Economy of the Netherlands

Last updated

Economy of the Netherlands
Zuidas Panorama (By Guido van der Heijden).jpg
Currency Euro (EUR, €)
Calendar year
Trade organisations
EU, WTO and OECD
Country group
Statistics
Population17,589,513 (6 January 2022) [3]
GDP
  • Increase2.svg $1.2 trillion (nominal; 2024) [4]
  • Increase2.svg $1.3 trillion (PPP; 2023) [4]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • Increase2.svg 4.5% (2022) [5]
  • Increase2.svg 1.0% (2023) [5]
  • Increase2.svg 1.2% (2024) [5]
GDP per capita
  • Increase2.svg $66,166 (nominal, 2024) [4]
  • Increase2.svg $73,000 (PPP, 2023) [4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
Increase Negative.svg 1.2% (2020) [4]
Population below poverty line
  • Decrease Positive.svg 5% (2017 est.) [7]
  • 16.5% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE, 2019) [8]
26.8 low (2019) [9]
Labour force
  • Increase2.svg 9,181,373 (2019) [12]
  • 79.2% employment rate (2018) [13]
Labour force by occupation
Unemployment
  • Decrease Positive.svg 2.9% (October 2021) [14]
  • 6.9% youth unemployment (October 2021; 15 to 24 year-olds) [14]
Average gross salary
€4,191 monthly
€3,145 monthly
Main industries
Agriculture, oil and natural gas, metal and engineering products, electronic machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing
External
ExportsIncrease2.svg $719.78 billion (2020) [6]
Export goods
Machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, mineral fuels, food and livestock, manufactured goods
Main export partners
  • Germany 20%
  • Belgium 12%
  • United Kingdom 9%
  • France 7%
  • United States 5%
  • (2019) [6]
ImportsIncrease2.svg $453.8 billion (2017) [6]
Import goods
Machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing
Main import partners
  • Germany 15%
  • China 11%
  • Belgium 9%
  • United States 8%
  • Russia 7%
  • United Kingdom 5%
  • (2019) [6]
FDI stock
  • Increase2.svg $5.499 trillion (2017) [6]
  • Abroad: $6.579 trillion (2017) [6]
Increase2.svg $90.207 billion (2019) [6]
Increase Negative.svg $4.345 trillion (2019) [6]
Public finances
  • Decrease Positive.svg 48.6% of GDP (2019) [15]
  • Decrease Positive.svg €394.630 billion (2019) [15]
  • €14.0 billion surplus (2019) [15]
  • +1.7% of GDP (2019) [15]
Revenues43.6% of GDP (2019) [15]
Expenses41.9% of GDP (2019) [15]
Economic aid
Increase2.svg $54.016 billion (2021) [6] (41st)

All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Dutch exports in 2006 2006Dutch exports.PNG
Dutch exports in 2006
The labour productivity level of the Netherlands is one of highest in Europe. OECD, 2012 Labour productivity levels in europe.svg
The labour productivity level of the Netherlands is one of highest in Europe. OECD, 2012
Part-time employment rate (%) in OECD countries. The Netherlands has the highest rate. Part-time employment rate in OECD.svg
Part-time employment rate (%) in OECD countries. The Netherlands has the highest rate.

The economy of the Netherlands is a highly developed market economy focused on trade and logistics, manufacturing, services, innovation and technology and sustainable and renewable energy. [22] [23] It is the world's 18th largest economy by nominal GDP and the 28th largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) and is the fifth largest economy in European Union by nominal GDP. [24] It has the world's 11th highest per capita GDP (nominal) and the 13th highest per capita GDP (PPP) as of 2023 making it one of the highest earning nations in the world. Many of the world's largest tech companies are based in its capital Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city, such as IBM, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, Cisco, Uber, Netflix and Tesla. [25] [26] Its second largest city Rotterdam is a major trade, logistics and economic center of the world and is Europe's largest seaport. [27] Netherlands is ranked fifth on global innovation index and fourth on the Global Competitiveness Report.

Contents

The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable industrial relations, fairly low unemployment and inflation, a sizable current account surplus (which, compared to the size of the country, is even more than Germany) and an important role as a European transportation hub; Rotterdam is the biggest port in Europe; and Amsterdam has one of the biggest airports in the world. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, high-tech, financial services, the creative sector and electrical machinery. Its highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002.

The Netherlands has had steady natural gas resources since 1959, when a wellspring was discovered. Currently the Netherlands accounts for more than 25% of all natural gas reserves in the European Union. Over the following decades, the sale of natural gas generated a significant rise in revenue for the Netherlands. [28] However, the unforeseen consequences of the country's energy wealth originally impacted the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy, leading to the theory of Dutch disease, after the discovery of the vast Groningen gas field. [28]

The Netherlands is a "conduit country" that helps to funnel profits from high-tax countries to tax havens. [29] It has been ranked as the 4th largest tax haven in the World. [30]

The stern financial policy was abandoned in 2009, because of the then-current credit crises. The relatively large banking sector was partly nationalized and bailed out through government interventions. The unemployment rate dropped to 5.0% in the summer of 2011, but increased with a sharp rate to 7.3% in May 2013, and 6.8% in 2015. It dropped again to 3.9% in March 2018. [31] [32] The state budget deficit was about 2.2% in 2015, well below the norm of 3.0% in the EU. [33] In 2016, the state budget showed a surplus of 0.4%. It was expected to grow to a surplus of over 1.0% in 2017. [34] Historically, the Dutch introduced and invented the stock market, [35] which initially focused on merchandise trading through the Dutch East India Company. The Netherlands is a founding member of the European Union, the OECD and the World Trade Organization.

History

After declaring its independence from the empire of Philip II of Spain in 1581, the Netherlands experienced almost a century of explosive economic growth. A technological revolution in shipbuilding and trade knowledge and capital, due to Protestant traders of Flanders who fled to the Netherlands, helped the young Republic become the dominant trade power by the mid-17th century. In 1670 the Dutch merchant marine totalled 568,000 tons of shipping—about half the European total. The main reasons for this were the dominance of the Amsterdam Entrepôt in European trade, and that of the Dutch East India Company (or Verenigde Oost-Indische Companie – VOC) and West India Companies in intercontinental trade. Unique was that the V.O.C. was the first multinational, while its shares were traded at the Amsterdam stock exchange, one of the first in the world. Beside trade, an early "industrial revolution" (powered by wind, water and peat), land reclamation from the sea, and agricultural revolution, helped the Dutch economy achieve the highest standard of living in Europe (and presumably the world) by the middle of the 17th century. Affluence facilitated what is known as the Dutch Golden Age. This economic boom abruptly came to an end by a combination of political-military upheavals and adverse economic developments around 1670. Still the Netherlands kept a high level of prosperity, due to trade and agriculture.

