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References
Citations
- ↑ Milanovic 2006, p. 460, 468:
In conclusion, the fact that the average incomes in the most developed agricultural economies like Augustan Rome and Basil's Byzantium were about twice or less than the subsistence minimum might indicate that the pre-industrial societies were unlikely to ever exceed that ceiling. This in turn has implications for our assessment of the average standard of living in other, non-Western, pre-industrial economies like those of China, India, pre-Columbian Americas, and Africa....A further implication of these calculations is that a realistic maximum income that could be envisaged for the pre-industrial societies might be a bit more than twice the subsistence minimum, or around $PPP 1000 (at 1990 international prices).
- ↑ Bairoch 1976, p. 282
- ↑ Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. p. 95.
- 1 2 3 4 Maddison 2007, p. 379, table A.4.
- 1 2 Cox, Wendell (21 September 2015). "500 YEARS OF GDP: A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES". New Geography. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ Haig, Bryan. 2005. "Review of The World Economy: Historical Statistics by Angus Maddison," Economic Reports, volume 81.
- ↑ Rostow, W. W. "Reviewed Work(s): Phases of Capitalist Development. by Angus Maddison," The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 45, No. 4. (Dec., 1985), pp. 1026-1028.
- ↑ MacPherson, W. J. "Reviewed Work(s): Class Structure and Economic Growth. India and Pakistan since the Moghuls by Angus Maddison." The Economic Journal, Vol. 82, No. 328. (Dec., 1972), pp. 1470-1472.
- ↑ Federico 2002, pp. 111–120
- ↑ Lo Cascio, Malanima Dec. 2009, pp. 391–420
- ↑ "China's magnificent historic past". BBC News. 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ↑ Bairoch 1976, pp. 281, table 4; 295, table 10
- 1 2 3 The border between "Western Europe" and "Eastern Europe" as defined by Bairoch corresponds to the Iron Curtain, with "Eastern Europe" being identical to the Eastern Bloc (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Romania, Poland, and the USSR plus Albania). All the rest of Europe makes up "Western Europe" (Bairoch 1976, pp. 317, 319).
- ↑ Lo Cascio, Malanima Dec. 2009, p. 411, table 6
- ↑ Jeffrey G. Williamson, David Clingingsmith (August 2005). "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries" (PDF). Harvard University . Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ↑ James Cypher (2014). The Process of Economic Development. Routledge. ISBN 9781136168284.
- ↑ Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2005). "Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600–1850" (PDF). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ↑ Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. p. 89.
- ↑ Maddinson, Angus (2001). HS-8: The World Economy 1-2001 AD. OECD. pp. 241, 243, 261, 263, 264.
- ↑ Goedele De Keersmaeker (2017), Polarity, Balance of Power and International Relations Theory: Post-Cold War and the 19th Century Compared, page 90, Springer Science+Business Media
- ↑ Scheidel, Walter; Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard, eds. (2007): The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-78053-7
- ↑ Scheidel, Friesen Nov. 2009, pp. 63–72
- ↑ Milanovic 2006, p. 468
- ↑ Milanovic 2006, p. 461
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