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A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word flagellate also describes a particular construction characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their means of motion. The term presently does not imply any specific relationship or classification of the organisms that possess flagellae. However, the term "flagellate" is included in other terms which are more formally characterized.
The Noctilucales are an order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that the mature cell is diploid and its nucleus does not show a dinokaryotic organization. They show gametic meiosis.
The tectofilosids are a group of filose amoebae with shells. These are composed of organic materials and sometimes collected debris, in contrast to the euglyphids, which produce shells from siliceous scales. The shell usually has a single opening, but in Amphitrema and a few other genera it has two on opposite ends. The cell itself occupies most of the shell. They are most often found on marsh plants such as Sphagnum.
Noctiluca scintillans is a unicellular marine organism that can exist in a green or red form depending on the pigmentation in its vacuoles. It is an organism that can be found all over the world but its geographical distribution varies depending on whether it is green or red. This organism is known for its ability to bioluminesce, turning the water a bright blue. However, it is also responsible for environmental hazards, such as toxic red tides and eutrophication.
The Apusozoa are an Obazoa phylum comprising several genera of flagellate eukaryotes. They are usually around 5–20 μm in size, and occur in soils and aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacteria. They are grouped together based on the presence of an organic shell or theca under the dorsal surface of the cell.
The Syndiniales are an order of early branching dinoflagellates, found as parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists. The trophic form is often multinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motile spores, which have two flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplasts, and unlike all other orders, the nucleus is never a dinokaryon. A well-studied example is Amoebophrya, which is a parasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending red tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales; recent studies, however, show paraphyly of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes belong to Syndiniales.
Gymnodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates, a type of marine and freshwater plankton. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of Gymnodinium have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data. Amphidinium was redefined later. Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can cause red tides.
Himatismenida is an Amoebozoa order, in the class Discosea, along with Glycostylida and Dermamoebida. It contains species such asCochliopodium gallicum.
Thecamoebidae is an Amoebozoa family.
Thaumatomonadida is an order of flagellates.
Katablepharis is a genus of single-celled eukaryotes comprising five to six species. They are heterotrophic and live in both freshwater and seawater. They have two flagella and a feeding apparatus consisting of a mouth and two arrays of microtubules.
The katablepharids, a group of heterotrophic flagellates, have been considered as part of the Cryptista since katablepharids were described in 1939. Although they differ from other cryptophytes and have even been proposed to be alveolates, early 21st century research suggests they are related to cryptophytes.
Octomitus is a genus of Excavata.
Vitrella brassicaformis is a unicellular alga belonging to the eukaryotic supergroup Alveolata. V. brassicaformis and its closest known relative, Chromera velia, are the only two currently described members of the phylum Chromerida, which in turn constitutes part of the taxonomically unranked group Colpodellida. Chromerida is phylogenetically closely related to the phylum Apicomplexa, which includes Plasmodium, the agent of malaria. Notably, both V. brassicaformis and C. velia are photosynthetic, each containing a complex secondary plastid. This characteristic defined the discovery of these so-called 'chromerids,' as their photosynthetic capacity positioned them to shed light upon the evolution of Apicomplexa's non-photosynthetic parasitism. Both genera lack chlorophyll b or c; these absences link the two taxonomically, as algae bearing only chlorophyll a are rare amid the biodiversity of life. Despite their similarities, V. brassicaformis differs significantly from C. velia in morphology, lifecycle, and accessory photosynthetic pigmentation. V. brassicaformis is green, with a complex lifecycle involving multiple pathways and a range of sizes and morphologies, while Chromera is brown and cycles through a simpler process from generation to generation.
Parvilucifera is a genus of marine alveolates that parasitise dinoflagellates. Parvilucifera is a parasitic genus described in 1999 by Norén et al. It is classified perkinsozoa in the supraphylum of Alveolates. This taxon serves as a sister taxon to the dinoflagellates and apicomplexans. Thus far, five species have been described in this taxon, which include: P.infectans, P.sinerae, P.corolla, P.rostrata, and P.prorocentri. The genus Parvilucifera is morphologically characterized by flagellated zoospore. The life cycle of the species in this genus consist of free-living zoospores, an intracellular stage called trophont, and asexual division to form resting sporangium inside host cell. This taxon has gained more interest in research due to its potential significance in terms of negative regulation for dinoflagellates blooms, that have proved harmful for algal species, humans, and the shellfish industry.
Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts or calcareous dinocysts are dinoflagellate cysts produced by a group of peridinoid dinoflagellates, called calcareous dinoflagellates.
The Polykrikaceae are a family of athecate dinoflagellates of the order Gymnodiniales. Members of the family are known as polykrikoids. The family contains two genera: Polykrikos and Pheopolykrikos.
The Flabellinia are a subclass of Amoebozoa. During locomotion the cells are flattened and have a clear layer called hyaloplasm along the front margin. Some form slender subpseudopodia projecting outward from the hyaloplasm, but the cell mass does not flow into these as in true pseudopodia, and advances without a definite central axis as in the Tubulinea. They also lack distinctive features like shells and flagella, and are united mainly by evidence from molecular trees.
Durinskia is a genus of dinoflagellate that can be found in freshwater and marine environments. This genus was created to accommodate its type species, Durinskia baltica, after major classification discrepancies were found. While Durinskia species appear to be typical dinoflagellates that are armored with cellulose plates called theca, the presence of a pennate diatom-derived tertiary endosymbiont is their most defining characteristic. This genus is significant to the study of endosymbiotic events and organelle integration since structures and organelle genomes in the tertiary plastids are not reduced. Like some dinoflagellates, species in Durinskia may cause blooms.
Nanum is a genus of bicosoecids, a small group of unicellular flagellates, included among the heterokonts.
References
- ↑ Murray S, Flø Jørgensen M, Ho SY, Patterson DJ, Jermiin LS (November 2005). "Improving the analysis of dinoflagellate phylogeny based on rDNA". Protist. 156 (3): 269–86. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.05.003. PMID 16325541.
- ↑ Knechtel J, J Kretschmann, J Chacón & M Gottschling (2020): Dinastridium verrucosum Baumeister from Bavaria (Germany) is a borghiellacean dinophyte (†Suessiales). Protist 171: 125741. doi : 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125741
1. Murray S, Flø Jørgensen M, Ho SY, Patterson DJ, Jermiin LS (November 2005). "Improving the analysis of dinoflagellate phylogeny based on rDNA". Protist. 156 (3): 269–86. doi : 10.1016/j.protis.2005.05.003. PMID 16325541.
2. Knechtel J, J Kretschmann, J Chacón & M Gottschling (2020): Dinastridium verrucosum Baumeister from Bavaria (Germany) is a borghiellacean dinophyte (†Suessiales). Protist 171: 125741. doi : 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125741
3. Moestrup, Ø., Lindberg, K., & Daugbjerg, N. (2009). Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates IV: The genus Biecheleria gen. nov. Phycological Research, 57(3), 203–220.
