Borders of China

Last updated April 22, 2024

Sino-Russian border railway port at Manzhouli. ChineseBorderGate1.JPG — Sino-Russian border railway port at Manzhouli.

Models of the Sino-Russian border port in Manzhouli from various historical periods displayed in the square. OldChineseBorderGates.JPG — Models of the Sino-Russian border port in Manzhouli from various historical periods displayed in the square.

Border guard booth on Lovers South Road in Zhuhai, with Macao Zhuhai-Qinglu-border-guards-booth-0632.jpg — Border guard booth on Lovers South Road in Zhuhai, with Macao

The People's Republic of China shares land borders with 14 countries (tied with Russia for the most in the world): North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. The land borders, in counterclockwise order from northeast to southwest, include the China–North Korea border, the eastern segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Mongolia border, the western segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Kazakhstan border, the China–Kyrgyzstan border, the China–Tajikistan border, the China–Afghanistan border, the China–Pakistan border, the western segment of the China–India border, the central segment, the China–Nepal border, the Sikkim segment of the China–India border, the China–Bhutan border, the eastern segment of the China–India border, the China–Myanmar border, the China–Laos border, the China–Vietnam border. In addition, there is a 30-kilometre (19 mi) internal border with the special administrative region of Hong Kong, which was a British dependency before 1997, and a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) internal border with Macau, a Portuguese territory until 1999. At 22,117 kilometres (13,743 mi), China has the longest land borders of any country.^{[ citation needed ]}

Countries and regions sharing land borders with China

The table below, is a table of countries and territories who share a land border with China around its perimeter. In parentheses are their lengths in miles.^[1]

Country	Name in (simplified) Chinese	Length ((km) and (mi))	Notes
North Korea South Korea	朝鲜	1,416 (879)	Land border claimed by the Republic of Korea under its constitution
Russia	俄罗斯	3,645 (2,264)
Mongolia	蒙古	4,678 (2,906)
Kazakhstan	哈萨克斯坦	1,533 (952)
Kyrgyzstan	吉尔吉斯斯坦	858 (533)
Tajikistan	塔吉克斯坦	414 (257)
Afghanistan	阿富汗	76 (47)
Pakistan	巴基斯坦	596 (370)	Disputed; depends on the resolution of territorial conflicts between India and China, and between India and Pakistan
India	印度	3,488 (2,167)	Disputed; in three sections, separated by Nepal and Bhutan; depends on the resolution of territorial conflicts between India and China, and between India and Pakistan
Nepal	尼泊尔	1,440 (895)
Bhutan	不丹	470 (292)	Disputed; depends on the resolution of various territorial conflicts between Bhutan and China
Myanmar	缅甸	2,185 (1,357)
Laos	老挝	423 (262)
Vietnam	越南	1,283 (795)
Hong Kong	香港	30 (18)
Macau	澳门	0.8 (0.4)

China Rim

The region of all countries bordering China is sometimes referred to by scholars as the China Rim,^[2]^[3]^[4] or simply as China's periphery (Chinese: 中国周边).^[5] The China Rim plays a significant role in competition between other countries and China, as is the case with America's China Containment Policy.^[6] Significant competition took place between America and China in the region after the middle of the 20th century.^[7]^[8]^[9] Currently, a greater level of scrutiny and competition are happening around the maritime portion of the rim (particularly Taiwan and Maritime Southeast Asia).^[10]

Relevant treaties

中俄边界谈判史 Since 1689, the relevant treaties on the boundary of China are:

