Teso people

Last updated

Iteso
Total population
2,782,239
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 2,364,569 [1] [2]
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 417,670 [3]
Languages
Teso language, English language
Religion
Christianity, Traditional faith
Related ethnic groups
other Ateker peoples and other Nilotic peoples
Teso
PersonEtesot (m)/Atesot (f)
PeopleIteso
LanguageAteso
CountryTeso
Iteso Homestead Iteso Homestead1.jpg
Iteso Homestead

The Iteso (or people of Teso) are a Nilotic ethnic group in eastern Uganda and western Kenya. Teso refers to the traditional homeland of the Iteso, and Ateso is their language. [4] [5]

Contents

History

Migration

It's believed there were two waves of migration. The first migration brought them to present day northeastern Uganda and western Kenya and was largely gradual and peaceful. The legendary hero Oduk and his wife Among'in supposedly helped the Iteso in this second migration to modern day Busia County circa 1500 AD, and by the 19th century, they controlled a vast swathe of territory. Their aggressive expansion drew them into conflicts with other already present ethnic groups. Oduk is credited with militarily organizing the Iteso and helping them defeat their rivals. [6] However, their gains were reversed as neighboring ethnic groups allied with the British defeated them. Much of traditional Iteso culture and organization was lost when they were conquered by the Ganda people in the 19th century; [7] the language of the northern Ateso is markedly influenced by Luganda due to this conquest. In contrast, southern Ateso has been influenced by the Turkana language.

British colonialism and independence

During the 20th century, the Iteso people underwent drastic changes in their lifestyles, transitioning from a pastoral lifestyle to prolific farmers. [8] Many Iteso men travelled abroad to work in overseas British territories, such as Burma. In 1902, part of eastern Uganda was transferred to western Kenya, splitting the Iteso; despite this division, there's little cultural difference between the two. [9] However, the two's economic and social paths have diverged greatly. At independence, Ugandan Iteso were wealthier, as they did not suffer from the economic marginalization Kenyan Africans did due to white settlers. However, the Kenyan Iteso did not suffer the same degree of political instability their Ugandan cousins have, and Kenya's more developed economic infrastructure allowed for Kenyan Iteso to overtake Ugandan Iteso in wealth.

During Milton Obote's first period of rule, many Iteso received army and administration posts, allowing them to gain relative prosperity, which they invested back into cattle herds. [10] After Idi Amin was overthrown in 1979, the Karamojong acquired large amounts of arms, which they used to raid cattle from largely unarmed Iteso civilians; Iteso cattle herds were decimated, and many fell into poverty. During Obote's second period of rule, the Ugandan army was composed largely of the Iteso and Acholi. When Yoweri Museveni came to power, he disbanded a military unit meant to stop the Karamojong's cattle rustling and dismissed many Iteso, Acholi, and Kumam soldiers from the army for their previous service under Obote. [10] These disgruntled soldiers, upon returning to their economically deprived homelands due to violent cattle raids, took up arms against the Museveni regime. The Teso insurgency lasted into the late 1980s, keeping the region undeveloped. [11] [10]

In 1992, the conflict was brought to an end through the combined effort of the local initiatives, indigenous mediators, churches, and the Presidential Commission for Teso (PCT). This led to the creation of a war memorial near the Iteso capital Soroti, and the installation of an Iteso king, Emorimor Papa Paphrus Imodot Edimu. While successful in ending the violence and mollifying Teso opposition to Museveni, the Teso sub-region remains one of the poorest regions in Uganda, and the Iteso feel politically and economically neglected, widely distrusting the Museveni administration. [10]

Distribution

Uganda

In Uganda, the Iteso live mainly in Teso sub-region, i.e., the districts of Amuria, Bukedea, Butebo, Kaberamaido, Kapelebyong, Katakwi, Kumi, Ngora, Serere and Soroti, but are also found in Bugiri and Pallisa, as well as in the Tororo and Busia districts.

According to the 2014 Ugandan Bureau of Statistics report, the Iteso number about 2.36 million (7.0% of Uganda's population). [12] Until 1980, they were the second largest ethnic group in Uganda; this share of the population likely decreased due to Teso fleeing from political instability and violence. [13] Some Iteso contend that they are still the second largest ethnic group in Uganda, and this figure has supposedly been deflated to restrict the political power of the Iteso, as the national budget is distributed based on population. [10]

Kenya

There are around 578,000 Iteso in Kenya, living mainly in Busia County, south of Mt. Elgon. They primarily inhabit two sub-counties, Teso North and Teso South, but can be found in Bugoma and Trans Nzoia County.

