Demographics of Mozambique

Last updated
Demographics of Mozambique
Mozambique single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population pyramid of Mozambique in 2020
Population31,693,239 (2022 est.)
Growth rate2.56% (2022 est.)
Birth rate37.47 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate10.25 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy57.1 years
Fertility rate4.81 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate61.38 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-1.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years45.57%
65 and over2.93%
Nationality
NationalityMozambican
Major ethnicAfrican (99%)
Mozambiques population between 1960 and 2017. Mozambique population.svg
Mozambiques population between 1960 and 2017.

The demographics of Mozambique describes the condition and overview of Mozambique's peoples. Demographic topics include basic education, health, and population statistics as well as identified racial and religious affiliations.

Contents

Population

Demographics of Mozambique, Data of Our World in Data, year 2022; Number of inhabitants in millions. Mozambique-demography.png
Demographics of Mozambique, Data of Our World in Data, year 2022; Number of inhabitants in millions.

According to the 2022 revision of the world factbook the total population was 31,693,239 in 2022. [1] The proportion of children below the age of 14 in 2020 was 45.57%, 51.5% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.93% was 65 years or older. [1] [2] A population census took place in 2017, and the preliminary results indicate a population of 28 861 863 inhabitants. [3]

Total population [1] Population aged 0–14 (%)Population aged 15–64 (%)Population aged 65+ (%)
19506 442 00041.755.62.7
19556 972 00041.955.42.7
19607 647 00042.355.02.8
19658 474 00042.954.32.8
19709 453 00043.553.62.9
197510 620 00043.853.23.0
198012 146 00043.853.13.0
198513 335 00044.752.23.1
199013 547 00046.650.23.3
199515 933 00044.252.73.1
200018 201 00043.953.03.2
200520 770 00044.452.43.2
201023 391 00044.152.63.3
202030 098 19745.651.52.9

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data refer to national projections based on 2007 census.): [4]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total14 501 19615 565 45230 066 648100
0–42 315 3102 295 5864 610 89615.34
5–92 487 7202 531 6645 019 38416.69
10–142 076 1982 067 5464 143 74413.78
15–191 594 9401 630 0743 225 01410.73
20–241 264 7461 481 7752 746 5219.13
25–291 000 5161 222 7542 223 2707.39
30–34802 315906 7671 709 0825.68
35–39673 119774 9931 448 1124.82
40–44574 984660 8201 235 8044.11
45–49454 062504 057958 1193.19
50–54343 740397 999741 7392.47
55–59264 107302 253566 3601.88
60–64203 386229 467432 8531.44
65-69159 568188 765348 3331.16
70-74109 258134 617243 8750.81
75-7969 86889 298159 1660.53
80+107 359147 017254 3760.85
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–146 879 2286 894 79613 774 02445.81
15–647 175 9158 110 95915 286 87450.84
65+446 053559 6971 005 7503.35

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events is in Mozambique not complete. The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations. [5]

