Regional discrimination in China

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Regional discrimination in China or regionalism is overt prejudice against people based on their places of origin, ethnicity, sub-ethnicity, language, dialect, or their current provincial zones. China's sheer size and population renders much demographic understanding tied to locality, and there is often little life movement outside of a citizen's province of birth. Historically, internal migration has been tightly controlled, and many barriers to free movement exist today. Treatment of ethnic minorities and Han Chinese regional groups can hinge on preferential assumptions based on places of upbringing, and is often most pronounced towards those born external to urban zones.

Contents

When Chinese migrants settle in a new region, local residents can develop social attitudes and prejudgments based on the newcomer's place of birth. If a large volume of new residents relocate from a particular area, regionalism can manifest as sub-ethnic bias and provoke social tension. [1]

Currently, the CCP defines regionalism as adverse action or negative attitudes against another based on their home province. The Chinese state acknowledges this as a detrimental yet pervasive prejudice. [2]

Regional discrimination there can also be discrimination against person or a group of people who speak a particular language dialect.

The hukou household registry is a system that has been criticized as an entrenchment of social strata, especially as between rural and urban residency status, and is regarded by some as a form of caste system. Internal migrants in China, particularly those hailing from Henan and the northeast, frequently experience challenging lives. [3]

History

Regionalism has long been part of society in China. Generally, southern China is thought to be more regionalist than northern China. The Hakka people, despite being considered Han Chinese, were traditionally hated and despised by the Cantonese. This is thought to have led to various conflict such as the bloody Hakka-Punti Wars.

In Mainland China

In university admittance

A university usually sets a fixed admission quota for each province, with a higher number of students coming from its home province. As the quantity and the quality of universities vary greatly across China, it is argued that students face discrimination during the admission process based on their region. However, this kind of discrimination is improved. For example, in recent decades, Beijing colleges and universities have significantly increased their admission scores for Beijing students, where the score lines for Beijing students are clearly at the forefront in comparison with the score lines for other provinces students. [4] When comparing the local enrollment ratios of universities in all provinces, it can be seen that the proportion of domestic students enrolled in Beijing colleges and universities is much lower than the percentage of local students in other provinces. [5]

In recruitment

In China's early days, the application of civil servant was offered mainly to the locals. The residence registration normally appears on personal identification documents and has led many employers and local governments to discriminate based on the permanent residence of applicants. But now this discrimination is reversed, for example, many companies in Beijing refuse to recruit Beijingers because they believe that locals in Beijing are lazy, leading to a high unemployment rate among locals. [6]

In urban and rural areas

After the Communist Party took power of Mainland China, the Chinese government began using the family register system to control the movement of people between urban and rural areas. Individuals were broadly categorised as "rural" or "urban" workers. Urban dwellers enjoyed a range of social, economic and cultural benefits, and China's 800 million rural residents were treated as second-class citizens. [7]

The millions of people who have left village life remain stuck at the margins of urban society and have been blamed for issues of rising crime and unemployment. Under pressure from their cities' citizens, regional governments continue to impose discriminatory rules. For example, the children of "Nong Min Gong" (rural workers) are not allowed to enter city schools. They must live with their grandparents or uncles to go to their local hometown schools. They are called home-staying children by Chinese governments. In 2005, Chinese researchers reported that there are about 130 million home-staying children living away from their parents. [8]

Against specific areas

As a result of unbalanced economic development, unfair discrimination usually follows the specific regional stereotyping held by a society.

Henan

Henan is often described by people from other parts of China as "crammed with thieves, ruffians, grifters and con artists". [9] Many rural farmers and migrant workers from Henan suffer abusive consequences from the privileged state system and media portrayal. The reasons for discrimination include having the largest farmer population in China, the huge number of rural workers migrating to cities, and the continuous emigration of refugees and victims from natural calamities and political tragedies in the 20th century. [10]

Hubei

In modern China, "nine-headed Bird" is a derogatory term for Hubei people, used to mock Hubei people for being "cunning and deceitful." A famous proverb is "Above heaven there are nine-headed birds, on earth there are cunning Hubei people". [11] [12]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many mainland Chinese refused the admission of Hubei residents or people originating from Hubei from dining and accommodations. [13]

