Anti-Henan sentiment

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In the 20th and 21st century, in Mainland China, there has been discrimination against people from Henan, seen in the widespread negative stereotyping and discriminatory attitudes towards the people and province of Henan, China. This phenomenon is fueled by various social, economic, and historical factors. Misrepresentations of Henan residents have manifested in derogatory jokes, media portrayals, and public discourse, often painting the province as a hub of crime, deceit, and backwardness. Understanding the roots and impacts of this demonization sheds light on broader issues of regional prejudice and social inequality within China.

Contents

Background

Location of Henan province in China Henan locator map (China).svg
Location of Henan province in China

Henan is located in Zhongyuan, one of the cradles of Chinese civilization, [1] and the reputation of its residents was historically relatively positive. During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era Henan people were viewed as 'pure and straight' and traditional, and not as deceitful. [2]

Sometimes these ancient characterizations were extended to negative stereotypes about Henan, such as several fables about people from places in present-day Henan. The fable Catching the Rabbit from the Warring States period Han Feizi concerned a peasant refusing to change old methods and Zheng buys shoes satirized an overly dogmatic person. [3] [4]

During the Ming, Qing and the Republic of China, there was no systematic prejudice against the region; [5] however, Wang Shixing, who held the "geographical environment determinism" in Ming Dynasty, believed that this region was "vulgar and honest and straight in quality". [6]

Contemporary negative stereotyping of Henan people can be traced back to the second half of the 20th century, caused by a combination of causes.

Examples

Misrepresentations of Henan residents have manifested in derogatory jokes, media portrayals, and public discourse, often painting the province as a hub of crime, deceit, and backwardness. [1]

Some factories have clearly indicated that "Henan employees will not be recruited", [7] and a local police station in Shenzhen directly issued a warning banner on the street that "resolutely crack down on Henan extortion gangs". [8] In the society, there is also a popular phrase "without Henan people, there would be no anti-burglar doors", and some people's impression of Henan people is "stealing manhole covers", "selling blood", and "collecting garbage". [9]

Male migrant workers from Henan were found to earn less than those from Anhui when working in Shanghai. [10]

In 2023, Taiwanese singer Rainie Yang joked at a concert in Zhengzhou, Henan that the people of Henan "have a reputation for lying", and she later apologized for the incident. [11]

The city of Zhumadian has been singled out especially. [12] This may have originated from the aftermath of the 1975 Banqiao Dam collapse, when locals affected by the disaster eventually become the first large batch of migrant workers to go to Guangdong. Most of these workers had little education and lived together in impoverished communities, leading to a negative perception of Zhumadian people. [13] A popular quote going around was: [12]

十亿人民九亿骗，河南人民是教练，总部设在驻马店
A billion people, nine hundred million deceived, the people of Henan are the coaches, their headquarters are in Zhumadian

In the 2017 CMG New Year's Gala, actor Guo Donglin played in a sketch in which he prevented a relative from being scammed. The scammer's voice was noted to have a thick Henan accent, to which Guo's character said '10 out of 9 scammers are Henan people'. Afterwards, the sketch's screenwriter apologized, claiming his own accent was close to Henan accent. Guo suffered severe reputation loss and did not appear in the New Year's Gala for the first time after 23 years. [14] [15]

Causes

From a political perspective, in mainland China, due to the fact that provinces serve as geographical units of centralized central government administrative divisions, rather than independent and complete structures, entities, or organizations of education, legislation, politics, language, culture, beliefs, and other functions, powers, and spirits, the understanding of these units and scales does not have definite and objective cognitive and deductive value beyond certain natural attributes and related statistical characteristics. Like other forms of discrimination, the logical basis of generalization and differential treatment is equally inadequate. However, due to the dependence of human society on language and words, improper use of conceptualized cognitive forms and essentialist ways of thinking may lead to confusion and misconceptions, making it difficult to completely remove this existing fixed pattern for a period of time. The real and valuable issues are the background factors and prerequisite conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon, as well as the social regulation and control ability of the phenomenon. Although the Henan has a large population, it is in a weaker position in terms of voice compared to all surrounding provinces that receive Henan immigrants. Commentators analyze the reasons for related phenomena and summarize them as follows:

War and famine migrants

In the history of thousands of years, the Central Plains has undergone dozens of dynasties, as well as foreign invasions by the Mongols, Manchus and Japanese. Especially since modern Manchu Dynasty suffered from natural disasters and man-made disasters. Typical for example, in the 1930s and 1940s, due to the serious and sustained drought and flood disasters, [16] [17] but also due to the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood. [18] Garden estuary of the Yellow River embankment, resulting in large-scale displacement of refugees in the yellow plain area and the Central Plains Mandarin area, [19] and emigrate to the northwest region or elsewhere. [20] Similarly, in modern and contemporary history, the prejudices encountered by refugees in northern Jiangsu in southern Jiangsu and Shanghai are based on similar reasons. [21] It is assumed that persistent and widespread prejudice against the region began around these areas. Before the 1980s, the transportation was inconvenient, and the proportion of Henan immigrants in Jiangsu and Zhejiang was very small. [22]

Plasma economy and AIDS epidemic

Dr. Gao Yaojie was the first to reveal that farmers in some rural areas of the province were infected with AIDS by selling blood products for profit by government health departments. This has been exaggerated by some as the "Henan problem". [23] However, Gao Yaojie and others later pointed out that this problem is common in the vast majority of provinces, regions and cities in the mainland, and Gao Yaojie pointed out that the infection of AIDS caused by blood sales and blood transfusions is definitely not a case. Again, this is not just a Henan province problem. Just because a Gao Yaojie came out of Henan and lifted the lid on Henan, other provinces, more serious than Henan everywhere, in the mid-1990s, many Henan farmers are running there (other provinces) to sell blood. Late last year, newspapers exposed illegal blood collection at the North 'an Farm Hospital in Heilongjiang Province, where a blood seller infected 19 people. An HIV-infected person surnamed Song in Dehui City, Jilin Province, sold blood to the government blood station 17 times in a year and a half, resulting in 21 people infected with AIDS. [24] [25] [26]

Suffering from the injustice of the planning system

Henan province suffers from a scarcity of higher education resources, with lower college admission rates and more selective college entrance exams compared to other provinces. To obtain an acceptable quality of higher education, students have to overcome fierce competition against thousands of people. The suspension of the expansion of list of Project 211 has further suppressed the development of higher education in Henan. Internal migrants in China, particularly individuals hailing from Henan and the northeastern regions, often face formidable challenges in their lives. [27]

Since the 1980s, the central state policy is inclined to invest in the North, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen regions, and the central and western regions have no policy support, resulting in brain drain, less foreign investment and economic development lagging behind coastal provinces. The imbalance of economic and cultural development under the planned economy system is also related to the unequal socio-economic and political environment of the region - Henan has long been positioned by the national development strategy as "ensuring the agricultural foundation", [28] [29] and the degree of openness is the lowest in the six central provinces, and the data at the end of 2006 shows that the relevant openness index is only 2%, [30] far lower than the domestic average level. Similarly, the province has the largest population base in the country, but its average GNP is low, its per capita resources are relatively small, its higher education [31] is backward, it has a large number of migrant workers and a relatively small proportion of the middle and cultural classes. In response, some Henan residents started producing counterfeit goods. For example, in 1993 a scandal emerged after a medicine factory in Henan was found to produce fake medicine. [32] [33]

As one of the few countries in the world that implement the household registration system to manage the population, China's dual division of urban and rural identity and the practice of some people or enterprises to act according to their native [34] place make the farmers in the province that export a large number of migrant workers in the situation of injustice or discrimination from time to time. In terms of social public rights and interests, taking higher education as an example, the state's division, allocation and restriction of public education resources in provinces have caused substantial damage to the rights of people in some regions, [35] [36] [37] including the region, which is a phenomenon of official discrimination that has been widely criticized and criticized in recent years. [38] [ unreliable source? ] For example, Xu Youyu, a philosophy scholar at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, criticized that "the probability of Beijing students entering Peking University is 60 times that of Henan and 34 times that of Guizhou." [39] The inaction of the corresponding management is seen to be largely the maintenance [40] [41] of the status quo by vested interests. [42] [43] [44] [45]

Chinese media rendering

Sensationalist reporting by commercial media has contributed to anti-Henan sentiment. It was found that "outside of Henan Province, the media usually emphasize the place of origin of Henan suspects by describing the fraud suspects as Henan fraudsters." In the commentary sections of news portals, users' locations by IP address are shown next to their comments, which encouraged discriminatory texts against Henan people. [46]

