Two Chinas

Last updated
Two Chinas
China map.png
Territories controlled by the People's Republic of China (PRC) (purple) and the Republic of China (ROC) (orange). The size of minor islands controlled by the PRC, the ROC, and other countries (gray) has been exaggerated in this map for ease of identification.

The concept of Two Chinas refers to the political divide between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). The PRC was established in 1949 by the Chinese Communist Party, while the ROC was founded in 1912 and retreated to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War.

Despite both claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China (One China), they operate as separate entities with different political systems and ideologies. The differences between the two Chinas are stark, with the PRC being a one-party communist state and the ROC a multi-party democracy after transitioning from one-party military rule. Both countries maintain separate diplomatic relations. [1] [2]

Background

In 1912, the Xuantong Emperor abdicated as a result of the Xinhai Revolution, and the Republic of China was established in Nanjing by revolutionaries under Sun Yat-sen. At the same time, the Beiyang government, led by Yuan Shikai, a former Qing dynasty general, existed in Beijing, whose legitimacy was challenged by the Nationalist government under the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party).

From 1912 to 1949, China was scarred by warlords, the Japanese invasion and the Chinese Civil War. Throughout this turbulent period, multiple governments existed in China. These include Yuan Shikai's Beiyang government (1912–1928), the Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937) established by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), [3] the puppet states of Manchukuo (1932–1945) and Mengjiang (1939–1945), the Fujian People's Government (1933–1934), Wang Jingwei's Japanese-sponsored puppet government (1940–1945), Ganden Phodrang's Tibet (1912–1951), Khoja Niyaz's Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (1933–1934), the Soviet-backed East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949), the Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944), Bogd Khan's Mongolian State in Outer Mongolia (1911–1924) and the Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992), with the latter recognized by China in 1946.

As the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the Chinese communist People's Republic of China (PRC), led by CCP Chairman Mao Zedong, took control of Mainland China. The Republic of China, led by President Chiang Kai-shek, retreated the government of the Republic of China to the island of Taiwan, hence effectively dividing China into two political states [lower-alpha 1] , similar to North and South Korea, West and East Germany and North and South Vietnam.

Though fighting continued for the next several years, by the time of the Korean War the lines of control were sharply drawn: the Communist-led People's Republic of China government in Beijing controlled most of mainland China, while the Kuomintang-led Republic of China government, now in Taipei, controlled the island of Taiwan, some surrounding islands, and a number of islands off the coast of Fujian. This stalemate was enforced with the assistance of the United States government that began deterring an invasion of Taiwan after the start of the Korean War.

For many years, both governments contended to be the sole legitimate government of China. With the fighting largely over, the major battleground became diplomatic. Before the 1970s, the Republic of China was still recognized by many countries and the United Nations as the sole legitimate government of "China", which claimed sovereignty over both mainland China and Taiwan. The Republic of China had been a founding member of the United Nations and was one of the five permanent members of the Security Council until 1971, when they were expelled from the UN and China's representation was replaced by the People's Republic of China (PRC) via UN General Assembly Resolution 2758. Before the 1970s, few foreign governments recognised the People's Republic of China. The first governments to recognise it as the government of "China" were Soviet bloc countries, members of the non-aligned movement, and the United Kingdom (1950). The catalyst to change came in 1971, when the United Nations General Assembly expelled representatives of Chiang Kai-shek by refusing to recognise their accreditations as representatives of China. Recognition for the People's Republic of China soon followed from most other governments, including the United States. The Republic of China continued to compete with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to be recognised as the legitimate government of China.