Beijing

Due to the responsibility of Beijing as the capital and the hospitality of Beijingers, Beijing has vigorously promoted the slogan that belongs to this city, called the Beijing Spirit. [14] However, this kind of hospitality has not been exchanged for equal respect. Beijingers welcome these people who come to Beijing to start their careers. Still, these people begin to discriminate against Beijingers because they believe that Beijingers are inferior to them in intelligence and effort so that even job opportunities are unwilling to be offered to Beijingers. [15]

Shanghai

As migrants, most from southwestern or central China (Henan and southernwestern Shanxi), flow increasingly into Shanghai, they are often blamed for the rising crime and unemployment. They are often attracted by the Shanghai hukou for its convenience and social benefits. Consequently, sometimes Shanghai residents are also despised and discriminated against by people from rural regions. [16] [17]

Guangdong

People from places in China outside Guangdong who do not speak local languages like Cantonese, Teochew, or Hakka, are called "北佬" or "北姑" (literally, "Northern guys" or "Northern girls"). In particular, in the early 1980s, longtime Guangdong residents shunned migrant workers who they stereotyped as showering less than locals,[ citation needed ] and as not willing to learn Cantonese. The Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict has also inflamed regionalism, since Hong Kong shares a border with Guangdong. [18]

Linguistic conflicts related to Cantonese include incidents like the Guangzhou Television Cantonese controversy, and one where a school in Guangzhou which introduced a Cantonese-only textbook into classes was accused of "promoting separatism" by some northerners. [19] The project was shut down by local authorities because of the controversy. [19] The suppression of the Cantonese language, as well as the mass migration of non-Cantonese speaking people into the area (only about half of Guangzhou's population are Cantonese natives, in recent times),[ citation needed ] have caused some Cantonese enthusiasts to accuse the local authorities of wanting to commit "cultural genocide" of the Cantonese language.

Besides that, there is also discriminatory laws that require southern provinces in general to have to pay fines at higher rates (in relation to local income levels) for going against China's family planning policies, than their northern counterparts. [20] [ failed verification ]

In Hong Kong

A 2012 full-page advertisement funded by a group of Hong Kong residents, in Hong Kong tabloid Apple Daily, called mainland Chinese "locusts". [21] In 2013, the death of a 25-year-old female mainlander who was hit by a truck near Quarry Bay drew abusive and anti-mainland comments on sites like Facebook, HKGolden, and Apple Daily. [22] In a 2015 study, mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong who initially had a more positive view of the city than of their own mainland hometowns reported that their attempts at connecting with the locals were difficult due to experiences of hostility and a sense of inferiority. [23]

Anti-mainland sentiment during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests has led to some attacks on mainlanders and China-linked businesses. [24] [25] [26] In 2020, following the protests and during the COVID-19 pandemic it was reported that over 100 restaurants in Hong Kong refused to serve mainland Chinese customers. [27] [28] [29]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hakka Chinese</span> Sinitic language originating in southern China

Hakka forms a language group of varieties of Chinese, spoken natively by the Hakka people in parts of Southern China, Taiwan, some diaspora areas of Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guangdong</span> Most populous province of China

Guangdong, previously romanized as Kwangtung or Canton, is a coastal province in South China, on the north shore of the South China Sea. The provincial capital is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.84 million across a total area of about 179,800 km2 (69,400 sq mi), Guangdong is China's most populous province and its 15th-largest by area, as well as the third-most populous country subdivision in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hakka people</span> Ethnic group native to southeastern China and Taiwan

The Hakka, sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas, are a southern Han Chinese subgroup whose principal settlements and ancestral homes are dispersed widely across the provinces of southern China and who speak a language that is closely related to Gan, a Han Chinese dialect spoken in Jiangxi province. They are differentiated from other southern Han Chinese by their dispersed nature and tendency to occupy marginal lands and remote hilly areas. The Chinese characters for Hakka literally mean "guest families".