contracting country	Gregorian date	Full name of treaty	Treaty Full Name
	September 7, 1689	《Treaty of Nerchinsk》^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	The year 1727	Treaty of Kiakhta ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	The 28 May 1858	Aihui Treaty
	The 14 November 1860	Beijing Treaty ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	The 7 October 1864	Record of Sino-Russian Exploration and Demarcations in the Northwest
	1869, 1883	The Cobb Convention ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	1870	The Uriasutay Convention ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	1870, 1883	Talbahatay Convention ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	1870, 1882	The Ili Boundary Convention ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	The year 1882	Northeast Kashgar Boundary Convention ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	The year 1883	Arakbek Estuary Boundary Convention ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	The year 1884	Northwest Kashgar Boundary Convention ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	1890	Sino-British Treaty of Tibet and India ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	1909	Terms of the Korea-Korea Boundary on the Tumen River ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	The 20 December 1911	Manzhouli Boundary Convention
	The 4 September 1958	Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea is promulgated and entered into force
	The 28 January 1960	The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries is signed
	The 14 May 1960	The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries is in force
	The 1 October 1960	The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar is signed
	The 4 January 1961	The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar comes into force
	The 5 October 1961	The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal is signed and entered into force
	The 13 October 1961	The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar concerning the Boundary between the two countries was signed
	The 12 October 1962	The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is signed
	The 26 December 1962	The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia is signed
	The 2 March 1963	The China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan Concerning the Boundary Bordering Xinjiang of China and Various Areas under Pakistan's Effective Control for Defense is signed and comes into force
	The 25 March 1963	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia is in force
	The 22 November 1963	The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Afghanistan is signed and entered into force
	The 20 March 1964	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is in force
	The 20 March 1964	Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Concerning the China-Korea Boundary was signed and entered into force
	The 10 December 1982	Signing of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (including the People's Republic of China)
	The 19 December 1984	Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong
	The 13 April 1987	China-Portugal Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Portuguese Republic on the Question of Macao
	The 16 May 1991	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border is signed
	The 24 October 1991	The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is signed
	The 21 January 1992	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is in force
	The 25 February 1992	The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone is promulgated and entered into force
	The 16 March 1992	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border enters into force
	The 31 January 1993	The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Concerning the Boundary between the two countries was signed and entered into force
	The 3 December 1993	The Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is signed
	The 27 January 1994	The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries was signed and entered into force
	The 8 April 1994	The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction was signed
	The 11 October 1995	The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction has entered into force
	The 12 August 1994	The Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is in force
	The 26 April 1994	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary is signed
	The 3 September 1994	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation Concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary is signed
	The 16 November 1994	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Entry into force (including the People's Republic of China)
	The 17 October 1995	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary is in force
	The 15 May 1996	Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China is promulgated and entered into force
	The 24 June 1996	The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Western Boundary Point of the Three Countries was signed
	The 24 June 1996	Signed the Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Eastern Junction of the Tri-Border
	The fourth of July 1996	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Boundary Area between China and the Kyrgyz Republic is signed
	The 26 August 1997	Protocol supplementing to the Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic was signed and entered into force
	The 24 September 1997	The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary is signed
	The fourth of July 1998	The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the China-Kazakhstan Boundary Area is signed
	The 3 November 1998	The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Tumen River Tri-Country is signed
	The 29 April 1999	[[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the Approval of the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Determination of the Boundary Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River\|Of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the approval of the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on the Agreement Determining the Boundary line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River]]
	The date dated 5 May 1999	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Determination of the Boundary Points of the Tripartite State Border is signed
	The 13 August 1999	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary is signed
	The 25 August 1999	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Boundary Points of the Three Countries is signed
	The 26 August 1999	The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the National Boundary between China and the Kyrgyz Republic is signed
	The 30 December 1999	The Land Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam is signed
	The 29 April 2000	Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Ratifying the Treaty on the Land Boundary between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
	The 5 July 2000	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Tri-Border Points is signed
	The 25 December 2000	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf between the two countries in the Beibu Gulf is signed
	The 17 May 2002	The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary is signed
	The 20 June 2002	The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River was signed
	The 29 March 2003	The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River has entered into force
	The 25 June 2004	[[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Beibu Gulf\|The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economy of the two countries in the Beibu Gulf Decision of the Agreement on the Delimitation of the Zone and the Continental Shelf]]
	The 14 October 2004	The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia is signed
	The 2 June 2005	The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia is in force
	The October 10, 2006	The Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries is signed
	28 February 2007	[[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries\|Of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Identifying the Three Countries Decision of the Treaty on Border Crossings]]
	5 June 2012	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries was signed
	10 September 2012	Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the territorial sea of the Diaoyu Dao and its Affiliated Islands is promulgated and entered into force
	December 14, 2014	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries has entered into force

Annotation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The legal land boundary of the Republic of China is still based on these treaties.

Related Research Articles

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan" in both respective native languages and most other languages.

Asian music encompasses numerous musical styles originating in many Asian countries.

The Asia–Pacific (APAC) is the region of the world adjoining the western Pacific Ocean. The region's precise boundaries vary depending on context, but countries and territories in Australasia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia are often included. In a wider context, Central Asia, North Asia, the Pacific Islands, South Asia, West Asia, and even Pacific-adjoining countries in the Americas can be included. For example, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) includes five countries in the New World. The term has become popular since the late 1980s in commerce, finance, and politics. Despite the heterogeneity of the regions' economies, most individual nations within the zone are emerging markets experiencing rapid growth. Sometimes, the notion of "Asia–Pacific excluding Japan" (APEJ) is considered useful.

Taekwondo took place from December 7 to December 10 at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar. Men's and women's competitions were held in eight weight categories for each. All competition took place at the Qatar Sports Club Indoor Hall. Each country except the host nation was limited to having 6 men and 6 women.

Law in Asia refers to the legal systems of Asian countries.

Athletics was contested from October 7 to October 14 at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan Asiad Main Stadium, Busan, South Korea. A total of 459 athletes from 39 nations took part in the competition. Afghanistan, Bhutan, Brunei, Laos and Maldives were the only nations without a representative in the events.

The third Asian Beach Games were held in Haiyang, China in 2012.

This is a list of cities in Asia by country.

Taekwondo took place from October 10 to October 13 at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea. Men's and women's competitions held in eight weight categories for each. All competition took place at the Gudeok Gymnasium. Each country except the host nation was limited to having 6 men and 6 women.

Taekwondo at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou, China from November 17 to 20, 2010. Men's and women's competitions were held in eight weight categories for each gender. All competition took place at the Guangdong Gymnasium. Each country was limited to having 6 men and 6 women.