Towards the 1800s, the Netherlands did not industrialize as rapidly as some other countries in Europe. One explanation for this is that the Netherlands were struggling to come to terms with having lost their dominant economical (based mainly on trade and agriculture) and political position in the world. Griffiths argues that government policies made possible a unified Dutch national economy in the 19th century. They included the abolition of internal tariffs and guilds; a unified coinage system; modern methods of tax collection; standardized weights and measures; and the building of many roads, canals, and railroads.

The rest of Europe in the 19th century saw the gradual transformation of the Netherlands into a modern middle-class industrial society. The number of people employed in agriculture decreased while the country made an effort to revive its stake in the highly competitive industrial and trade business. The Netherlands lagged behind Belgium until the late 19th century in industrialization, then caught up by about 1920. Major industries included textiles and (later) the great Philips industrial conglomerate. Rotterdam became a major shipping and manufacturing center. [36] Poverty slowly declined and begging largely disappeared along with steadily improving working conditions for the population.

Since 1959, the Netherlands discovered large natural gas fields. The export of natural gas led to large windfall profits. However, as an unforeseen consequence, these were believed to have led to a decline in the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands. [37]

Government

While the private sector is the cornerstone of the Dutch economy, governments at different levels have a large part to play. Public spending, excluding social security transfer payments, was at 28% of GDP in 2011. [38] Total tax revenue was 38.7% of GDP in 2010, [39] which was below the EU average. [40] In addition to its own spending, the government plays a significant role through the permit requirements and regulations pertaining to almost every aspect of economic activity. The government combines a rigorous and stable microeconomic policy with wide-ranging structural and regulatory reforms. The government has gradually reduced its role in the economy since the 1980s. Privatization and deregulation is still continuing. With regards to social and economic policy, the government cooperates with its so called social partners (trade unions and employers' organizations). The three parties come together in the Social-Economic Council (‘Sociaal Economische Raad’), the main platform for social dialogue.

Social security system

The Dutch social security is very comprehensive, covering Dutch residents in an encompassing manner and is divided into the national security ( Volksverzekeringen) and the employee insurance ( Werknemersverzekeringen). Whereas the first covers all living in the Netherlands and the social benefits provided, the latter provides employment-related benefits. [41] All living in the Netherlands are required to pay into the social security system, including residents from outside the Netherlands, with a few exceptions. [42]

The Volksverzekeringen is compulsory for all and covers the residents under different forms of national insurance: [43] [44]

It is overseen by the Social Insurance Bank ( Sociale Verzekeringsbank (SVB)) and financed through earning-related contributions of employers and employees up until a maximum income-ceiling. Whilst employed persons get their contribution deducted automatically from their wage, the unemployed pay by themselves. The AKW is financed by employers, whereas the AOW is financed by the employees. The AOW, additionally, is financed by a small government subsidy.

The Werknemersverzekeringen is compulsory for all employed people within the Netherlands. It includes the coverage of employees in the following areas:

The financing for the Werknemersverkeringen is automatically deducted from the employee's income by the employer. [43] [44]

Unemployment benefits

Coverage

The unemployment benefits in the Netherlands, as set out under the WW, covers almost all employees, that are employees based on a working-contract. Excluded from the WW are the following: self-employed, nationally employed, persons working less than four days a week, heads of stockholders and voluntary workers that earn up to €150 per year. [41] [44]

Right to benefits

To profit from the benefit the unemployed has to submit an application to the Employee Insurance Agency (Uitvoeringsinstituut Werknemersverzekeringen (UWV)) within one week of becoming unemployed and additionally has to register as job-seeker. The WW only covers employees with a sufficient work history, meaning that an applicant has to have been working for at least 26 weeks in the past 36 weeks before becoming unemployed. If so, the working-weeks requirement is met. Moreover, the employee is only eligible to unemployment benefits if the unemployment has not been due to his own fault (e.g. own termination of the job contract). [41] [44]

Benefits

The benefits received through the WW are earnings-related and amount to a sum of 75% percent of the previous earnings per day (which is based on 5 working days per week) for the duration of two months. After those two months the benefits amount to 70%. Part-time work is taken into account with a calculation of parts of the working hours. If this benefit is less than the minimum income, the unemployed has the possibility of supplementation through the Additional Allowances Act (Toeslagenwet) to sum up the amount. All jobs in the previous twelve months are counted in to the calculation of the benefits, if a change of work has taken place. To obtain the benefits for a continued time, the unemployed needs to be actively looking for work. Moreover, one needs to participate in e-coaching three and twelve months after the start of unemployment. After one year of unemployment one must register with an employment agency. [42] [44] [43]

Controversial issues

Labour market and social welfare

The Dutch labour market has relatively strict regulations for employers on firing employees, although by June 2014 the House of Representatives has agreed to loosen these regulations.[ needs update ] Due to the costs of employees and costs of firing them, a big part of the working force (about 15% of the working force) is an independent one person company (ZZP). They are independent and get paid by delivery without higher social costs.[ clarification needed ] Another big part of the workforce is hired as temporary workforce. State unemployment benefits in the form of a 70% benefit of the employee's last-earned salary for up to three years (with a maximum of roughly 2500 euros per month) are available for fired employees, provided that they have worked for a certain minimum time period, usually 26 weeks. Moreover, the self-employed individuals (zelfstandigen zonder personeel (ZZP)) are not automatically covered under the Werknemersverzekeringen, and are not obligated to enroll into unemployment, sickness or disabilities insurance. Self-employed individuals, hence, are required to enroll themselves with private insurance companies. [43] [45]

Age of retirement

Every Dutch citizen gets according to the AOW act of 1956, a state pension, from the age of 65. The act was amended in 2012 that makes the age in several stages up to 67 years in 2024 . Married couples or those who live together receive 50% of minimum wage per person and a single person receives 70% of minimum wage. Most (about 70%) earn an extra pension from private pension funds. Employees are obliged to take part in the sector pension funds.[ clarification needed ] In total the amount of pension funds were at the end of 2009 some 664 billion euro and at the end of 2019 1560 billion euro for a bit more than 17 million people. Employees receive on average about 70% of their last salary. During the economic crisis[ which? ] and because of low interest rates, pensions funds have had difficulty keeping up with inflation.

