Eberhard Hegewald and Eberhard Schnepf in 1986. The genus was distinguished from the similar Schroederia by being heteropolar and differing cell structure. However, some authors do not consider the genera to be separate.

Raphidocelis is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. They are found in freshwater habitats.

<i>Schroederia</i> (alga) Genus of algae

Schroederia is a genus of green algae in the family Schroederiaceae. Schroederiaceae is a monotypic taxon; Schroederia is its only genus.

Tetracystis is a genus of green algae, in the family Chlorococcaceae. It is a terrestrial genus typically found in soils.

<i>Tetraedron</i> Genus of algae

Tetraedron is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It may also be spelled as Tetraëdron.

<i>Treubaria</i> Genus of algae

Treubaria is a genus of microscopic green algae, the sole genus in the family Treubariaceae. Treubaria is found in freshwater habitats and has a cosmopolitan distribution.

Deuterocharacium is a genus of green algae in the family Characiaceae. It is found in freshwater habitats, attached to algae or detritus. It is rare and has only been recorded from Europe.

<i>Chlorotetraedron</i> Genus of algae

Chlorotetraedron is a genus of green algae, in the family Neochloridaceae. The name may also be written as Chlorotetraëdon. It is found as freshwater plankton or in soil.

Follicularia is a genus of green algae, in the family Schizochlamydaceae. It is found in terrestrial habitats, mainly soil.

Poloidion is a genus of green algae in the family Neochloridaceae, containing the single species Poloidion didymos. It is an extremely rare genus, which has only been recorded once on moist soil and rocks in Austria.

Pseudodictyochloris is a genus of green algae, in the family Actinochloridaceae. It is found in soils.

The Mesostigmatophyceae are a class of basal green algae found in freshwater. In a narrow circumscription, the class contains a single genus, Mesostigma. AlgaeBase then places the order within its circumscription of Charophyta. A clade containing Chlorokybus and Spirotaenia may either be added, or treated as a sister, with Chlorokybus placed in a separate class, Chlorokybophyceae. When broadly circumscribed, Mesostigmatophyceae may be placed as sister to all other green algae, or as sister to all Streptophyta.

Mesostigma is a genus of unicellular biflagellate freshwater green algae, with a single species Mesostigma viride, covered by an outer layer of basket‐like scales instead of a cell wall. It is the only known genus in the class Mesostigmatophyceae.

Bracteamorpha is a genus of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales, and is the only genus in the family Bracteamorphaceae. It contains a single species, Bracteamorpha trainorii.

References

  1. 1 2 Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Chlorokybophyceae". AlgaeBase . World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  2. 1 2 Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Chlorokybales". AlgaeBase . World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  3. 1 2 Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Chlorokybaceae". AlgaeBase . World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  4. 1 2 3 Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Chlorokybus". AlgaeBase . World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  5. ↑ Geitler, L. (1942). "Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und systematik neuer bemerkenswerter atmosphytischer Algen aus Wien". Flora NF. Vol. 136. pp. 1–29.
  6. ↑ Leliaert, Frederik; Verbruggen, Heroen; Zechman, Frederick W. (2011). "Into the deep: New discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny". BioEssays. 33 (9): 683–692. doi:10.1002/bies.201100035. ISSN   0265-9247. PMID   21744372. S2CID   40459076.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Irisarri, Iker; Darienko, Tatyana; Pröschold, Thomas; Fürst-Jansen, Janine M. R.; Jamy, Mahwash & de Vries, Jan (2021). "Unexpected cryptic species among streptophyte algae most distant to land plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1963): 20212168. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2168 . PMC   8611356 . PMID   34814752.
  8. 1 2 Rogers, Catherine E.; Mattox, Karl R.; Stewart, Kenneth D. (1980). "The Zoospore of Chlorokybus Atmophyticus, a Charophyte with Sarcinoid Growth Habit". American Journal of Botany. 67 (5): 774–783. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07706.x . JSTOR   2442669.
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