Since the 1990s, however, a rising movement for formal recognition of Taiwanese independence has made the political status of Taiwan the dominant issue, replacing the debate about the legitimate government of China. A view in Taiwan is that the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China are both sovereign, thus forming "two Chinas", or "one China, one Taiwan". Former Republic of China President Chen Shui-bian adamantly supported this status quo, and accordingly largely abandoned the campaign for the Republic of China to be recognised as the sole legitimate government of China. Under President Chen, the ROC government was campaigning for the Republic of China to join the United Nations as representative of its effective territory—Taiwan and nearby islands—only. Chen's successor, President Ma Ying-jeou, ceased that push.[ citation needed ]

Current situation

The map shows the One-China policy in practice. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} People's Republic of China (PRC) States recognising PRC only States recognising PRC with informal ROC relations Republic of China (ROC) States recognising ROC only States with no reported position at present Two Chinas.svg
The map shows the One-China policy in practice.
  States recognising PRC only
  States recognising PRC with informal ROC relations
  States recognising ROC only
  States with no reported position at present

In the past, both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) have claimed de jure sovereignty over all of China whilst denying the legitimacy of the other. [4] [5] The position of the PRC and the Pan-Blue Coalition of the ROC remains that there is only one sovereign entity of China, and that each of them represents the legitimate government of all of China—including both mainland China and Taiwan—and the other is illegitimate. The position of the Pan-Green Coalition of the ROC is that Taiwan is an independent sovereign state named "Republic of China", and Taiwan is not part of "China". As of 2024, 178 UN member states and the State of Palestine maintain diplomatic relation with the PRC. 11 UN member states and the Holy See maintain diplomatic relation with the ROC.

People's Republic of China

The government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) opposes treating the Republic of China (ROC) as a legitimate state and portrays Taiwan as a rogue province of the PRC. [6] The People's Republic of China government has consistently opposed "two Chinas", instead espousing that all of "China" is under one single, indivisible sovereignty under its "One China Principle", explicitly including Taiwan. Under this principle, while the PRC has no de facto control over territory administered by the ROC, the PRC nevertheless claims that the territories controlled by both the PRC and ROC are part of the same, indivisible sovereign entity "China". [7] [8]

PRC government policy mandates that any country that wishes to establish a diplomatic relationship with the PRC must first discontinue any formal relationship with the ROC. According to The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs , "non-recognition of the Taiwanese government is a prerequisite for conducting formal diplomatic relations with the PRC—in effect forcing other governments to choose between Beijing and Taipei." [9] [10] In order to compete for other countries' recognition, each government has given money to certain small countries. Several small African and Caribbean countries have established and discontinued diplomatic relationships with both sides several times in exchange for huge financial support from each side. [11] The PRC also uses its international influence to prohibit the ROC from entering international events such as the Olympic Games under its official name. Instead, the ROC was forced to adopt the name Chinese Taipei to enter such events since the 1980s. [12] Furthermore, on press releases and other media, the PRC never refers to the ROC as such, instead referring to the territory of Taiwan as "China's Taiwan Province", and to the ROC government as "the Taiwan authority".[ citation needed ]

Republic of China

Until the constitutional reforms of 1991, the Republic of China (ROC) actively asserted its claim of sovereignty over all of China and still opposes treating the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a legitimate state. ROC authorities clarified the constitutional reforms by stating they do not "dispute the fact that the PRC controls mainland China." [13] Since then, the ROC has neither actively asserted these claims nor denied them. Democratization and liberalization of free speech has led to the emergence of the Taiwan independence movement, which supports the idea of "Two Chinas". The ROC's position with respect to "Two Chinas" has varied by administration, with Pan-Green administrations favoring it and Pan-Blue administrations preferring the position of One China with respective interpretations.

In 1999, then President Lee Teng-hui defined the relationship as "Special state-to-state relations".

President Chen Shui-bian declared in 2002 that "with Taiwan and China on each side of the Taiwan Strait, each side is a country". In 2003 he explained that "Taiwan is not a province of one country nor is it a state of another". [14] [15] The Chen administration took steps to use the name "Taiwan" internationally to prevent confusion between the "two Chinas", such as placing the word "Taiwan" underneath "Republic of China" on Republic of China passports. [16]