Inequality and redistribution

With a Gini coefficient of 25.1 (2013) the income inequality is relatively low in the Netherlands. However, the inequality when measured in distributions of household wealth is high, where the top 1% owns 24% of all net wealth, and the top 10% own 60%. Moreover, rather large wealth disparities persist in the Netherlands in relation to age, where those under 35 years-of-age own 10% as much as older workers. This is a consequence from the low taxation of home ownership and a generous mortgage interest deductibility, which benefit the wealthier households. [46] Due to the generous pensions the pension-related savings are the most important part of wealth in the Netherlands, yet are not subject to capital income taxation, which increases the inequality. The taxation comes as income tax when the saved pension is paid out. People having earned minimum wages only, will not build up any pension. The idea behind a pension is to have a net income after retirement that is comparable to before retirement. The AOW, the Dutch retirement law, guarantees an income up to 70% of minimum wage per person. Therefore, only people earning more than minimum wage need to save to ensure comparable income after retirement.

Home mortgage interest deduction

The Netherlands was[ when? ] one of the few countries in the world where the interest paid on mortgages is almost fully deductible from income tax. Since 2013 big changes were made. The conditions allowing a borrowing of more than 116% of the value of the home were reduced to 106% and are still continuously being reduced every year. The deduction is also capped to 50.5% and reducing every year. [47] Together with the after-effects of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 the result was a housing crisis, with a decrease of prices almost 25% percent in some areas. Recent years have shown a recovery of 10% to even 20% per year in the most popular cities.

The Service sector accounts for more than half of the national income, primarily in transportation, distribution and logistics, financial areas, software development and the creative industry. The breadth of service providers in financial services has contributed to the Netherlands achieving a DAW Index score of 5 in 2012. Industrial activity is dominated by the machinery, electronics/high tech industry, metalworking, oil refining, chemical, and food-processing industries. Construction amounts to about 6% of GDP. Agriculture and fishing, although visible and traditional Dutch activities, account for just 2%.

The Netherlands continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in 2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports [48] and strong investment. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands is the fifth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report. [49]

Primary sector

Agriculture

In 2018, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, [50] the Netherlands produced: [51]

Energy sector

Natural gas

Natural gas concessions in the Netherlands. Today the Netherlands accounts for more than 25% of all Natural Gas reserves in the EU. Natural gas NL.png
Natural gas concessions in the Netherlands. Today the Netherlands accounts for more than 25% of all Natural Gas reserves in the EU.
Station Wildervank of the Groningen natural gas field, which transformed the Netherlands economy after its discovery in 1959, leading to the theory of Dutch disease Wildervank natural gas field.jpg
Station Wildervank of the Groningen natural gas field, which transformed the Netherlands economy after its discovery in 1959, leading to the theory of Dutch disease

The discovery of the large Groningen natural gas field in 1959 and the massive windfalls accrued over subsequent decades, were believed to have led to a decline in the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands, [37] leading to the theory of Dutch disease. [28]

While its oil reserves in the North Sea are of little importance, the Netherlands have an estimated 25% of natural gas reserves in the EU. [52] Natural gas reserves of the Netherlands are estimated (as of 2014) to be about 600 billion cubic feet, [53] or about 0.3% of the world total. In 2014–2015 the government decided to reduce the production of gas in the province Groningen significantly due to problems of sinking ground, differential settlement levels and tremors (small earth quakes) causing damages to properties, end 2018 the government decided to completely abandon the gas production in the province of Groningen by reducing the production slightly each year, the production was expected to come to a halt entirely by 2028. [54] On June 23, 2023, the government decided to close the remaining five production facilities as of October 1, 2023. The possibility of reopening one or more facilities is being kept open, citing the uncertain international situation and possibly very cold weather as possible reasons for this. All wells will be permanently closed and dismantled as of October 1, 2024. [55]

To reduce its greenhouse emissions, the government of the Netherlands is subsidizing a transition away from natural gas for all homes in the country by 2050. [56] In the Netherlands, 98% of enterprises are reducing greenhouse gas emissions, beating the EU average of 89%. However, only 48% of Dutch firms set and monitor their own emission targets. [57] Dutch enterprises mostly cut emissions through waste reduction or recycling (86%), as well as energy efficiency programmes (76%). [58] [59]

In the Netherlands, 78% of enterprises have invested in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating the impact of weather disasters as of 2023. Six out of ten (60%) plan to invest in these areas during the next three years. The numbers for 'already invested' and 'intend to invest' above the EU average (56% and 54%, respectively). [60] The largest invested is in trash reduction or recycling (86% of Dutch firms). [61]

Dutch companies are more likely to see the transition to stronger climate laws as an opportunity (39% vs 23% from other European firms). [62]

Nuclear energy

Researchers in the Netherlands began studying nuclear energy in the 1930s and began construction of research reactor Dodewaard in 1955. Researchers’ goal was to introduce nuclear power technology by 1962 and replace fossil fuels. In 1968, a test nuclear reactor was attached to the power grid. This unit was shut down in 1997. In the 1970s, the Dutch chose a policy that required reprocessing all spent nuclear fuel. In 1984, the government decided to create a long-term (100 years) storage facility for all intermediate and low-level radioactive waste and research strategies for ultimate disposal. In September 2003, the Central Organization for Radioactive Waste created an interim storage facility for high-level waste. The Netherlands' only commercial nuclear reactor is Borssele, which became operational in 1973 and as of 2011 produces about 4% of the country's electricity. [63] The older Dodewaard nuclear power plant was a test reactor that later got attached to the national grid but was closed in 1997. A 2MW research reactor known as Reactor Institute Delft (RID) is located in Delft, as part of the physics department of Delft University of Technology. This reactor is not meant for energy provision but used as a neutron and positron source for research.

In 1994, the States General of the Netherlands voted to phase out nuclear power after a discussion of nuclear waste management. In 1997, the power station at Dodewaard was shut down and the government decided it was planning to end Borssele's operating license in 2003. This has since been postponed to 2034, if it complied with the highest safety standards.[ citation needed ] After the 2010 election, the new government was open to expanding nuclear power. Both of the companies that share ownership of Borssele are proposing to build new reactors. [64] [65] In January 2012, Delta announced it postpones any decision to start building a second nuclear power plant.