Mid-year population (thousands)Live births (thousands)Deaths (thousands)Natural change (thousands)Crude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate (TFR) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) Life expectancy (in years)
19505 920  277  160  11746.727.019.75.99204.437.26
1951  6 002  280  160  12046.526.619.96.02203.037.49
1952  6 082  284  159  12546.526.120.46.06200.237.93
1953  6 160  287  159  12846.425.620.86.09197.338.33
1954  6 237  291  158  13346.425.221.26.11194.538.77
1955  6 319  295  158  13746.424.821.66.14191.639.18
1956  6 404  299  157  14146.424.422.06.16188.839.63
1957  6 493  303  157  14646.524.122.46.18186.040.02
1958  6 580  307  157  15046.423.722.76.19183.340.46
1959  6 676  314  157  15746.923.423.56.24180.840.85
1960  6 788  322  158  16447.323.224.16.32178.541.22
1961  6 918  329  159  17047.522.924.66.38176.641.59
1962  7 060  337  161  17647.722.824.96.45175.141.83
1963  7 210  345  164  18147.722.725.06.49174.141.93
1964  7 364  351  169  18247.622.924.76.52174.041.67
1965  7 524  357  172  18647.422.824.66.55173.841.70
1966  7 690  365  176  18947.422.824.66.59173.941.64
1967  7 859  372  179  19347.322.724.56.63174.041.66
1968  8 036  380  183  19747.222.724.56.67174.241.67
1969  8 218  389  186  20247.222.624.66.71174.241.71
1970  8 412  396  190  20647.122.524.56.72174.041.76
1971  8 623  403  194  21046.822.524.36.72174.341.74
1972  8 861  413  199  21446.822.524.36.74173.541.59
1973  9 124  426  204  22246.822.424.46.73173.141.71
1974  9 404  441  208  23347.022.124.86.71172.642.07
1975  9 704  457  211  24647.221.825.46.69171.642.58
1976  10 019  474  218  25747.521.825.76.66171.242.64
1977  10 364  493  225  26847.821.826.06.64171.042.70
1978  10 741  515  233  28348.221.826.46.61170.742.80
1979  11 128  539  243  29648.621.926.76.58170.842.74
1980  11 414  559  251  30848.721.926.86.52170.842.80
1981  11 640  563  277  28648.323.824.66.46181.440.54
1982  11 902  570  280  29047.823.524.46.40180.640.70
1983  12 163  580  284  29747.723.324.46.39179.640.83
1984  12 426  593  311  28247.625.022.76.40178.238.38
1985  12 680  602  313  28947.424.722.76.38176.638.66
1986  12 910  612  295  31747.222.824.46.36164.840.68
1987  12 965  621  298  32347.122.624.56.34163.040.84
1988  12 957  614  269  34546.920.626.36.30161.343.84
1989  13 088  616  268  34846.720.326.46.28159.644.14
1990  13 303  619  268  35246.420.026.36.22158.044.47
1991  13 561  626  270  35646.019.826.26.16156.244.66
1992  13 817  632  271  36145.619.526.06.10154.044.95
1993  14 206  640  270  37045.319.126.26.03151.345.35
1994  14 913  659  276  38344.918.926.15.96147.945.61
1995  15 595  693  287  40644.518.426.15.90143.846.04
1996  16 080  711  287  42444.317.926.45.85138.946.64
1997  16 522  736  287  44944.417.327.15.89133.447.41
1998  16 923  749  285  46444.216.827.45.86127.648.02
1999  17 338  764  282  48344.016.227.85.83121.548.81
2000  17 769  779  279  49943.715.728.15.81115.949.49
2001  18 221  792  277  51543.415.228.25.78110.050.07
2002  18 695  806  276  53043.014.728.35.73105.050.59
2003  19 187  824  277  54742.914.428.55.73100.550.87
2004  19 694  834  277  55742.314.128.25.6796.351.25
2005  20 211  847  278  56941.913.828.15.6192.651.56
2006  20 736  860  278  58241.413.428.05.5589.051.96
2007  21 281  876  275  60041.112.928.25.5184.552.57
2008  21 846  911  274  63641.612.529.15.5880.853.16
2009  22 437  942  273  66941.912.129.85.6377.353.79
2010  23 074  970  275  69542.011.930.15.6375.854.20
2011  23 760  989  273  71641.611.530.15.5572.954.87
2012  24 488  1 006  269  73741.111.030.15.4570.255.64
2013  25 252  1 024  265  75940.510.530.15.3467.756.49
2014  26 039  1 021  260  76139.310.029.25.1365.257.27
2015  26 843  1 041  255  78638.89.529.35.0662.358.15
2016  27 696  1 063  250  81338.49.029.44.9959.959.04
2017  28 569  1 089  248  84138.18.729.44.9258.359.77
2018  29 424  1 111  245  86637.88.329.44.8556.760.53
2019  30 286  1 132  244  88837.38.029.34.7855.061.17
2020  31 178  1 153  250  90337.08.029.04.7153.461.17
2021  32 077  1 174  282  89236.68.827.84.6452.059.33

Also, according to a 2011 survey, the total fertility rate was 5.9 children per woman, with 6.6 in rural areas and 4.5 in urban areas. [6]

Fertility and births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): [7] [8]

YearCBR (Total)TFR (Total)CBR (Urban)TFR (Urban)CBR (Rural)TFR (Rural)
19975.2 (4.7)4.6 (4.1)5.3 (4.9)
2003405.5 (4.9)314.4 (3.8)496.1 (5.5)
201141.65.9 (5.1)37.44.5 (3.8)43.46.6 (5.8)
201538.05.330.83.641.26.1
201837.55.431.23.940.26.2
2022-2334.54.928.83.637.35.8

Fertility data by province (DHS Program): [9] [8]

