The net international investment position (NIIP) is the difference between the external financial assets and liabilities of a country. [1] External debt of a country includes government debt and private debt. External assets publicly and privately held by a country's legal residents are also taken into account when calculating NIIP. [2] Commodities and currencies tend to follow a cyclical pattern of significant valuation changes, which is also reflected in NIIP.
The International investment position (IIP) of a country is a financial statement of the value and composition of its external financial assets and liabilities. A positive NIIP value indicates that a nation is a creditor nation, while a negative value indicates that it is a debtor nation.
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.(August 2023) |
In 1980, the United States net international-creditor position was bigger than the total net creditor-positions of all the other countries in the world. [3] Only six years later, in 1986, when the nation’s international investment position was at a year-end negative $107.4 billion, the U.S. became a net-debtor nation for the first time since 1914, when its nominal debt had reached $2 billion. [4] By 1990, the U.S. was the world's largest debtor [3] By end-2020, the country’s net international-investment position was a negative $14 trillion, an amount representing how much more the U.S. owed to the rest of the world than the rest of the world owed to the U.S. [5] At the end of 2022, it stood at a negative $16 trillion. [6]
Countries and regions | Date | NIIP [7] (US$ millions) | Date | GDP [8] (US $millions) | Date | NIIP (% GDP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | 2021Q1 | -9,028 | 2021 | 17,138 | 2019 | −52.1 |
Andorra | 2020 | +7,658 [9] [10] | 2020 | 2,890 [10] | 2020 | 265 [9] |
Argentina | 2021Q1 | +128,627 | 2021 | 418,150 | 2019 | 26.3 |
Armenia | 2021Q1 | -10,124 | 2021 | 12,251 | 2019 | −73.1 |
Australia | 2021Q1 | -664,900 | 2021 | 1,617,543 | 2021 | −41.1 |
Austria | 2021Q1 | +58,662 | 2021 | 481,796 | 2023Q2 | 17.6 [11] |
Bangladesh | 2021Q1 | -44,673 | 2021 | 352,908 | 2019 | −13.5 |
Belarus | 2021Q1 | -31,417 | 2021 | 60,725 | 2021 | −51.7 |
Belgium | 2021Q1 | +263,132 | 2021 | 578,996 | 2023Q2 | 59.1 [11] |
Bhutan | 2021Q1 | -2,585 | 2021 | 2,480 | 2021 | −104.2 |
Brazil | 2021Q1 | -460,181 | 2021 | 1,491,772 | 2019 | −39.6 |
Bulgaria | 2021Q1 | -17,228 | 2021 | 77,782 | 2023Q2 | −13.2 [11] |
Cambodia | 2021Q1 | -25,658 | 2021 | 27,239 | 2021 | −94.2 |
Canada | 2021Q1 | +1,105,744 | 2021 | 1,883,487 | 2021 | 58.7 |
Chile | 2021Q1 | -28,989 | 2021 | 307,938 | 2021 | −9.4 |
People's Republic of China | 2021Q1 | +2,140,041 | 2021 | 16,642,318 | 2021 | 12.9 |
Colombia | 2021Q1 | -171,915 | 2021 | 295,610 | 2019 | −51.7 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2018 | -19,779 | 2021 | 55,088 | 2018 | −42.0 |
Croatia | 2020 | -31,558 | 2021 | 65,217 | 2023Q2 | −25.1 [11] |
Cyprus | 2021Q1 | -35,545 | 2021 | 26,479 | 2023Q2 | −99.7 [11] |
Czech Republic | 2021Q1 | -24,507 | 2021 | 276,109 | 2023Q2 | −16.9 [11] |
Denmark | 2021Q1 | +278,307 | 2021 | 392,570 | 2023Q2 | 61.7 [11] |
Egypt | 2021Q1 | -209,599 | 2021 | 394,284 | 2021 | −53.2 |
Estonia | 2021Q1 | -6,872 | 2021 | 35,187 | 2023Q2 | −22.7 [11] |
Finland | 2021Q1 | +24,303 | 2021 | 300,484 | 2023Q2 | 3.1 [11] |
France | 2021Q1 | -889,171 | 2021 | 2,938,271 | 2023Q2 | −29.9 [11] |
Germany | 2021Q1 | +3,055,922 | 2021 | 4,319,286 | 2023Q2 | 68.6 [11] |
Greece | 2021Q1 | -352,272 | 2021 | 209,857 | 2023Q2 | −144.2 [11] |