In September 2008 President Ma Ying-jeou from the Kuomintang stated that the relations between the ROC and the PRC are neither between two Chinas nor two states, saying instead that it is a "special relationship". Further, he stated that the sovereignty issues between the two cannot be resolved at present, but he quoted the 1992 Consensus as a temporary measure until a solution becomes available. [17] The spokesman for the ROC Presidential Office Wang Yu-chi (Chinese :王郁琦) later clarified the President's statement and said that the relations are between two regions of one country, based on the ROC Constitutional position, the Statute Governing the Relations Between the Peoples of the Taiwan Area and Mainland Area and the 1992 Consensus. [18]

President Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected in 2016 and has refused to recognize the 1992 Consensus. [19] Under the Tsai administration, the English words "Republic of China" were reduced in size on Taiwanese passports, though the corresponding Chinese characters remained unchanged. [20]

Historical precedents

Official name(s)Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg Soviet Zone (1927–1931)
National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg  Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)
Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg Anti-Japanese Base Areas (1937–1946)
Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg Liberated Zone (1946–1949)
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg People's Republic of China (1949–present)		 Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China (1912–present)
Common name China Taiwan (present)
China (historical)
Date of establishment 1 August 1927
7 November 1931
1 October 1949 		1 January 1912
Effective jurisdiction Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan and Jiangsu Soviet Zones (1927–1934)
Northern Shaanxi and Manchuria (1935–present)
Mainland China (1949–present)
Tibet (includes Xizang and Chamdo) (1951–present)
Hong Kong (1997–present)
Macau (1999–present)		Mainland China (1912–1949)
Outer Mongolia (1919–1921)
Taiwan and Pescadores (1945–present)
Kinmen and Matsu Islands (1912–present) [21]
Representation of "China"
in the United Nations 		1971–present1945–1971
Capital Jinggangshan (1927–1930)
Ruijin (1931–1934)
Zhidan (1935)
Yan'an (1936–1947)
Xibaipo (1947–1949)
Beijing (1949–present)		 Nanjing (1912, 1927–1937, 1946–1949)
Beijing (1912–1928)
Chongqing (1937–1946, 1949)
Guangzhou (1949)

Chengdu (1949)
Taipei (1949–present)

Founder Mao Zedong Sun Yat-sen
Incumbent head of state Xi Jinping Lai Ching-te
Incumbent head of government Li Qiang Cho Jung-tai

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The southeastern province of Fujian was split, resulting in the PRC controlling most of the province including the islands of Haitan, Nanri and Meizhou with the ROC retaining control of Kinmen, Matsu and Wuqiu islands.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Taiwan</span>

Foreign relations of the Republic of China (ROC), more commonly known as Taiwan, are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, a cabinet-level ministry of the Government of the Republic of China. As of January 2024, the ROC has formal diplomatic relations with 11 of the 193 United Nations member states and with the Holy See, which governs the Vatican City State. In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations with 59 UN member states, one self-declared state (Somaliland), three territories (Guam, Hong Kong, and Macau), and the European Union via its representative offices and consulates. In 2021, the Government of the Republic of China had the 33rd largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taiwan independence movement</span> Independence movement in East Asia

The Taiwan independence movement is a political movement which advocates the formal declaration of an independent and sovereign Taiwanese state, as opposed to Chinese unification or the status quo in Cross-Strait relations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mainland China</span> Geopolitical area comprising a large part of China

"Mainland China", also referred to as "the Chinese mainland", is a geopolitical term defined as the territory under direct administration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War. In addition to the geographical mainland, the geopolitical sense of the term includes islands such as Hainan, Chongming, and Zhoushan. By convention, territories outside of mainland China include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese unification</span> Potential union of mainland China and Taiwan

Chinese unification, also known as Cross-Strait unification or Chinese reunification, is the potential unification of territories currently controlled, or claimed, by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China ("Taiwan") under one political entity, possibly the formation of a political union between the two republics. Together with full Taiwan independence, unification is one of the main proposals to address questions on the political status of Taiwan, which is a central focus of Cross-Strait relations.

The political status of Taiwan or the Taiwan issue is an ongoing geopolitical dispute about Taiwan, currently controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), that arose in the mid-twentieth century. Originally based in mainland China before and during World War II, the ROC government retreated to Taiwan in 1949 after it was defeated by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Chinese Civil War and the subsequent establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Since then, the effective jurisdiction of the ROC has been limited to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and smaller islands.