ProvinceTotal fertility rate
(2011)
Total fertility rate
(2015)
Total fertility rate
(2018)
Niassa 7.16.66.4
Cabo Delgado 6.65.66.1
Nampula 6.15.26.0
Zambézia 6.86.36.2
Tete 6.86.26.0
Manica 5.86.25.8
Sofala 6.16.06.4
Inhambane 4.94.34.1
Gaza 5.34.74.1
Maputo Província 4.13.43.0
Maputo Cidade 3.12.52.2

Life expectancy

Development of life expectancy Life expectancy in Mozambique.svg
Development of life expectancy
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years [10]
1950–195531.29
1955–1960Increase2.svg 33.79
1960–1965Increase2.svg 36.18
1965–1970Increase2.svg 38.14
1970–1975Increase2.svg 40.37
1975–1980Increase2.svg 42.21
1980–1985Decrease2.svg 41.47
1985–1990Increase2.svg 42.33
1990–1995Increase2.svg 43.90
1995–2000Increase2.svg 47.21
2000–2005Increase2.svg 49.56
2005–2010Increase2.svg 53.24
2010–2015Increase2.svg 56.08

Ethnic groups

Mozambique's major ethnic groups encompass numerous subgroups with diverse languages, dialects, cultures, and histories. Many are linked to similar ethnic groups living in inland countries. The estimated 4 million Makua are the largest ethnic group of the country and are dominant in the northern part of the country — the Sena and Shona (mostly Ndau-Shangaan) are prominent in the Zambezi valley, and the Shangaan (Tsonga) dominate in southern Mozambique. Other groups include Makonde, Yao, Swahili, Tonga, Chopi, and Nguni (including Zulu). The country is also home to a growing number of white residents, most with Portuguese ancestry. [11] During colonial rule, European residents hailed from every Mozambican province, and at the time of independence the total population was estimated at around 360,000. Most vacated the region after independence in 1975, emigrating to Portugal as retornados . There is also a larger mestiço minority with mixed African and Portuguese heritage. The remaining non-Blacks in Mozambique are primarily Indian Asiatics, who have arrived from Pakistan, Portuguese India, and numerous Arab countries.[ citation needed ] There are various estimates for the size of Mozambique's Chinese community, ranging from 1,500 to 12,000 as of 2007. [12] [13]

Ethnic groups in Mozambique [14]
Ethnic

group

Census 2017
Number%
Black 26,637,42599.03%
Mixed 212,5400.79%
White 22,2580.08%
Indian 15,4920.06%
Pakistani 4,4230.02%
Chinese 1,7460.01%
Other5,2210.02%
Total26,899,105

Languages

Languages of Mozambique (2017) [15]
Languagespercent
Emakhuwa
26.1%
Portuguese
16.6%
Xichangana
8.6%
Nyanja
8.1%
Cisena
7.1%
Elomwe
7.1%
Echuwabo
4.7%
Cindau
3.8%
Xitswa
3.8%
Other Mozambican
11.8%
Other
0.5%
Unspecified
1.8%

Portuguese is the official and most widely spoken language of the nation, but in 2017 only 47.4% of Mozambique's population speak Portuguese as either their first or second language, and only 16.6% speak Portuguese as their first language. [16] Arabs, Chinese, and Indians speak their own languages (Indians from Portuguese India speak any of the Portuguese Creoles of their origin) aside from Portuguese as their second language. Most educated Mozambicans speak English, which is used in schools and business as second or third language.

Religion

Religions of Mozambique (2015) [17]
Religionspercent
Roman Catholic
30.5%
Islam
19.3%
Protestant
18.4%
Zionist Christian
10.3%
Evangelical/Pentecostal
9.5%
None
9.9%
Other
1.4%
Anglican
0.8%

Culture

Despite the influence of Islamic coastal traders and European colonizers, the people of Mozambique have largely retained an indigenous culture based on smallscale agriculture. Mozambique's most highly developed art forms have been wood sculpture, for which the Makonde in northern Mozambique are particularly renowned, and dance. The middle and upper classes continue to be heavily influenced by the Portuguese colonial and linguistic heritage.

Education and health

Under Portugal, educational opportunities for poor Mozambicans were limited; 93% of the Bantu population was illiterate, and many could not speak Portuguese. In fact, most of today's political leaders were educated in missionary schools. After independence, the government placed a high priority on expanding education, which reduced the illiteracy rate to about two-thirds as primary school enrollment increased. Unfortunately, in recent years school construction and teacher training enrollments have not kept up with population increases. With post-war enrollments reaching all-time highs, the quality of education has suffered. As a member of Commonwealth of Nations, most urban Mozambicans are required to learn English starting high-school.