Hong Kong | 2021Q1 | +2,163,155 | 2021 | 368,633 | 2021 | 586.8 |
Hungary | 2021Q1 | -74,450 | 2021 | 176,543 | 2023Q2 | −50.6 [11] |
Iceland | 2021Q1 | +8,466 | 2021 | 24,155 | 2019(Q1) | 21 [12] |
India | 2021 | -379,300 | 2021 | 3,049,704 | March 2020 | −14 [13] |
Indonesia | 2021Q1 | -268,597 | 2021 | 1,158,783 | 2019 | −30.4 |
Ireland | 2020Q3 | -705,962 | 2021 | 476,663 | 2023Q2 | −108.8 [11] |
Israel | 2021Q1 | +190,555 | 2021 | 446,708 | 2021 | 42.7 |
Italy | 2021Q1 | +40,176 | 2021 | 2,106,287 | 2023Q2 | 5.3 [11] |
Japan | 2021Q1 | +3,375,849 | 2021 | 5,378,136 | 2021 | 62.8 |
Kazakhstan | 2021Q1 | -74,204 | 2021 | 187,836 | 2019 | −36.2 |
Kuwait | 2020 | +89,847 | 2021 | 126,930 | 2019 | 69.7 |
Latvia | 2021Q1 | -11,806 | 2021 | 37,720 | 2023Q2 | −26.2 [11] |
Lithuania | 2021Q1 | -7,821 | 2021 | 62,198 | 2023Q2 | −2.6 [11] |
Luxembourg | 2021Q1 | +40,328 | 2021 | 84,077 | 2021Q2 | 43.4 [11] |
Malaysia | 2021Q1 | +25,589 | 2021 | 387,093 | 2020 | 5.9 |
Malta | 2020Q3 | +9,100 | 2021 | 16,476 | 2023Q2 | 76.4 [11] |
Mexico | 2021Q1 | -586,528 | 2021 | 1,192,480 | 2019 | −51.4 |
Mongolia | 2021Q1 | -37,419 | 2021 | 14,233 | 2021 | −262.9 |
Montenegro | 2018 | -9,044 | 2021 | 5,651 | 2018 | −178.8 |
Mozambique | 2021Q1 | -59,996 | 2021 | 13,957 | 2021 | −429.9 |
Netherlands | 2021Q1 | +959,049 | 2021 | 1,012,598 | 2023Q2 | 68.5 [11] |
New Zealand | 2021Q1 | -112,488 | 2021 | 243,332 | 2019 | −46.2 |
Nicaragua | 2020 | -14,456 | 2021 | 12,283 | 2019 | −119.9 |
Nigeria | 2020 | -85,211 | 2021 | 514,049 | 2019 | −16.3 |
Norway | 2021Q1 | +1,175,781 | 2021 | 444,519 | 2021 | 264.5 |
Pakistan | 2021Q1 | -116,935 | 2021 | 262,799 | 2021 | −44.5 |
Panama | 2020 | -64,857 | 2021 | 59,377 | 2020 | −122.5 |
Peru | 2020Q2 | -86,078 | 2021 | 225,918 | 2018 | −37.4 |
Philippines | 2021Q1 | -15,322 | 2021 | 402,638 | 2020 | −5.6 |
Poland | 2021Q1 | -254,623 | 2021 | 642,121 | 2023Q2 | −32.2 [11] |
Portugal | 2021Q1 | -246,961 | 2021 | 257,391 | 2023Q2 | −76.9 [11] |
Romania | 2021Q1 | -121,438 | 2021 | 289,130 | 2023Q2 | −40.0 [11] |
Russia | 2021Q1 | +458,533 | 2021 | 1,710,734 | 2021 | 26.8 |
Saudi Arabia | 2021Q1 | +587,883 | 2021 | 804,921 | 2021 | 73.0 |
Serbia | 2021Q1 | -49,970 | 2021 | 60,435 | 2019 | −88.5 |
Singapore | 2021Q1 | +1,035,082 | 2021 | 374,934 | 2021 | 276.1 |
Slovakia | 2021Q1 | -67,785 | 2021 | 117,664 | 2023Q2 | −57.6 [11] |
Slovenia | 2021Q1 | -4,876 | 2021 | 59,132 | 2023Q2 | 0.7 [11] |
South Africa | 2021Q1 | +97,342 | 2021 | 329,529 | 2021 | 29.5 |
South Korea | 2021Q1 | +477,517 | 2021 | 1,806,707 | 2021 | 26.4 |
Spain | 2021Q1 | -1,096,594 | 2021 | 1,461,552 | 2023Q2 | −56.6 [11] |
Sudan | 2018 | -85,180 | 2021 | 35,827 | 2018 | −248.5 |
Sweden | 2021Q1 | +116,427 | 2021 | 625,948 | 2023Q2 | 44.0 [11] |
Switzerland | 2021Q1 | +808,373 | 2021 | 824,734 | 2021 | 98.0 |
Taiwan | 2020 | +1,371,420 [14] | 2021 | 759,104 | 2020 | 205.1 |
Thailand | 2021Q1 | +36,251 | 2021 | 538,735 | 2019 | 11.0 |
Tunisia | 2019 | -63,678 | 2021 | 44,265 | 2019 | −162.6 |
Turkey | 2021Q2 | -280,624 | 2021 | 794,530 | 2021 | −35.3 |
Uganda | 2019 | -18,640 | 2021 | 41,271 | 2019 | −60.8 |
Ukraine | 2021Q1 | -21,613 | 2021 | 164,593 | 2021 | −13.1 |
United Kingdom | 2021Q1 | -802,202 | 2021 | 3,124,650 | 2021 | −25.7 |
United States | 2022Q4 | -16,112,100 | 2022 | 20,182,500 | 2022Q4 [15] | −79.8 |
Uzbekistan | 2021Q1 | +18,494 | 2021 | 61,203 | 2021 | 30.2 |
Zambia | 2020Q3 | -28,177 | 2021 | 18,955 | 2019 | −116.5 |
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