Influenced by Chinese chauvinism and collectivism

Traditional Chinese society relies on and relies on the deep-rooted concept of group and tribal consciousness, which tends to recognize and label the essence of human beings by the internal blood and clan relationship and the external social and political identity or even some accidental group attributes. In ancient times, there was the principle of "nine ethnic groups" and "punishment of the company", but the identity politics in contemporary mainland has intensified, [47] [48] and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, various "identity discrimination" from the government has emerged in endlessly. In addition, due to the long-term promotion of strong ideological "class struggle" thinking, "collectivist" propaganda and "patriotic" education, and the serious failure of "education" to cultivate people's cognitive ability, critical consciousness and humanistic spirit, it is easy to cause individual rights, values and dignity to be ignored or even trampled on. And cause blind "self-centered" praise, beggar-thy-neighbor "chauvinism"; The collective unconscious of "non-self", "otherization" and even "demonization" strengthens and even creates the psychological basis and social environment on which regional discrimination depends.

Accordingly, the people are immature and lack the consciousness of "citizen" based on the modern society, and the regional consciousness and regional discrimination are the reflection and result of the traditional "private society" [49] and the consciousness of small farmers. Similarly, the dispute between "southerners" and "northerners" has a long history and a long history in reality. In view of the fact that such prejudice is also echoed and disseminated in many people in secondary and higher education, some analysis believes that mainland education lacks the ability to cultivate people's respect for others, responsible words and deeds, independent thinking, rational identification and critical thinking.

Jung's theory of the collective unconscious and James Wilson's theory of the Broken window effect can explain this phenomenon. This phenomenon is also studied and concerned by experts and scholars who study mass communication and discrimination. [50] [51]

Responses

Significant backslash first started appearing in the early 2000s. In 2001, the Henan provincial government released an official statement calling for a stop of 'demonization of Henan people'. [18]

In the first case of regional discrimination, the Internet portal NetEase designed and produced a special webpage [52] entitled "Ren Chengyu, Li Dongzhao, Honor Defender of Henan People" in February 2006 and quoted distorted and fabricated insulting and discriminatory reports [53] by Shanghai Evening News. After browsing, Li Dongzhao said, "NetEase is biased and uses distorted, fabricated, discriminatory and offensive old news as material, and contains a large number of insulting words on the Web page, which infringes on his own survival and health," so he filed a lawsuit against NetEase and other representative media. [54] On June 18, 2008, the Chongwen District Court of Beijing accepted the case. But now NetEase has added "civilized society, starting from rational Posting" next to the window for filling in comments. No territorial attacks." The prompt. [55] [56]

In 2019, a Henan woman won an anti-discrimination case from a Zhejiang company which rejected her job application by included 'Henanese' as the reason for rejection. Her lawyer later said that "the case may serve as a wake-up call to employers that such practices are illegal." [57]

In response to various non-objective and irrational words and deeds, the province's media and people from all walks of life have tried to analyze, clarify and even resort to law, such as Ma Shuo, [58] who wrote the book "Henan people provoke", Henan lawyer Ren Chengyu, Li Dongzhao sued the Shenzhen police discriminatory slogans and was eventually dropped by mediation, [55] Li Dongzhao sued the Internet media NetEase media discrimination and so on. In recent years, local government departments have also been working to improve the overall image of the province, and have launched some "image optimization projects", which have made some changes. Analysts generally believe that the fundamental solution to this problem lies in the awakening of people's "civic consciousness", [59] [60] [61] the sound spirit of social "rule of law" [ unreliable source? ], [62] [55] and the balance and equality of the central government's political and economic development policies. [63]   For example, the "regional discrimination case" was finally withdrawn by "mediation" due to the intervention of the "superior" of the defendant's police station, which disappointed the hopes of scholars who hoped to promote the progress of the rule of law through this case. [64]

See also

Reference materials

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Extended Reading

"Who Did Henan People provoke", Ma Shuo, Hainan Publishing House, 2002-03-01

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Regional discrimination in China or regionalism is overt prejudice against people based on their places of origin, ethnicity, sub-ethnicity, language, dialect, or their current provincial zones. China's sheer size and population renders much demographic understanding tied to locality, and there is often little life movement outside of a citizen's province of birth. Historically, internal migration has been tightly controlled, and many barriers to free movement exist today. Treatment of ethnic minorities and Han Chinese regional groups can hinge on preferential assumptions based on places of upbringing, and is often most pronounced towards those born external to urban zones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lushi County</span> County in Henan, Peoples Republic of China