Tourism

In 2011, the Netherlands was visited by 11.3 million foreign tourists. [66] In 2012, the Dutch tourism industry contributed 5.4% in total to the country's GDP and 9.6% in total to its employment. With its global ranking of 147th and 83rd place for total contribution to respectively GDP and employment, tourism is a relatively small sector of the Dutch economy. [67] North Holland was by far the most popular province for foreign tourists in 2011. Out of all 11.3 million tourists, 6 million visited North Holland. South Holland took the second place with 1.4 million. Germans, Britons and Belgians made up the majority of foreign tourists, respectively 3, 1.5 and 1.4 million. [68] As of 2020, there are nine World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands. The Netherlands are well known for their art and rich historical heritage.

Data

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation under 5% is in green. [69]

YearGDP

(in Bil. US$PPP)

GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

GDP

(in Bil. US$nominal)

GDP per capita

(in US$ nominal)

GDP growth

(real)

Inflation rate

(in Percent)

Unemployment

(in Percent)

Government debt

(in % of GDP)

1980165.011,708.1193.813,750.5n/an/a3.4%43.6%
1981Increase2.svg179.7Increase2.svg12,644.4Decrease2.svg162.4Decrease2.svg11,429.7Decrease2.svg-0.5%Increase Negative.svg6.8%Increase Negative.svg4.6%Increase Negative.svg46.9%
1982Increase2.svg188.3Increase2.svg13,181.8Decrease2.svg157.3Decrease2.svg11,013.6Decrease2.svg-1.3%Increase Negative.svg5.9%Increase Negative.svg6.5%Increase Negative.svg52.5%
1983Increase2.svg199.1Increase2.svg13,886.6Decrease2.svg153.2Decrease2.svg10,682.3Increase2.svg1.8%Increase2.svg2.9%Increase Negative.svg8.3%Increase Negative.svg58.5%
1984Increase2.svg212.7Increase2.svg14,779.7Decrease2.svg142.6Decrease2.svg9,905.0Increase2.svg3.1%Increase2.svg3.4%Decrease Positive.svg8.1%Increase Negative.svg62.0%
1985Increase2.svg225.3Increase2.svg15,587.9Increase2.svg144.7Increase2.svg10,008.0Increase2.svg2.7%Increase2.svg2.3%Decrease Positive.svg7.3%Increase Negative.svg67.2%
1986Increase2.svg237.0Increase2.svg16,313.5Increase2.svg201.6Increase2.svg13,875.2Increase2.svg3.1%n/aDecrease Positive.svg6.5%Increase Negative.svg69.0%
1987Increase2.svg247.4Increase2.svg16,926.4Increase2.svg246.9Increase2.svg16,895.4Increase2.svg1.9%Increase2.svg-1.0%Decrease Positive.svg6.3%Increase Negative.svg71.4%
1988Increase2.svg267.8Increase2.svg18,202.4Increase2.svg264.2Increase2.svg17,956.1Increase2.svg4.6%Increase2.svg0.5%Decrease Positive.svg6.2%Increase Negative.svg73.8%
1989Increase2.svg290.8Increase2.svg19,643.3Decrease2.svg260.5Decrease2.svg17,597.3Increase2.svg4.5%Increase2.svg1.1%Decrease Positive.svg5.7%Steady2.svg73.8%
1990Increase2.svg314.3Increase2.svg21,105.3Increase2.svg321.4Increase2.svg21,581.6Increase2.svg4.2%Increase2.svg2.5%Decrease Positive.svg5.1%Increase Negative.svg75.1%
1991Increase2.svg332.9Increase2.svg22,178.4Increase2.svg331.1Increase2.svg22,057.8Increase2.svg2.5%Increase2.svg3.2%Decrease Positive.svg4.8%Decrease Positive.svg74.9%
1992Increase2.svg345.9Increase2.svg22,863.5Increase2.svg366.0Increase2.svg24,192.0Increase2.svg1.6%Increase2.svg2.8%Increase Negative.svg4.9%Increase Negative.svg75.7%
1993Increase2.svg358.6Increase2.svg23,530.1Decrease2.svg355.9Decrease2.svg23,356.3Increase2.svg1.3%Increase2.svg1.6%Increase Negative.svg5.5%Increase Negative.svg76.8%
1994Increase2.svg377.3Increase2.svg24,590.5Increase2.svg382.6Increase2.svg24,935.5Increase2.svg3.0%Increase2.svg2.1%Increase Negative.svg6.2%Decrease Positive.svg73.6%
1995Increase2.svg395.8Increase2.svg25,664.2Increase2.svg452.7Increase2.svg29,350.8Increase2.svg2.8%Increase2.svg1.3%Increase Negative.svg7.7%Decrease Positive.svg72.2%
1996Increase2.svg417.2Increase2.svg26,925.6Decrease2.svg450.6Decrease2.svg29,084.1Increase2.svg3.5%Increase2.svg1.4%Decrease Positive.svg7.1%Decrease Positive.svg70.5%
1997Increase2.svg442.7Increase2.svg28,440.8Decrease2.svg417.3Decrease2.svg26,808.4Increase2.svg4.3%Increase2.svg1.9%Decrease Positive.svg6.1%Decrease Positive.svg64.9%
1998Increase2.svg468.6Increase2.svg29,936.1Increase2.svg438.6Increase2.svg28,018.7Increase2.svg4.7%Increase2.svg1.8%Decrease Positive.svg4.9%Decrease Positive.svg61.7%
1999Increase2.svg499.1Increase2.svg31,671.1Increase2.svg447.5Increase2.svg28,393.8Increase2.svg5.0%Increase2.svg2.0%Decrease Positive.svg4.1%Decrease Positive.svg57.5%
2000Increase2.svg531.9Increase2.svg33,528.1Decrease2.svg417.7Decrease2.svg26,327.9Increase2.svg4.2%Increase2.svg2.3%Decrease Positive.svg3.7%Decrease Positive.svg50.9%
2001Increase2.svg556.5Increase2.svg34,811.4Increase2.svg431.6Increase2.svg26,996.2Increase2.svg2.3%Increase Negative.svg5.1%Decrease Positive.svg3.1%Decrease Positive.svg48.2%