Other demographic statistics

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates Mozambique Population 1950-2021 Forecast 2022-2032 UN World Population Prospects 2022.svg
Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022. [18]

The following demographic are from the CIA World Factbook [19] [20]

Population

31,693,239 (2022 est.)
27,233,789 (July 2018 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 27.2%, Muslim 18.9%, Zionist Christian 15.6%, Evangelical/Pentecostal 15.3%, Anglican 1.7%, other 4.8%, none 13.9%, unspecified 2.5% (2017 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 45.57% (male 6,950,800/female 6,766,373)
15-24 years: 19.91% (male 2,997,529/female 2,994,927)
25-54 years: 28.28% (male 3,949,085/female 4,564,031)
55-64 years: 3.31% (male 485,454/female 509,430)
65 years and over: 2.93% (male 430,797/female 449,771) (2020 est.)
0-14 years: 44.52% (male 6,097,116 /female 6,028,416)
15-24 years: 21.6% (male 2,905,254 /female 2,977,732)
25-54 years: 27.62% (male 3,525,755 /female 3,995,264)
55-64 years: 3.37% (male 442,990 /female 475,900)
65 years and over: 2.88% (male 359,624 /female 425,738) (2018 est.)

Birth rate

37.47 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 10th
37.8 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 11th

Death rate

10.25 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 33rd
11.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.81 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12th
5.02 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12th

Median age

total: 17 years. Country comparison to the world: 219th
male: 16.3 years
female: 17.6 years (2020 est.)
total: 17.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 220th
male: 16.7 years
female: 17.8 years (2018 est.)

Population growth rate

2.56% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 18th
2.46% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 25th

Mother's mean age at first birth

19.2 years (2011 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 20-49
18.9 years (2011 est.)
median age at first birth among women 25-29

Contraceptive prevalence rate

27.1% (2015)

Net migration rate

-1.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 160th
-1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 160th

Urbanization

urban population: 38.2% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 4.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
urban population: 36% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 4.35% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Net migration rate

-1.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 160th
-1.9 migrants/1,000 population (2017)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 93.5 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 87.5 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.1 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 16.5 (2015 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 1.02 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
under 15 years: 0.98 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 1.01 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 0.949 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 0.717 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 0.968 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 57.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 224th male: 55.76 years female: 58.49 years (2022 est.)

total population: 54.1 years
male: 53.3 years
female: 54.9 years (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS — people living with HIV/AIDS: 2.1 million (2017 est.) HIV/AIDS — deaths: 70,000 (2017 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
animal contact diseases: rabies

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Mozambique is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

Nationality

noun: Mozambican(s)
adjective: Mozambican

Ethnic groups

Indigenous tribal groups (including the Shangana, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, Ndau, among others) make up 98.61% of Mozambique's total population. People of mixed race are the largest minority, totaling 0.84% from the remaining figure, while Portuguese Mozambicans and Mozambicans of Indian descent represent 0.36% and 0.2% of the population respectively . There are noteworthy Chinese and Arab communities.

Languages

Portuguese language (official)
Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena 6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census)

Education expenditures

6.2% of GDP (2019) Country comparison to the world: 29th

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 60.7%
male: 72.6%
female: 50.3% (2017)
total population: 56% (2015 est.)
male: 70.8% (2015 est.)
female: 43.1% (2015 est.)
total population: 47.8% (2003 est.), 40.1% (1995 est.)
male: 63.5% (2003 est.), 57.7% (1995 est.)
female: 32.7% (2003 est.), 23.4% (1995 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 10 years (2017)
male: 10 years (2017)
female: 9 years (2017)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 7.4% (2015 est.)
male: 7.7% (2015 est.)
female: 7.1% (2015 est.)

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The demographic characteristics of the population of The Gambia are known through national censuses, conducted in ten-year intervals and analyzed by The Gambian Bureau of Statistics (GBOS) since 1963. The latest census was conducted in 2013. The population of The Gambia at the 2013 census was 1.8 million. The population density is 176.1 per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in The Gambia is 64.1 years. Since the first census of 1963, the population of The Gambia has increased every ten years by an average of 43.2 percent. Since 1950s, the birth rate has constantly exceeded the death rate; the natural growth rate is positive. The Gambia is in the second stage of demographic transition. In terms of age structure, The Gambia is dominated by 15- to 24-year-old segment (57.6%). The median age of the population is 19.9 years, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.98 males per female.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Somalia</span>

Demographic features of Somalia's inhabitants include ethnicity, language, population density, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Somalia is believed to be one of the most homogeneous countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

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