Lushi County is a county under the jurisdiction of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, the People's Republic of China. It is adjacent to Lingbao City in the north, Luoning County and Luanchuan County in the east, Xixia County in Nanyang City in the south, and Luonan County, Danfeng County and Shangnan County in Shaanxi Province in the west and southwest. It covers an area of 4,004 square kilometers and has a population of 317,232 in 2020. The county government is stationed in Chengguan Town. The county was established in 113 BC. It is the county with the largest area, the smallest population density and the highest average altitude in Henan Province, and it is also a provincial forest city in Henan Province.

Shangcai County is a county in the south of Henan province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhumadian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xinyang Minggang Airport</span> Airport in Pingqiao District, Xinyang

Xinyang Minggang Airport, or Minggang Air Base, is a dual-use civil and military airport serving the city of Xinyang in Henan Province, China. It is in the town of Minggang in Pingqiao District, about 45 kilometres (28 mi) from downtown Xinyang and 48 kilometres (30 mi) from the city of Zhumadian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henan Television</span> Chinese provincial television broadcaster

Henan Television, commonly abbreviated as HNTV, a provincial television broadcaster is headquartered in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.

Guo Donglin is a Chinese actor and xiangsheng performer.

Huairou–Daxing intercity railway, formerly known as Capital Airport–Daxing Airport intercity railway connecting line, is a higher-speed railway line currently under construction. The speed will be 200 km/h. It will connect the Beijing Capital International Airport and Beijing Daxing International Airport when the full line is completed.

Mao Buyi is a Chinese singer and songwriter. Mao rose to prominence for winning the all-male singing competition The Coming One (明日之子) in 2017. Mao is a self-taught pop artist known for works depicting the subtle nuances of everyday life. He has released four studio albums to which he authored all lyrics and compositions. Mao's discography also includes over a dozen theme songs from original soundtracks for television dramas, movies, and video games.

"My People, My Country" is a patriotic lyric song composed by Zhang Li of the Shenyang Conservatory of Music and composed by Qin Yongcheng which debuted in 1985. The lyrics are expressed in the first person, depicting one's love for the motherland. The song was circulated widely after being sung by the famous singer Li Guyi, and remains one of the most popular songs in the country. On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, "Me and My Motherland" was sung all over the country. This song has been shortlisted for 100 patriotic songs recommended by the Central Propaganda Department and 100 excellent songs celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Henan floods</span> 2021 floods in Henan, China

China's Henan Province experienced flooding between 17 and 31 July 2021 as a result of heavy rainfall. On July 20, Zhengzhou, the provincial capital, recorded 201.9 millimetres (7.95 in) of rainfall within an hour, the highest ever figure recorded since measurements began in 1951. On 2 August 2021, provincial authorities reported 302 deaths, and over 50 missing people. Later, government investigations led to conclude that provincial officials had “deliberately impeded and withheld reports of up to 139 cases”, and that the full death toll was 398. The floods caused the evacuation of 815,000 people, and affected 14.5 million people around the province. The intensity of the floods was believed to have been amplified by extreme weather caused by climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China National Highway 351</span> Highway in China

China National Highway 351 is a partially completed highway in China. The highway starts at the Port of Taizhou and runs halfway across the country to Dawei, Xiaojin County. The highway passes through the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan. In 2017, the provincial government of Zhejiang approved the construction of the Zhejiang section of the highway.

The Internet real-name system in China is a real-name system in which Internet service providers and Internet content providers in the People's Republic of China are required to collect users' real names, ID numbers, and other information when providing services. Since the implementation of the real-name system on the Internet may lead to the infringement and narrowing of the constitutionally protected speech space of Internet users, it has attracted concerns from all sides and generated much controversy in Chinese society. Few other countries, such as South Korea, have implemented a real-name system on the Internet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G1516 Yancheng–Luoyang Expressway</span> Road in China

The G1516 Yancheng–Luoyang Expressway, also referred to as the Yanluo Expressway, is an expressway in China that connects Yancheng, Jiangsu to Luoyang, Henan.

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