The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan between 1937 and 1945,following a period of war localized to Manchuria that started in 1931. It is considered part of World War II,and often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century and has been described as "the Asian Holocaust",in reference to the scale of Japanese war crimes against Chinese civilians. It is known in China as the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
Wang Zhaoming,widely known by his pen name Wang Jingwei,was a Chinese politician who was president of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China,a puppet state of the Empire of Japan. He was initially a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT),leading a government in Wuhan in opposition to the right-wing Nationalist government in Nanjing,but later became increasingly anti-communist after his efforts to collaborate with the Chinese Communist Party ended in political failure.
The history of the Republic of China began in 1912 with the end of the Qing dynasty,when the Xinhai Revolution and the formation of the Republic of China put an end to 2,000 years of imperial rule. The Republic experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.
Fu Zuoyi was a Chinese military leader. He began his military career in the service of Yan Xishan,and he was widely praised for his defense of Suiyuan from the Japanese. During the final stages of the Chinese Civil War,Fu surrendered the large and strategic garrison around Beiping to Communist forces. He later served in the government of the People's Republic of China as Minister of the Hydraulic Ministry.
Zhang Qun,was a Chinese politician and premier of the Republic of China and a prominent member of the Kuomintang. He served as secretary general to the President of the Republic from 1954 to 1972 and senior advisor to Presidents Chiang Kai-shek,Yen Chia-kan,Chiang Ching-kuo,and Lee Teng-hui. Under the influence of his wife,Ma Yu-ying,he became a Christian in the 1930s.
Sun Fo,courtesy name Zhesheng (哲生),was a Chinese politician and high-ranking official in the government of the Republic of China. He was the son of Sun Yat-sen,the founder of the Republic of China,and his first wife Lu Muzhen.
The Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China,commonly described as the Wang Jingwei regime,was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in eastern China. It existed coterminous with the Nationalist government of the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek,which was fighting Japan alongside the other Allies of World War II. The country functioned as a dictatorship under Wang Jingwei,formerly a high-ranking official of the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT). The region it administered was initially seized by Japan during the late 1930s at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The January 28 incident or Shanghai incident was a conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. It took place in the Shanghai International Settlement which was under international control. Japanese army officers,defying higher authorities,had provoked anti-Japanese demonstrations in the International Settlement following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. On January 18th,five Japanese Buddhists in Shanghai belonging to the Nichiren sect allegedly shouted anti-Chinese,pro-Japanese nationalist slogans in Shanghai. In response,a Chinese mob formed killing one monk and injuring two. In response,the Japanese in Shanghai rioted and burned down a factory,killing two Chinese. Heavy fighting broke out,and China appealed to the League of Nations. A truce was finally reached on May 5,calling for Japanese military withdrawal,and an end to Chinese boycotts of Japanese products. It is seen as the first example of a modern war waged in a large city between two heavily equipped armies and as a preview of what was to come during the Second World War.
The Reformed Government of the Republic of China was a Chinese puppet state created by Japan that existed from 1938 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regime had little authority or popular support,nor did it receive international recognition even from Japan itself,lasting only two years before it was merged with the Provisional Government into the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei. Due to the extensive powers of the Japanese advisors within the government and its own limited powers,the Reformed Government was not much more than an arm of the Japanese military administration.
The He-Umezu Agreement was a secret agreement between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China that was concluded on 10 June 1935,two years prior to the outbreak of general hostilities during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Yin Ju-keng;was a politician in the early Republic of China,later noted for his role as chairman in the Japanese-controlled East Hebei Autonomous Government and subsequent puppet regimes,such as the Wang Jingwei regime,during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Liang Hongzhi;was a leading official in the Anhui clique of the Beiyang Government,later noted for his role as in the collaborationist Reformed Government of the Republic of China during World War II.
Ma Zhanshan was a Chinese general famous for resisting the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Ma was placed in charge of the Northeastern Army in Heilongjiang Province during the invasion and ignored orders from the central government not to resist the Japanese. He became a national hero in China by fighting the unsuccessful but highly symbolic Jiangqiao campaign against the Kwantung Army's advance into Heilongjiang. After his defeat,he feigned defection to the Japanese and was appointed Minister of War in the new Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. He then joined and took command of the guerrilla campaign against Japanese occupation,taking with him large amounts of supplies,funds,and military intelligence. Ma Zhanshan rejoined the Northeastern Army after the guerilla movement was largely defeated. He continued to oppose Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and supported the Xi'an Incident that forced Chiang to form the Second United Front with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He commanded several units in the National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War while covertly cooperating with the CCP. Ma avoided direct participation in the postwar Chinese Civil War and eventually defected to the Communists,dying a year later in 1950.
Chen Gongbo was a Chinese politician,noted for his role as the second and final president of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China,a puppet state of Japan.
The historical Kuomintang socialist ideology is a form of socialist thought developed in mainland China during the early Republic of China. The Tongmenghui revolutionary organization led by Sun Yat-sen was the first to promote socialism in China.
The National Bureau of Investigation and Statistics,commonly known as Juntong,was the military intelligence agency of the Republic of China before 1946. It was devoted to intelligence gathering and covert spying operation for purposes of national security and defense. It was originally headed by Dai Li,and after 1946 he was succeeded by Mao Renfeng. This bureau was largely superseded by the Military Intelligence Bureau under the Ministry of National Defense in Taiwan.
Li Jishen or Li Chi-shen was a Chinese military officer and politician,general of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China,Vice President of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954),Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress (1954–1959),Vice Chairman the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (1949–1959) and founder and first Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang (1948–1959).
Xu Qian or George Hsu was a Chinese politician and jurist. He made important contribution to the judicial system of modern China.
Gao Zongwu was a Chinese diplomat in the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He was best known for playing a key role in negotiations between China and Japan from 1937 to 1940 that initially intended to bring about a peace agreement between them,but which led to the defection of prominent statesman Wang Jingwei and the establishment of the pro-Japanese collaborationist Reorganized National Government of China. Disillusioned with the harsh terms imposed on the collaborationist regime by the Japanese,he released the full documents of the outline of the Basic Treaty that Japan demanded as the basis of its relations with the new regime,which was a major propaganda coup for Chiang Kai-shek and a blow for Wang's fledgling government that had just been exposed as just another puppet state. Gao had originally been slated to serve as the vice foreign minister of the Wang Jingwei regime before his defection back to Chiang in January 1940.
Chiangism,also known as the Political Philosophy of Chiang Kai-shek,or Chiang Kai-shek Thought,is the political philosophy of President Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek,who used it during his rule in China under the Kuomintang on both the mainland and Taiwan. It is a right-wing authoritarian nationalist ideology based on mostly Tridemist principles mixed with Confucianism. It was primarily practiced as part of the New Life Movement,as well as the Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement. It is influenced by other political ideologies,including socialism,fascism,party-state capitalism,paternalistic conservatism,as well as Chiang's Methodist Christian beliefs.