2002Increase2.svg566.4Increase2.svg35,170.5Increase2.svg473.5Increase2.svg29,402.0Increase2.svg0.2%Increase2.svg3.9%Increase Negative.svg3.7%Decrease Positive.svg47.5%
2003Increase2.svg578.5Increase2.svg35,727.5Increase2.svg579.9Increase2.svg35,814.3Increase2.svg0.2%Increase2.svg2.2%Increase Negative.svg5.9%Increase Negative.svg48.7%
2004Increase2.svg605.8Increase2.svg37,263.5Increase2.svg658.1Increase2.svg40,477.3Increase2.svg2.0%Increase2.svg1.4%Increase Negative.svg6.8%Increase Negative.svg49.1%
2005Increase2.svg637.6Increase2.svg39,104.4Increase2.svg685.7Increase2.svg42,054.9Increase2.svg2.0%Increase2.svg1.5%Increase Negative.svg7.0%Decrease Positive.svg48.5%
2006Increase2.svg680.0Increase2.svg41,633.3Increase2.svg734.0Increase2.svg44,936.0Increase2.svg3.5%Increase2.svg1.7%Decrease Positive.svg6.1%Decrease Positive.svg44.1%
2007Increase2.svg724.8Increase2.svg44,306.7Increase2.svg848.7Increase2.svg51,880.4Increase2.svg3.8%Increase2.svg1.6%Decrease Positive.svg5.3%Decrease Positive.svg42.0%
2008Increase2.svg754.7Increase2.svg46,003.9Increase2.svg951.8Increase2.svg58,015.4Increase2.svg2.2%Increase2.svg2.2%Decrease Positive.svg4.8%Increase Negative.svg53.8%
2009Decrease2.svg731.7Decrease2.svg44,383.2Decrease2.svg870.6Decrease2.svg52,807.4Decrease2.svg-3.7%Increase2.svg1.0%Increase Negative.svg5.4%Increase Negative.svg55.8%
2010Increase2.svg750.4Increase2.svg45,274.1Decrease2.svg848.1Decrease2.svg51,165.8Increase2.svg1.3%Increase2.svg0.9%Increase Negative.svg6.1%Increase Negative.svg59.4%
2011Increase2.svg777.9Increase2.svg46,703.3Increase2.svg905.1Increase2.svg54,342.1Increase2.svg1.6%Increase2.svg2.5%Steady2.svg6.1%Increase Negative.svg61.8%
2012Increase2.svg792.0Increase2.svg47,341.6Decrease2.svg839.5Decrease2.svg50,175.6Decrease2.svg-1.0%Increase2.svg2.8%Increase Negative.svg6.8%Increase Negative.svg66.4%
2013Increase2.svg827.5Increase2.svg49,314.5Increase2.svg877.2Increase2.svg52,277.0Decrease2.svg-0.1%Increase2.svg2.6%Increase Negative.svg8.2%Increase Negative.svg67.8%
2014Increase2.svg830.3Increase2.svg49,337.7Increase2.svg892.4Increase2.svg53,026.5Increase2.svg1.4%Increase2.svg0.3%Increase Negative.svg8.3%Increase Negative.svg68.0%
2015Increase2.svg852.1Increase2.svg50,418.7Decrease2.svg765.7Decrease2.svg45,302.8Increase2.svg2.0%Increase2.svg0.2%Decrease Positive.svg7.9%Decrease Positive.svg64.6%
2016Increase2.svg890.4Increase2.svg52,440.8Increase2.svg783.8Increase2.svg46,165.2Increase2.svg2.2%Increase2.svg0.1%Decrease Positive.svg7.0%Decrease Positive.svg61.9%
2017Increase2.svg948.2Increase2.svg55,509.3Increase2.svg833.6Increase2.svg48,799.9Increase2.svg2.9%Increase2.svg1.3%Decrease Positive.svg5.9%Decrease Positive.svg56.9%
2018Increase2.svg993.8Increase2.svg57,839.9Increase2.svg914.5Increase2.svg53,224.7Increase2.svg2.4%Increase2.svg1.6%Decrease Positive.svg4.9%Decrease Positive.svg52.4%
2019Increase2.svg1,031.3Increase2.svg59,674.9Decrease2.svg910.3Decrease2.svg52,672.5Increase2.svg2.0%Increase2.svg2.7%Decrease Positive.svg4.4%Decrease Positive.svg48.5%
2020Decrease2.svg1,002.9Decrease2.svg57,612.5Decrease2.svg909.1Decrease2.svg52,222.4Decrease2.svg-3.9%Increase2.svg1.1%Increase Negative.svg4.9%Increase Negative.svg54.6%
2021Increase2.svg1,095.4Increase2.svg62,685.0Increase2.svg1,013.5Increase2.svg57,996.9Increase2.svg4.9%Increase2.svg2.8%Decrease Positive.svg4.2%Decrease Positive.svg52.3%
2022Increase2.svg1,226.7Increase2.svg69,714.5Decrease2.svg990.6Decrease2.svg56,297.8Increase2.svg4.5%Increase Negative.svg12.0%Decrease Positive.svg3.5%Decrease Positive.svg48.3%
2023Increase2.svg1,280.5Increase2.svg72,363.5Increase2.svg1,019.8Increase2.svg57,628.6Increase2.svg0.8%Increase Negative.svg8.0%Increase Negative.svg3.9%Decrease Positive.svg46.4%
2024Increase2.svg1,329.6Increase2.svg74,842.4Increase2.svg1,077.0Increase2.svg60,620.9Increase2.svg1.7%Increase2.svg2.7%Increase Negative.svg4.0%Decrease Positive.svg45.6%
2025Increase2.svg1,376.0Increase2.svg77,235.7Increase2.svg1,125.5Increase2.svg63,173.5Increase2.svg1.6%Increase2.svg2.3%Increase Negative.svg4.2%Increase Negative.svg46.2%
2026Increase2.svg1,424.2Increase2.svg79,717.7Increase2.svg1,173.5Increase2.svg65,684.3Increase2.svg1.6%Increase2.svg2.0%Increase Negative.svg4.4%Increase Negative.svg47.2%
2027Increase2.svg1,474.1Increase2.svg82,280.9Increase2.svg1,223.4Increase2.svg68,285.1Increase2.svg1.5%Increase2.svg2.0%Increase Negative.svg4.6%Increase Negative.svg48.1%

Companies

In 2022, the sector with the highest number of companies registered in Netherlands is Services with 761,749 companies followed by Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate and Retail Trade with 693,255 and 101,025 companies respectively. [70]