Economic activities

Farming

The Iteso are noted for their quick adoption of the ox plow in the early 1900s. [7] Women farmed and foraged while men herded their cattle. [14]

Cotton is the primary cash crop among the Iteso. [7] It's grown by both men and women in separate plots during the short rains. Another cash crop grown is tobacco. [14] In the 1980s, Kenyan government-sponsored cooperative-ran cotton ginneries failed to pay for the cotton delivered by the Iteso and others. The Iteso then began experimenting with other cash crops like tobacco with the aid of loans from large agricultural companies. However, since the 1990s, the cotton industry has been partially revived. [14]

Herding

Herding used to be the primary economic activity among the Iteso, particularly men. [14] Cattle play a large social role among the Iteso, as they play a key role in negotiating bride-price and other important social events. When a father gives a son his own cattle, it signals the maturation of the son, able to manage his own estate and start his own family. [11]

Culture

Cuisine

The staple food for the Iteso is finger millet ('akima') and sorghum ('imomwa'). [15] During colonization, cassava was introduced by colonial authorities as a dietary supplement. [14] They also consume pumpkins, wild berries, peas, groundnuts, and beans. Domestic and wild animal meat was consumed, alongside milk, butter, and fish. [16]

The cultural drink of the Iteso people is 'ajon', a fermented brew made from dried finger millet (usually the emiroiti variety) that is commonly consumed in local ceremonies, social gatherings and important events. It can be consumed in a calabash, or a communal pot where participants sip the drink from long tubes. [17] [18] It is custom to keep a mother whose recently given birth confined to the home for three days, and afterwards, ajon is placed in the mouth of the infant. Some Christian Iteso criticize the customs surrounding ajon. [18] In the modern age, the production of ajon has become commercialized, and its production and sale are an important source of income for the families that specialize in making it. [17]

Traditionally, Teso people loved singing and dancing educative folksongs in different occasions. These songs include Ataikatiaka Kitiso, about the unity of the Teso people, Akidai Imojong, a song to respect and care for elders, and Iyalama Imojong to appreciate elders among others. [19] iteso people also have their cultural event mainly at kakapel mountain on 26th December every year this is where the cultural practises are done

Afterlife

According to oral tradition, the legendary Oduk was responsible for the Iteso practice of exhuming bodies from bushes after a number of years. [6] The Iteso traditional religion holds that upon death, the body is separated from its spirit ('eparait'), which leaves to live in the bush. Ideally, the spirit will move further and further into the bush, but discontent spirits may return to bother the living, demanding offerings of food and drink. [20] Exhuming the bodies after a few years is meant to 'cool' them, and make them more amenable to the living. Many Iteso are reluctant or even afraid to be buried in coffins, believing they cannot be 'cooled', and thereby suffocating the dead. [20]

Due to missionary influence, spirits of the dead have come to be associated with ajokin, small creatures of the bush, and both have come to be associated with the devil. [20]

Religion

Prior to European missionary efforts, the Iteso believed in an omnipotent god called Akuj, and a God of calamity called Edeke. [7] The itesots followed the scripts and religious scribes that were gifted to Queen of Sheebah in Ethiopia by king Solomon.

Notable people

Related Research Articles

The Oropom were the aboriginal inhabitants of much of Karamoja in Uganda, Mt. Elgon area and West Pokot, Trans Nzoia and Turkana regions in Kenya. Their descendants were largely assimilated into various communities present in their former territories, including the Iteso, Karamojong, Pokot, Turkana and Bukusu. They are or were found in scattered pockets between the Turkwel River, Chemorongit Mountains and Mt. Elgon. One report indicates that they formerly spoke the unclassified Oropom language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaberamaido District</span> District in Eastern Uganda, Uganda

Kaberamaido is a district in Eastern Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Kaberamaido, where the district headquarters are located.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katakwi District</span> District in Eastern Uganda, Uganda

Katakwi District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Katakwi is the site of the district headquarters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soroti District</span> District in Eastern Uganda, Uganda

Soroti District is a district in Eastern Uganda. It is named after its chief municipal, administrative and commercial headquarters, Soroti, where the district headquarters are located.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumam people</span> Ugandan ethnic group

The Kumam people are part of a Hamites ethnic group of about 720,000 census 2024, living mainly Kumam Sub-Region of Kaberamaido, Soroti, Soroti City, Kalaki, parts of Serere, Dokolo and Amolatar respectively in the western areas of Teso sub-region and the south-east of Lango sub-region. The Kumam are an ethnic group of people found in Kaberamaido, Soroti, Kalaki, Dokolo, Amolatar districts and the Lake Kyoga Basin Area in Eastern Uganda. They share Soroti district with the Iteso and some parts of formerly Lira district with the Langi. In the Lango region, they are now found in Dokolo district which was detached from Lira District. They are found at the shores of Lake Kyoga (Namasale). In Soroti district, they are found in Serere, Asuret, Kamuda, katine, Soroti city, Arapai as well as the outskirts of Soroti district neighboring Kaberamaido.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karamojong people</span> Nilotic ethnic group native to northeastern Uganda

