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The Apicomplexa are a large phylum of parasitic alveolates. Most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. The organelle is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetration of a host cell.
The alveolates are a group of protists, considered a major clade and superphylum within Eukarya, and are also called Alveolata.
The chlorarachniophytes are a small group of exclusively marine algae widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters. They are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis. Normally they have the form of small amoebae, with branching cytoplasmic extensions that capture prey and connect the cells together, forming a net. They may also form flagellate zoospores, which characteristically have a single subapical flagellum that spirals backwards around the cell body, and walled coccoid cells.
The Chlamydiae are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine forms not yet well understood. All of the Chlamydiae that humans have known about for many decades are obligate intracellular bacteria; in 2020 many additional Chlamydiae were discovered in ocean-floor environments, and it is not yet known whether they all have hosts. Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiae had a peptidoglycan-free cell wall, but studies in the 2010s demonstrated a detectable presence of peptidoglycan, as well as other important proteins.
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites. They were once considered protozoans or protists, but are now known to be fungi, or a sister group to fungi. They have recently been discovered to infect on Coleoptera a large scale, in a 2017 Cornell study. Loosely 1500 of the probably more than one million species are named. Microsporidia are restricted to animal hosts, and all major groups of animals host microsporidia. Most infect insects, but they are also responsible for common diseases of crustaceans and fish. The named species of microsporidia usually infect one host species or a group of closely related taxa. Approximately 10 percent of the species are parasites of vertebrates —several species, most of which are opportunistic, can infect humans, in whom they can cause microsporidiosis.
Cercomonads are small flagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils.
The cryptophyceae are a class of algae, most of which have plastids. About 220 species are known, and they are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket. At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella.
Protococcidiorida is an order within the subclass Conoidasida of the phylum Apicomplexia. All members of this order are parasitic protozoa. The order was created by Kheisin in 1956.
Achromatorida is an order of non-pigmented intraerythrocytic parasitic alveolates belonging to the subclass Haemosporidiasina. The order was created by Jacques Euzéby in 1988.
Defretinella is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa.
The Archigregarinorida are an order of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this order infect marine invertebrates — usually annelids, ascidians, hemichordates and sipunculids.
Ixorheis is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa.
The Exoschizonidae are a family in the phylum Apicomplexa.
Selenidioides are a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect marine invertebrates.
The Selenidioididae are a family of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this order infect marine invertebrates.
Exoschizon is a genus in the phylum Apicomplexa.
Pseudomonilicaryon anser is a species of unicellular ciliates in the family Dileptidae, also known under the names Dileptus anser and Dileptus cygnus. The species is common in fresh water ponds, stagnant pools, mosses and soils.
Perkinsozoa is a proposed phylum of intracellular parasites in the superphylum Alveolata, which was suggested to account for the genus Perkinsus and other protist species that do not fit into existing Alveolata phyla.
Traklosia is a genus of nematodes. The genus was originally circumscribed in 1961 under the name Robertia; L. Travassos and G. R. Kloss created this genus for their newly-described species R. leiperi. The nomen novum, Traklosia, was created for this genus in 2015 — Robertia was an invalid name due to a senior homonym. It consists of three species found in Brazil and Cuba, and they are parasites of millipedes.
Psychropotidae is a family of deep-sea swimming sea cucumbers. The geographic range of some psychropotids is very extensive at abyssal depths, whereas other species are found within more restricted ranges.
References
- ↑ Massin C, Jangoux M, Sibuet M (1978). "Description d' Ixoreis psychropotae, nov. gen., nov. sp., coccidie parasite du tube digestif de l'holothure abyssale Psychropotes longicauda". Protistologica. 14 (3): 253–9.
- ↑ Levine, N.D. (1984). "Nomenclatural corrections and new tax in the Apicomplexan protozoa". Trans Am Microsc Soc. 103 (2): 195–204. JSTOR 3226242.
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