One China is a phrase describing the relationship between the People's Republic of China (PRC) based on Mainland China, and the Republic of China (ROC) based on the Taiwan Area. "One China" asserts that there is only one de jure Chinese nation despite the de facto division between the two rival governments in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War. The term may refer, in alphabetical order, to one of the following:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Taiwan (1945–present)</span>

As a result of the surrender and occupation of Japan at the end of World War II, the islands of Taiwan and Penghu were placed under the governance of the Republic of China (ROC), ruled by the Kuomintang (KMT), on 25 October 1945. Following the February 28 massacre in 1947, martial law was declared in 1949 by the Governor of Taiwan, Chen Cheng, and the ROC Ministry of National Defense. Following the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the ROC government retreated from the mainland as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The KMT retreated to Taiwan and declared Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC. For many years, the ROC and PRC each continued to claim in the diplomatic arena to be the sole legitimate government of "China". In 1971, the United Nations expelled the ROC and replaced it with the PRC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Secession Law</span> 2005 Chinese legislation authorizing military force for unification with Taiwan

The Anti-Secession Law is a law of the People's Republic of China, passed by the 3rd Session of the 10th National People's Congress. It was ratified on March 14, 2005, and went into effect immediately. President Hu Jintao promulgated the law with Presidential Decree No. 34. Although the law, at ten articles, is relatively short, Article 8 formalized the long-standing policy of the PRC to use military means against Taiwan independence in the event peaceful means become otherwise impossible. The law does not explicitly equate "China" with the People's Republic of China.

The 1992 Consensus is a political term referring to the alleged outcome of a meeting in 1992 between the semiofficial representatives of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)-led People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China and the Kuomintang (KMT)-led Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. They are often credited as creating a diplomatic basis for semi-official cross-strait exchanges which began in the early 1990s and is a precondition set by the PRC for engaging in cross-strait dialogue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cross-strait relations</span> Bilateral relations between Mainland China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC)

Cross-strait relations are the political and economic relations between mainland China and Taiwan across the Taiwan Strait. Due to the existing controversy over the status of Taiwan, they are also not defined as diplomatic relations by both sides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taiwan Area</span> Territories under the control of Taiwan

The Taiwan Area, fully the "Taiwan Area of the Republic of China", also the free area of the Republic of China, the "Tai-Min Area ", is a term used to refer to the actual-controlled territories of the Republic of China, usually called "Taiwan". It has been in official use since the Additional articles of the Republic of China constitution took effect to end temporary anti-communist provisions on 1 May 1991. The term is also used in the 1992 Cross-Strait Act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taiwan, China</span> Term for Taiwan as part of China

"Taiwan, China", "Taiwan, Province of China", and "Taipei, China" are controversial political terms that claim Taiwan and its associated territories as a province or territory of the People's Republic of China.

An exclusive mandate is a government's assertion of its legitimate authority over a certain territory, part of which another government controls with stable, de facto sovereignty. It is also known as a claim to sole representation or an exclusive authority claim. The concept was particularly important during the Cold War period when a number of states were divided on ideological grounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China</span> Claimed province of China

Taiwan Province refers to a notional administrative division claimed by the People's Republic of China. The PRC constitution asserts Taiwan as part of its territories although the PRC has never controlled Taiwan since the PRC's establishment in 1949. The territory of the claimed province, including the entire island of Taiwan, is in actuality administered by the Republic of China (ROC) but is not coextensive with the smaller Taiwan Province of the ROC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Korea–Taiwan relations</span> Bilateral relations

South Korean–Taiwan relations

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraguay–Taiwan relations</span> Bilateral relations

Paraguay–Taiwan relations are the bilateral relations between the Republic of Paraguay and the Republic of China (Taiwan). Both governments established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1957.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holy See–Taiwan relations</span> Bilateral relations

Relations between the Holy See and the Republic of China were established on a non-diplomatic level in 1922 and at a diplomatic level in 1942. The Holy See, under the One-China policy, recognizes the Republic of China as the representative of China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">India–Taiwan relations</span> Bilateral relations

The bilateral relations between India and Taiwan have improved since the 1990s, despite both nations not maintaining official diplomatic relations. India recognises only the People's Republic of China and not the Republic of China's claims of being the legitimate government of Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau - a conflict that emerged after the Chinese Civil War (1945–49). However, India's economic and commercial links as well as people-to-people contacts with Taiwan have expanded in recent years.