In the Netherlands, 91% of enterprises say they have invested appropriately during the past three years (2023 - 2020). This beats the EU average at 82%. [71] Compared to other enterprises in the EU, Dutch firms prioritise new goods or services (26% vs. 34% for replacement). In keeping with the EU average of 10%, just 7% of enterprises in the Netherlands do not plan to invest. [72] Dutch companies were hurt by the energy crisis in 2022 - 2023, albeit to a lower extent than those elsewhere in the EU. While most companies are concerned about energy prices, just 30% consider it a critical issue. This is half of the EU average (59%). [73] [74]

Dutch firms face significant long-term hurdles to investment, including a lack of trained people (71%), and high energy prices (66%). Barriers are diminishing, with numbers lower than the EU average and than 2021. For example, the availability of funding is less of an impediment than across the EU (23% versus 44%). [75]

In 2023, one in ten Dutch enterprises (13%) brought new goods, processes, or services to the Dutch or global market. [76] Majority of Dutch firms are also more technologically oriented than EU peers - almost eight out of ten Dutch firms (78%) employed at least one digital technology in 2023. The EU average is 70%. The majority of Dutch firms utilise digital platform technologies (59%), robots (56%), and the Internet of Things (55%), whereas just a small percentage use 3D printing (19%) or augmented/VR technology (15%). [77]

Largest companies

The Netherlands is home to several large multinationals. Well-known multinationals are Heineken, Ahold, Philips, TomTom, Randstad and ING, all of which have their headquarters in Amsterdam. Thousands of companies of non-Dutch origin have their headquarters in the Netherlands, like EADS, LyondellBasell and IKEA, because of attractive corporate tax levels.[ citation needed ]

The Netherlands' biggest companies in the Fortune Global 500 as of 2022 are as following:

RankFortune 500
rank
NameIndustryRevenue
(USD millions)
Profits
(USD millions)
Assets
(USD millions)
EmployeesHeadquarters
Increase2.svg1Increase2.svg29 Stellantis Automotive 176,663.016,789.1195,297.9281,595 Amsterdam
Increase2.svg2Increase2.svg115 Ahold Delhaize Retail 89,385.62,655.551,974.5259,000 Zaandam
Increase2.svg3Increase2.svg200 Aegon Financial services 63,662.72,341.0532,402.522,271 The Hague
Decrease2.svg3Decrease2.svg207 Airbus Aerospace and defense 61,657.54,981.2121,712.4126,495 Leiden
Increase2.svg4Increase2.svg276 Louis Dreyfus Company Food production 49,569.0697.023,626.015,737 Rotterdam
Increase2.svg5Increase2.svg287 INGKA Holding Retail47,545.81,887.165,010.9174,225 Leiden
Increase2.svg6Increase2.svg305 LyondellBasell Chemicals 46,173.05,610.036,742.019,100Rotterdam
Decrease2.svg7Decrease2.svg425 ING Group Banking 33,851.47,036.11,079,297.357,660Amsterdam
Increase2.svg8Increase2.svg477 X5 Group Retail29,921.7580.017,164.8340,928The Hague
Decrease2.svg9Decrease2.svg491 Randstad Holding Consulting 29,126.8908.012,552.539,530 Diemen

Mergers and acquisitions

In the Netherlands 22,484 deals were conducted between 1985 and 2018. This sums to an overall value of 2,226.6 billion USD. The year with the most deals has been 2000 with 1,169 deals. However, the most value added up in 2007 with almost 394.9 followed by a drastic slump during the world financial crisis. [78]

Here is a list of the most important deals in, into and out of the Netherlands.

Date announcedAcquiror nameAcquiror mid-industryAcquiror nationTarget nameTarget mid-industryTarget nationValue of transaction ($mil)
25 April 2007RFS Holdings BVOther FinancialsNetherlandsABN-AMRO Holding NVBanksNetherlands98,189.19
19 March 2007Barclays PLCBanksUnited KingdomABN-AMRO Holding NVBanksNetherlands92,606.80
28 October 2004Royal Dutch Petroleum CoOil & GasNetherlandsShell Transport & Trading CoOil & GasUnited Kingdom74,558.58
4 August 2015Royal Dutch Shell PLCPetrochemicalsNetherlandsBG Group PLCOil & GasUnited Kingdom69,445.02
2 March 2016CNAC Saturn (NL) BVChemicalsNetherlandsSyngenta AGChemicalsSwitzerland41,840.11
27 January 2006Mittal Steel Co NVMetals & MiningNetherlandsArcelor SAMetals & MiningLuxembourg32,240.47
3 September 2017PPG Industries IncChemicalsUnited StatesAkzo Nobel NVChemicalsNetherlands26,560.76
4 August 2015Royal Dutch Shell PLCPetrochemicalsNetherlandsRoyal Dutch Shell PLCPetrochemicalsNetherlands25,000.00
29 September 2008The NetherlandsNational GovernmentNetherlandsFortis Bank Nederland(Holding)BanksNetherlands23,137.31
10 April 2010VimpelCom LtdWirelessNetherlandsWeather Investments SrlTelecommunications ServicesItaly22,382.31

Caribbean Netherlands

The wider Dutch Kingdom

See also

Sources

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Croatia</span>

The economy of Croatia is a developed social market economy. It is one of the largest economies in Southeast Europe by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is an open economy with accommodative foreign policy, highly dependent on international trade in Europe. Within Croatia, economic development varies among its counties, with strongest growth in Central Croatia and its financial centre, Zagreb. It has a very high level of human development, low levels of wealth inequality, and a high standard of living. Croatia's labor market has been perennially inefficient, with inconsistent business standards as well as ineffective corporate and income tax policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Cyprus</span>

The economy of Cyprus is a high-income economy as classified by the World Bank, and was included by the International Monetary Fund in its list of advanced economies in 2001. Cyprus adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2008, replacing the Cypriot pound at an irrevocable fixed exchange rate of CYP 0.585274 per €1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Denmark</span>

The economy of Denmark is a modern high-income and highly developed mixed economy. The economy of Denmark is dominated by the service sector with 80% of all jobs, whereas about 11% of all employees work in manufacturing and 2% in agriculture. The nominal gross national income per capita was the ninth-highest in the world at $68,827 in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Estonia</span>