The Chinese–Russian border or the Sino-Russian border is the international border between China and Russia. After the final demarcation carried out in the early 2000s, it measures 4,209.3 kilometres (2,615.5 mi), and is the world's sixth-longest international border. According to the Russian border agency, as of October 1, 2013, there are more than 160 land border crossings between Russia and China, all of these border crossings are open 24 hours. There are crossing points established by the treaty including railway crossings, highway crossings, river crossing, and mostly ferry crossings.

Archery at the 2014 Asian Games was held in Gyeyang Asiad Archery Field, Incheon, South Korea from 23 to 28 September 2014. Four competitions were held in men and women's recurve and in men and women's compound.

A boxing event at the 2014 Asian Games was held in the Seonhak Gymnasium in Incheon, South Korea from September 24, 2014 to October 3, 2014.

Taekwondo at the 2014 Asian Games was held in Incheon, South Korea from September 30 to 3 October 2014. Men's and women's competitions had eight weight categories for each gender. All competition took place at the Ganghwa Dolmens Gymnasium. Each country was limited to having 6 men and 6 women.

Lists of airports in Asia cover airports in each country of Asia, organized by activity and by region and country. They include military air bases and civilian airports. There are lists for countries with limited international recognition and for dependencies of other countries.

The 21st Asian Athletics Championships was held at the Wuhan Sports Center in Wuhan, China from 3–7 June 2015.

Erika Fatland is a Norwegian anthropologist and writer who has written multiple critically-acclaimed books, including Sovietistan and The Border.

This article is about territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China (PRC). A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities. Many of these territorial disputes are almost identical to those that the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei, also known as Taiwan, has with other countries. Therefore, many of the subsequent resolved disputes made by the PRC after 1949 with other governments may not be recognized by the ROC.

References

↑ CIA: The World Factbook, China
↑ S, Fletcher (2005). "Energy competition seen raising tension in'China Rim'". Oil & Gas Journal (in Korean). 103 (17): 40–40.
↑ Pyatt, T. Roger (June 1995). "Business Networks and Dyad Studies: Theory and Practice in Southeast Asia". Asia Pacific Business Review. 1 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1080/13602389500000013. ISSN 1360-2381.
↑ Weirauch, Wendy (1 November 2005). "Producer's viewpoint: petrochemicals outlook in a changing world". Hydrocarbon Processing. 84 (11): 25–26.
↑ Lanteigne, Marc (28 June 2019). Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-79543-5.
↑ Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.; Shen, Simon (20 February 2015). Conflict and Cooperation in Sino-US Relations: Change and Continuity, Causes and Cures. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-66427-7.
↑ Freeman, Carla (1 January 2021). "12. China's Periphery: A Rift Zone in U.S.-China Relations". Engaging China.
↑ Cumings, Bruce (1999). "The American Century and the Third World". Diplomatic History. 23 (2): 355–370. ISSN 0145-2096.
↑ Huck, Arthur (1979). "Review of China and the Major Powers in East Asia.; China and America.; Dragon and Eagle". Pacific Affairs. 52 (1): 110–113. doi:10.2307/2757771. ISSN 0030-851X.
↑ Sutter, Robert (2015). "More American Attention to Taiwan Amid Heightened Competition with China". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 22 (1): 1–16. ISSN 2166-0042.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[ROCclaim-11] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The legal land boundary of the Republic of China is still based on these treaties.

[1] CIA: The World Factbook, China

[2] S, Fletcher (2005). "Energy competition seen raising tension in'China Rim'". Oil & Gas Journal (in Korean). 103 (17): 40–40.

[3] Pyatt, T. Roger (June 1995). "Business Networks and Dyad Studies: Theory and Practice in Southeast Asia". Asia Pacific Business Review. 1 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1080/13602389500000013. ISSN 1360-2381.

[4] Weirauch, Wendy (1 November 2005). "Producer's viewpoint: petrochemicals outlook in a changing world". Hydrocarbon Processing. 84 (11): 25–26.

[5] Lanteigne, Marc (28 June 2019). Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-79543-5.

[6] Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.; Shen, Simon (20 February 2015). Conflict and Cooperation in Sino-US Relations: Change and Continuity, Causes and Cures. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-66427-7.

[7] Freeman, Carla (1 January 2021). "12. China's Periphery: A Rift Zone in U.S.-China Relations". Engaging China.

[8] Cumings, Bruce (1999). "The American Century and the Third World". Diplomatic History. 23 (2): 355–370. ISSN 0145-2096.

[9] Huck, Arthur (1979). "Review of China and the Major Powers in East Asia.; China and America.; Dragon and Eagle". Pacific Affairs. 52 (1): 110–113. doi:10.2307/2757771. ISSN 0030-851X.

[10] Sutter, Robert (2015). "More American Attention to Taiwan Amid Heightened Competition with China". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 22 (1): 1–16. ISSN 2166-0042.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[lower-alpha 1]

v t e Borders of Asia
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal

v t e Borders of China
International:	Afghanistan Bhutan India Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Pakistan Russia Tajikistan Vietnam
Internal:	Hong Kong (Frontier Closed Area) Macau