"Mutual non-recognition of sovereignty and mutual non-denial of authority to govern" is former President of the Republic of China Ma Ying-jeou's description of the relations between the Taiwan Area and Mainland China, as presented in his second inauguration speech after being re-elected in 2012. Sometimes the term special non-state-to-state relations is used in the press for this concept, following his own statements. Ma defines the relations as a "special relationship for which the model of [state] recognition under conventional international law is not applicable". This marks a departure from the views of his predecessors, former presidents Lee Teng-hui's special state-to-state relations and Chen Shui-bian's One Country on Each Side: Both defined the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) as states and the relationship between the two as one between two states. In Ma's view, the ROC government considers the one China as the ROC, regardless of the view of the PRC government. While neither governing authority can recognize that in the other area as a legitimate state, neither would deny the other side being the de facto governing authority of its area.

The administrative divisions of China between 1912 and 1949 were established under the regime of the Republic of China government.

References

  1. ↑ Gayner, Jeffrey B (2 July 1977). "U.S. Diplomacy and the Two Chinas". Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  2. ↑ Swift, John (2003). "The Two Chinas". The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the Cold War. pp. 44–45. doi:10.1057/9780230001183_20. ISBN   978-0-333-99404-7. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  3. ↑ Lyman P. Van Slyke, The Chinese Communist movement: a report of the United States War Department, July 1945, Stanford University Press, 1968, p. 44
  4. ↑ Hudson, Christopher (2014). The China Handbook. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN   9781134269662. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  5. ↑ Rigger, Shelley (2002). Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN   9781134692972. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  6. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". The People's Daily. 1982-12-04. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
  7. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". The People's Daily — Read 3rd paragraph, 10th line-. 1982-12-04. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
  8. ↑ "Anti-Secession Law". The People's Daily. 2005-03-14. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
  9. ↑ Erikson, Daniel P.; Chen, Janice (2007). "China, Taiwan, and the Battle for Latin America". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs . 31 (2): 71.
  10. ↑ "The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
  11. ↑ "China and Taiwan in Africa". HiiDunia. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
  12. ↑ Catherine K. Lin (2008-08-05). "How 'Chinese Taipei' came about". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
  13. ↑ "TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA): Constitution, Government & Legislation". Jurist Legal intelligence, Pitt University. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  14. ↑ "Extracted text of the telecast relating to cross-strait relations" (in Chinese). Mainland Affairs Council of Republic of China. 2002-08-03. Archived from the original on 2004-12-17. Retrieved 2009-08-14. 台灣不是別人的一部分；不是別人的地方政府、別人的一省
  15. ↑ Wang, James (2003-10-22). "Fortune will favor a brave Taiwan". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  16. ↑ "Chang gives his approval to passports". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. 15 January 2002. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  17. ↑ "Taiwan and China in 'special relations': Ma". China Post. 2008-09-04. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  18. ↑ "Presidential Office defends Ma". Taipei Times. 2008-09-05. Archived from the original on 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  19. ↑ "Taiwan opposition candidate calls for return to one China formula". Reuters. November 14, 2019. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2020– via www.reuters.com.
  20. ↑ "Taiwan's redesigned passport shrinks words 'Republic of China'". BBC News. 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  21. ↑ "At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the "Matsu Islands"". Taiwan Insight. University of Nottingham Taiwan Studies Programme. 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2023-05-21. Taiwan was a colony of Japan, whereas Matsu was part of Fujian
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.