The economy of Estonia is rated advanced by the World Bank, i.e. with high quality of life and advanced infrastructure relative to less industrialized nations. Estonia is a member of the European Union and eurozone. The economy is heavily influenced by developments in the Finnish and Swedish economies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Greece</span>

The economy of Greece is the 53rd largest in the world, with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $242.385 billion per annum. In terms of purchasing power parity, Greece is the world's 54th largest economy, at $416.969 billion per annum. As of 2022, Greece is the sixteenth-largest economy in the European Union. According to the International Monetary Fund's figures for 2023, Greece's GDP per capita is $23,173 at nominal value and $39,864 at purchasing power parity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Hungary</span>

The economy of Hungary is a high-income mixed economy, ranked as the 9th most complex economy according to the Economic Complexity Index. Hungary is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) with a very high human development index and a skilled labour force, with the 22nd lowest income inequality by Gini index in the world. The Hungarian economy is the 53rd-largest economy in the world with $265.037 billion annual output, and ranks 41st in the world in terms of GDP per capita measured by purchasing power parity. Hungary has an export-oriented market economy with a heavy emphasis on foreign trade; thus the country is the 35th largest export economy in the world. The country had more than $100 billion of exports in 2015, with a high trade surplus of $9.003 billion, of which 79% went to the European Union (EU) and 21% was extra-EU trade. Hungary's productive capacity is more than 80% privately owned, with 39.1% overall taxation, which funds the country's welfare economy. On the expenditure side, household consumption is the main component of GDP and accounts for 50% of its total, followed by gross fixed capital formation with 22% and government expenditure with 20%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Latvia</span>

The economy of Latvia is an open economy in Europe and is part of the European Single Market. Latvia is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1999, a member of the European Union since 2004, a member of the Eurozone since 2014 and a member of the OECD since 2016. Latvia is ranked the 14th in the world by the Ease of Doing Business Index prepared by the World Bank Group. According to the Human Development Report 2011, Latvia belongs to the group of very high human development countries. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly developed, along with timber and wood processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronic devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Luxembourg</span>

The economy of Luxembourg is largely dependent on the banking, steel, and industrial sectors. Citizens of Luxembourg enjoy the highest per capita gross domestic product in the world, according to an IMF estimate in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of North Macedonia</span>

The economy of North Macedonia has become more liberalized, with an improved business environment, since its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, which deprived the country of its key protected markets and the large transfer payments from Belgrade. Prior to independence, North Macedonia was Yugoslavia's poorest republic. An absence of infrastructure, United Nations sanctions on its largest market, and a Greek economic embargo hindered economic growth until 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Malta</span>

The economy of Malta is a highly industrialised service-based economy. It is classified as an advanced economy by the International Monetary Fund and is considered a high-income country by the World Bank and an innovation-driven economy by the World Economic Forum. It is a member of the European Union and of the eurozone, having formally adopted the euro on 1 January 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Poland</span>

The economy of Poland is an industrialised, mixed economy with a developed market that serves as the sixth-largest in the European Union by nominal GDP and fifth-largest by GDP (PPP). Poland boasts the extensive public services characteristic of most developed economies. Since 1988, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalisation but retained an advanced public welfare system. This includes universal free public healthcare and education, extensive provisions of free public childcare, and parental leave. The country is considered by many to be a successful post-communist state. It is classified as a high-income economy by the World Bank, ranking 20th worldwide in terms of GDP (PPP), 21st in terms of GDP (nominal), and 21st in the 2023 Economic Complexity Index.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Romania</span>

The economy of Romania is a complex high-income economy with a skilled labour force, ranked 12th in the European Union by total nominal GDP and 7th largest when adjusted by purchasing power parity. The World Bank notes that Romania's efforts are focused on accelerating structural reforms and strengthening institutions in order to further converge with the European Union. The country's economic growth has been one of the highest in the EU since 2010, with 2022 seeing a better-than-expected 4.8% increase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Slovakia</span>

The economy of Slovakia is based upon Slovakia becoming an EU member state in 2004, and adopting the euro at the beginning of 2009. Its capital, Bratislava, is the largest financial centre in Slovakia. As of Q1 2018, the unemployment rate was 5.72%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Slovenia</span>

The economy of Slovenia is a developed economy, and the country enjoys a high level of prosperity and stability as well as above-average GDP per capita by purchasing power parity at 92% of the EU average in 2022. The nominal GDP in 2023 is 68.108 billion USD, nominal GDP per capita (GDP/pc) in 2023 is USD 32,350. The highest GDP/pc is in central Slovenia, where the capital city Ljubljana is located. It is part of the Western Slovenia statistical region, which has a higher GDP/pc than eastern Slovenia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Belgium</span>

The economy of Belgium is a highly developed, high-income, mixed economy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of France</span>

The economy of France is a highly developed social market economy with notable state participation in strategic sectors. It is the world's seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and the ninth-largest economy by PPP, constituting around 4% of world GDP. Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, France's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply. France has a diversified economy, that is dominated by the service sector, whilst the industrial sector accounted for 19.5% of its GDP and the primary sector accounted for the remaining 1.7%. In 2020, France was the largest Foreign Direct Investment recipient in Europe, and Europe's second largest spender in research and development. It was ranked among the 10 most innovative countries in the world by the 2020 Bloomberg Innovation Index, as well as the 15th most competitive nation globally according to the 2019 Global Competitiveness Report. It was the fifth-largest trading nation in the world. France is also the most visited destination in the world, as well as the European Union's leading agricultural power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Austria</span>

The economy of Austria is a highly developed social market economy, with the country being one of the fourteen richest in the world in terms of GDP per capita. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised. In recent years, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Europe</span>

The economy of Europe comprises about 748 million people in 50 countries. The formation of the European Union (EU) and in 1999 the introduction of a unified currency, the Euro, brought participating European countries closer through the convenience of a shared currency. The European Union is a unique global organisation, an entity forming one of the largest economies in the world. The European Union also “regulates” the global market by the single market. The difference in wealth across Europe can be seen roughly in the former Cold War divide, with some countries breaching the divide. Whilst most European states have a GDP per capita higher than the world's average and are very highly developed, some European economies, despite their position over the world's average in the Human Development Index, are relatively poor. Europe has total banking assets of more than $50 trillion and its Global assets under management has more than $20 trillion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of the European Union</span>

The economy of the European Union is the joint economy of the member states of the European Union (EU). It is the second largest economy in the world in nominal terms, after the United States and the third one in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, after China and the United States. The European Union's GDP estimated to be around $19.35 trillion (nominal) in 2024 and $26.64 trillion(PPP) representing around one sixth of the global economy. Germany has the biggest national GDP of all EU countries, followed by France and Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Sweden</span>

The economy of Sweden is a highly developed export-oriented economy, aided by timber, hydropower, and iron ore. These constitute the resource base of an economy oriented toward foreign trade. The main industries include motor vehicles, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, industrial machines, precision equipment, chemical goods, home goods and appliances, forestry, iron, and steel. Traditionally, Sweden relied on a modern agricultural economy that employed over half the domestic workforce. Today Sweden further develops engineering, mine, steel, and pulp industries, which are competitive internationally, as evidenced by companies like Ericsson, ASEA/ABB, SKF, Alfa Laval, AGA, and Dyno Nobel.