The Karamojong or Karimojong are a Nilotic ethnic group. They are agro-pastoral herders living mainly in the north-east of Uganda. Their language is also known as ngaKarimojong and is part of the Nilotic language family. Their population is estimated at 475,000 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ateker peoples</span> Ethnic group

Ateker, or ŋaTekerin, is a common name for the closely related Jie, Karamojong, Turkana, Toposa, Nyangatom, Teso and Lango peoples and their languages. These ethnic groups inhabit an area across Uganda and Kenya. Itung'a and Teso have been used among ethnographers, while the term Teso-Turkana is sometimes used for the languages, which are of Eastern Nilotic stock. Ateker means 'clan' or 'tribe' in the Teso language. Atekere in Lango language also means 'clan'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teso sub-region</span>

Teso sub-region is a sub-region in Eastern Region, Uganda that consists of:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ugandan Bush War</span> Guerrilla war in Uganda 1980–1986

The Ugandan Bush War was a civil war fought in Uganda by the official Ugandan government and its armed wing, the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), against a number of rebel groups, most importantly the National Resistance Army (NRA), from 1980 to 1986.

The military history of Uganda begins with actions before the conquest of the country by the British Empire. After the British conquered the country, there were various actions, including in 1887, and independence was granted in 1962. After independence, Uganda was plagued with a series of conflicts, most rooted in the problems caused by colonialism. Like many African nations, Uganda endured a series of civil wars and coup d'états. Since the 2000s in particular, the Uganda People's Defence Force has been active in peacekeeping operations for the African Union and the United Nations.

The Uganda People's Army (UPA) was a rebel group recruited primarily from the Iteso people of Uganda that was active between 1987 and 1992. The UPA was composed mostly of former soldiers in the special forces of the Uganda National Liberation Army and opposed the National Resistance Army (NRA) government of Yoweri Museveni, who took power in January 1986. Reaching a height after the widespread cattle raid by Karamojong in 1987, the UPA rebellion eventually ended through the mediation of the Teso Commission.

Acholi nationalism is a political ideology that seeks self-determination by the Acholi people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1985 Ugandan coup d'état</span>

The 1985 Ugandan coup d'état was an ethnically motivated military takeover in Uganda involving dissident Acholi elements within the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), led by Brigadier Basilio Olara Okello, which successfully ousted the second Milton Obote government. The army promptly named General Tito Okello Lutwa as President of the Military Council, only for him to be ousted six months later by Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army (NRA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ateker Ejalu</span>

John Ateker Ejalu was a Ugandan journalist and statesman. He served as Minister of Information and National Guidance of Uganda from April until June 1979, and from then as Minister of Regional Co-operation until November 1979.

Cuthbert Joseph Obwangor was a longtime Ugandan minister and legislator. He was a minister and a political prisoner for the Apollo Milton Obote regime after he opposed Obote's extension of power while Obwangor was a minister.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acholi people</span> Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda

The Acholi people are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples, found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda, including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. The Acholi were estimated to number 2.3 million people and over 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War in Uganda (1986–1994)</span> Period of mass insurgency in Uganda between 1986 and 1994

From 1986 to 1994, a variety of rebel groups waged a civil war against the Ugandan government of President Yoweri Museveni. Most of the fighting took place in the country's north and east, although the western and central regions were also affected. The most important insurgent factions were the Uganda People's Democratic Army (UPDA), the Uganda People's Army (UPA), Alice Auma's Holy Spirit Movement (HSM), and Joseph Kony's army. Several smaller rebel factions and splinter groups of the larger movements waged their own campaigns; the rebels often clashed with each other. All belligerents, including the government, targeted civilians and committed human rights violations. In course of fighting that involved tens of thousands of troops, the Ugandan government was able to gradually defeat or contain most rebel factions. The operations in the north and east caused great destruction and resulted in high civilian casualties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenyan-Ugandan border conflict</span> Border conflict in East Africa