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The Han Chinese people can be defined into subgroups based on linguistic, cultural, ethnic, genetic, and regional features. The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is: "minxi", used in mainland China or "zuqun", used in Taiwan. No Han subgroup is recognized as one of People's Republic of China's 56 official ethnic groups, in Taiwan only three subgroups, Hoklo, Hakka and Waishengren are recognized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantonese people</span> Han Chinese ethnic subgroup native to parts of Southern China

The Cantonese people or Yue people, are a Han Chinese subgroup originating from Guangzhou and its satellite cities and towns. In a more general sense "Cantonese people" can refer to any Han Chinese people originating from or residing in the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, or it may refer to the inhabitants of Guangdong province alone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Hong Kong</span>

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Huanggang is a prefecture-level city in easternmost Hubei Province, China. It is situated to the north of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and is bounded in the north by the Dabie Mountains and is named after Mount Huanggang. It borders Henan in the north, Anhui in the east and Jiangxi in the south.

Hongkongers, Hong Kongers, Hong Kongese, Hongkongese, Hong Kong citizens and Hong Kong people are demonyms that refer to a resident of Hong Kong, although they may also refer to others who were born and/or raised in the territory.

Mainland Chinese or mainlanders are Chinese people who live in or have recently emigrated from mainland China, defined as the territory governed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) except for Hong Kong, Macau, and the partly-PRC-controlled South China Sea Islands, and also excluding certain territories that are claimed by the PRC but not controlled, namely Taiwan a.k.a. the "Republic of China" (ROC), which is a state with limited recognition, and other associated territories that are ruled by Taiwan. The term also refers to historical groups of people of Chinese origin who immigrated to Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan during the 20th century, especially in the context of specific historical events.

In January 2012, Peking University professor Kong Qingdong made televised remarks suggesting that many Hongkongers were disloyal to China and still harboured a colonial mentality. Kong Qingdong called Hongkongers "dogs" in response to an online video posted about a mainland Chinese child eating on the subway, which is prohibited by MTR regulations. This prompted a series of campaigns against Kong Qingdong in Hong Kong. About 150 people gathered at the Central Government's Liaison Office on 22 January to protest Kong's remarks.

Beijing has many neighborhoods, some of which are new and others with a long history.

The registered population of Beijing Municipality consists of people holding either Beijing permanent residence hukou permits or temporary residence permits. The 2010 census revealed that the official total population in Beijing was 19,612,368, representing a 44% increase over the last decade. In 2006, the population of the urban core was 13.33 million, 84.3 percent of the total municipal population, which officially stood at 15.81 million. Urban sprawl continues at a rapid pace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Shanghai</span>

The 2010 census put Shanghai's total population at 23,019,148, a growth of 37.53% from 16,737,734 in 2000. 20.6 million of the total population, or 89.3%, are urban, and 2.5 million (10.7％) are rural. Based on population of total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of China, behind Chongqing, but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because Chongqing's urban population is much smaller.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Localism in Hong Kong</span> Political movement

In Hong Kong, localism is a political movement centred on the preservation of the city's autonomy and local culture. The Hong Kong localist movement encompasses a variety of groups with different goals, but all of them oppose the perceived growing encroachment of the Chinese central government on the city's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs. While the movement's milder elements advocate for greater autonomy while remaining as part of China, the more radical elements call for a return to British rule or full independence as a sovereign state. Some also advocate for a more aggressive and militant stance against the mainland government in defending local interests. For that reason, they are labelled as "radicals" and "separatists" by the Chinese government. Issues of concern to the localist camp include land use and development, cultural and heritage conservation, parallel trading, and the increasing number of mainland immigrants and mainland tourists. Although grouped together with liberals, they have a distinct view as they advocate for Hongkongers' right to self-determination. In the aftermath of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, localists were largely absorbed into the pro-democracy camp.

As of 2020, Shenzhen had a total permanent population of 17,560,000, with 5,874,000 (33.4%) of them hukou holders. As Shenzhen is a young city, senior citizens above 60 years old took up only 5.36 percent of the city's total population. Despite this, the life expectancy in Shenzhen is 81.25 in 2018, ranking among the top twenty cities in China. The male to female ratio in Shenzhen is 130 to 100, making the city having the highest sex disparity in comparison to other cities in Guangdong. Shenzhen also has a high birth rate compared to other Chinese cities with 21.7 babies for every 10,000 of its 13.44 million population in 2019. Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shenzhen is the fifth most populous city proper in China. Shenzhen is part of the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region, the world's largest urban area according to the World Bank, and has a population of 78 million according to the 2020 Census.