References

  1. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank . Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. "Population on 1 January". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat . Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2023". imf.org. International Monetary Fund.
  5. 1 2 3 "The outlook is uncertain again amid financial sector turmoil, high inflation, ongoing effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and three years of COVID". International Monetary Fund . 11 April 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  7. Marie, Wildeboer Schut, Jean; Stella, Hoff (2 March 2017). "Verwachte armoede in 2015–2017". Armoede in Kaart. 2016 (2016). Retrieved 4 January 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. "People at risk of poverty or social exclusion". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat . Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  9. "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat . Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  10. "Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  11. "Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)". hdr.undp.org. UNDP . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  12. "Labor force, total - Netherlands". data.worldbank.org. World Bank . Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  13. "Employment rate by sex, age group 20-64". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat . Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  14. 1 2 "Unemployment down to pre-pandemic level". CBS. 18 November 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Euro area and EU27 government deficit both at 0.6% of GDP" (PDF). ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  16. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's.
  19. 1 2 3 Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (15 April 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  20. "Scope affirms the Netherlands' credit ratings at AAA with Stable Outlook". Scope Ratings. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  21. OECD Labour Force Statistics 2022, OECD, 2020, doi:10.1787/23083387, ISBN   9789264687714
  22. "Netherlands: Introduction". globaledge.msu.edu. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  23. "Netherlands Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption". www.heritage.org. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  24. "World Bank".
  25. "The Next Global Tech Hotspot? Amsterdam Stakes Its Claim". Bloomberg.com. 22 May 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  26. "The Netherlands is One of the Best Countries for Tech Companies". Visit Leiden. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  27. "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand". CBS StatLine (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
    8,219,380 Randstad
    2,620,000 Rotterdam-The Hague Metro
    1,160,000 Rotterdam Urban
      651,446 Rotterdam Municipality
  28. 1 2 3 Banning, Cees (17 June 2009). "The Dutch curse: how billions from natural gas went up in smoke". NRC Handelsblad . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016.
  29. Schindler, Dirk (28 January 2022). "Is the Netherlands Still a Tax Haven?". Erasmus University Rotterdam. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  30. "Corporate Tax Haven Index". Tax Justice Network. 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  31. "Kerncijfers - arbeid". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  32. "Unemployment falls below 4 percent". CBS. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  33. "Begrotingstekort 2011 valt hoger uit". z24. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  34. "CBS StatLine - Overheid; Overheidssaldo en overheidsschuld". Statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  35. "Missing File" (PDF). 1.worldbank.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  36. Loyen, Reginald; et al. (2003). Struggling for Leadership: Antwerp-Rotterdam Port. Competition 1870–2000. Springer. ISBN   978-3-7908-1524-5.
  37. 1 2 "The Dutch Disease" (26 November 1977). The Economist, pp. 82–83.
  38. "General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank . Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  39. "Total tax revenue as percent of GDP". OECD . Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  40. "Main national accounts tax aggregates". Eurostat . Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  41. 1 2 3 "Your social security rights in the Netherlands" (PDF). Ec.europa.eu. 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  42. 1 2 Verzekeringsbank, Sociale. "SVB home - SVB". Svb.nl. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  43. 1 2 3 4 "Social security in the Netherlands" . Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 Roebroek, Joop M. (2016). Dixon Scheurell, John Robert P. (ed.). Social Welfare in Developed Market Countries. Routledge. pp. 147–189. ISBN   9781317366775.
  45. "OECD - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs : Country chapter - Benefits and Wages : The Netherlands" (PDF). Oecd.org. 2002. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  46. "In It Together Why Less Inequality Benefits All... in the Netherlands" (PDF). Oecd.org. 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  47. "Tariefsaanpassing aftrek kosten eigen woning". Belastingdienst. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  48. "Netherlands Business Overview". Archived from the original on 20 April 2020.
  49. "Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013". World Economic Forum. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  50. France production in 2018, by FAO
  51. Netherlands production in 2018, by FAO
  52. "The hunt for gas and oil reserves that are more difficult to extract". EBN. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015.
  53. Focus on Dutch Oil and Gas 2015 (PDF) (Report). EBN. 2015. p. 10.
  54. "Gas field earthquakes put Netherlands' biggest firms on extraction notice". TheGuardian.com . 23 January 2018.
  55. "Gaswinning Groningen stopt per 1 oktober 2023". rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). 23 June 2023.
  56. "Van der Pekbuurt gaat als eerste Amsterdamse wijk van het aardgas af" (in Dutch). 1 October 2018.
  57. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  58. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  59. "A Circular Economy in the Netherlands by 2050" (PDF).
  60. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  61. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  62. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  63. "Nuclear Power in the Netherlands". World Nuclear Association (WNA). January 2011. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  64. Orlowski, Andrew (10 February 2011). "Holland slashes carbon targets, shuns wind for nuclear". The Register . Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  65. Gassmann, Michael (8 February 2011). "Energiepolitik: Holland plant strahlende Zukunft". Financial Times Deutschland (in German). Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  66. "UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2013 Edition". United Nations World Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  67. "Netherlands Economic Impact Report". World Travel & Tourism Council. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  68. "Toerisme en recreatie in cijfers 2012" (in Dutch). Statistics Netherlands. 16 November 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  69. "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  70. "Industry Breakdown of Companies in Netherlands". HitHorizons.
  71. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  72. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  73. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  74. "Energy crisis has disruptive effect on Dutch manufacturing".
  75. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  76. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  77. Bank, European Investment (31 January 2024). EIB Investment Survey 2023 - Netherlands overview. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5684-7.
  78. "M&A Statistics by Countries - Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)". Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). Retrieved 26 February 2018.