After the NRM had taken power in Uganda, relations with Kenya had worsened due to Kenyan President Moi's distrust of Museveni. He suspected that the left-leaning NRM might be supporting the Mwakenya Movement, a socialist Kenyan insurgent force. It was known that the NRM allowed Mwakenya fighters to travel freely through Uganda. Kenya consequently started to fund and arm UPA insurgents. In October 1987, tensions escalated into a firefight between the NRA and the Kenya Army at the border town of Busia. In response, Museveni publicly accused Kenya of supporting anti-NRM rebels. He deployed troops to the border, officially to stop guerrillas from crossing into Uganda; Moi responded by stating that any attempts by the NRA to violate the Kenyan border would be met with force. The Kenya Times, regarded as being close to Moi, accused the NRM of supporting Kenyan rebels, spying, kidnappings of Kenyans, and cattle rustling. On 15 December a Ugandan veteran “kadogo” smuggler who had been arrested by Kenya’s JSU managed to disarm a JSU and crossed with the gun to Uganda at the soko mjinga market. This increased tensions that led to at least 26 NRA soldiers and over 100 Kenyan soldiers being killed during an incursion into Kenya, causing the tensions to almost escalate into open war. Although the situation was defused as a result of talks organized by Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia and Ali Hassan Mwinyi of Tanzania, tensions continued.

The Eastern Uganda campaign of 1979 was a military operation by Tanzanian forces and allied Ugandan rebels, most importantly the Uganda National Liberation Army, against Uganda Army (UA) troops loyal to Idi Amin during the Uganda–Tanzania War. The operation was launched by the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) on 15 April 1979 to secure eastern Uganda and oust UA remnants which were still active in the area. The TPDF mainly targeted the important towns of Jinja, Mbale, Tororo, Soroti, and Moroto. It encountered only sporadic resistance, as most UA soldiers focused on fleeing with loot instead of resisting, and successfully secured most of eastern Uganda. In the northeast, the collapse of the Uganda Army resulted in local Karamojong groups seizing much weaponry which would result in long-lasting security issues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Uganda campaign (January–March 1986)</span> 1986 battle of the Ugandan Bush War

In the last phase of the Ugandan Bush War from January to March 1986, the National Resistance Army (NRA) conducted a military campaign to conquer northern Uganda beyond the Nile, an area still held by the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) and allied militias that had previously been loyal to the recently deposed government of Ugandan President Tito Okello. After heavy fighting, the NRA emerged victorious, capturing all of the country. The UNLA and its allies largely disbanded their forces or surrendered, though a substantial number also fled into exile to continue resistance. The conquest of northern Uganda by the NRA marked the formal end of the Ugandan Bush War, though another civil war erupted a few months later.

References

  1. ↑ Uganda Bureau of Statistics. "National Population and Housing Census 2014 - Main Report" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "Uganda". World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
  3. ↑ "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics". December 2019.
  4. ↑ Karp, Ivan (1978). Fields of Change among the Iteso of Kenya. Routledge; Reprint edition (2005). ISBN   0-415-32990-6.
  5. ↑ "Teso | Teso Traditions, Culture & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  6. 1 2 "Oduk: The Story of the Iteso Conqueror". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Teso | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  8. ↑ Kennedy, F. R (1937). Teso clans. National Archives: The Uganda Journal.
  9. ↑ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2009). Ethnicity and National Identity in Uganda: The Land and Its People. New Africa Press. ISBN   978-9987-9308-7-6.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Buckley-Zistel, Susanne (2008), "Effective History and the Beginning of the Teso Insurgency", Conflict Transformation and Social Change in Uganda, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 54–73, doi:10.1057/9780230584037_4, ISBN   978-1-349-35930-1 , retrieved 30 May 2020
  11. 1 2 "Ben Jones: The 1980s weakening of Uganda's security infrastructure helped cause the Teso insurgency". the Guardian. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  12. ↑ The National Population and Housing Census 2014. Kampala, Uganda: Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 2014. p. 20.
  13. ↑ Buckley-Zistel, Susanne (2008). Conflict Transformation and Social Change in Uganda: Remembering After Violence. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-230-58403-7. OCLC   1131998608.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 bwindigorilla (1 November 2021). "Teso People | Iteso People and their culture in Uganda and Kenya". Bwindi Forest National Park. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  15. ↑ Uganda: From Earth to Table - Traditional Products and Dishes. Slow Food International. 2018. p. 7.
  16. ↑ "Teso" (PDF). National African Language Resource Center.
  17. 1 2 "Uganda/Teso: Ajon – The Beginning & The End Of Every Celebration". Comboni Missionaries. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  18. 1 2 Uganda: From Earth to Table - Traditional Products and Dishes. Slow Food International. 2018. p. 23.
  19. ↑ "Day One: The Iteso People and their Music | Singing Wells". 18 February 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  20. 1 2 3 "Iteso People and their culture" . Retrieved 2 November 2021.
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