Locust is an ethnic slur against the Mainland Chinese people in Hong Kong. The derogatory remark is frequently used in protest, social media, and localist publications in Hong Kong, especially when the topics involves the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, immigrants, parallel traders, and the pro-democracy movement.

In the 20th and 21st century, in Mainland China, there has been discrimination against people from Henan, seen in the widespread negative stereotyping and discriminatory attitudes towards the people and province of Henan, China. This phenomenon is fueled by various social, economic, and historical factors. Misrepresentations of Henan residents have manifested in derogatory jokes, media portrayals, and public discourse, often painting the province as a hub of crime, deceit, and backwardness. Understanding the roots and impacts of this demonization sheds light on broader issues of regional prejudice and social inequality within China.

References

  1. ↑ "今日话题：中国的地域歧视为何连绵不绝难消除_新闻中心_文化_新浪网" . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  2. ↑ "和谐社会不能容忍地域歧视--理论--人民网" . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  3. ↑ "Ethnic minorities and rural migrants suffer discrimination and oppression in China". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  4. ↑ "2019重点高校分数线，北京分数线远居前列". Sohu .
  5. ↑ "安徽大学省内本地招生占比超过一半". Sohu .
  6. ↑ "新华社：用人单位不招北京人". Archived from the original on November 20, 2018.
  7. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - China rethinks peasant 'apartheid'". 10 November 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  8. ↑ "从1000万到1.3亿:农村留守儿童到底有多少" . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  9. ↑ Chris Buckley (2016-10-11). "Henan Province, a Butt of Jokes in China, Gets a Champion in Court". The New York Times.
  10. ↑ "Henan People Fight Discrimination … Against Them -- china.org.cn" . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  11. ↑ "Excuse Me, Where Are You from?". www.china.org.cn . 2002-08-06.
  12. ↑ "湖北人为什么被叫做"九头鸟"". The Paper (in Chinese (China)). 2021-04-22.
  13. ↑ "Shunned in China, Hubei natives live in isolation". Nikkei Asian Review.
  14. ↑ "人民网：北京精神".
  15. ↑ "不招北京人的背后潜规则被揭". Sohu .
  16. ↑ "上海户口审批评分制，歧视外来人！-搜狐新闻" . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  17. ↑ chinanews. "学者:《潜伏》涉嫌丑化上海人 中国该立法反歧视——中新网" . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  18. ↑ "加國華裔之差異：廣東人香港人大陸人". NetEase . 2005. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20.
  19. 1 2 "vicehkblog-is Cantonese dying in Canton?". 12 May 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  20. ↑ "One child policy fines in relation to income levels in China" (PDF). Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  21. ↑ "HK ad calls mainlanders 'locusts'". BBC News. February 1, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Tragic death of young woman gives rise to anti-mainland Chinese sentiment". South China Morning Post . October 2013.
  23. ↑ Xu, Cora Lingling (2015-09-01). "When the Hong Kong Dream Meets the Anti-Mainlandisation Discourse: Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong". Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. 44 (3). University of Cambridge: 15–47. doi: 10.1177/186810261504400302 . ISSN   1868-1026.
  24. ↑ Alice Yan (2019-12-16). "Hongkongers in mainland China say safety and friendships are on the line". South China Morning Post .
  25. ↑ Wen Liu (October 2019). "Opinion | Mainland Chinese like me are stuck between a rock and a hard place in Hong Kong". NBC News.
  26. ↑ "Hong Kong demonstrators called a Chinese-American journalist a 'yellow thug' and attempted to stonewall her reporting". Business Insider. September 21, 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29.
  27. ↑ "More than 100 HK restaurants refuse to serve customers from China". Bangkok Post.
  28. ↑ "HK restaurants shut out Mandarin speakers". South China Morning Post.
  29. ↑ McLaughlin, Yasmeen Serhan, Timothy (March 13, 2020). "The Other Problematic Outbreak". The Atlantic.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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