Manchuria is a term that refers to a region in northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day northeast China,and historically parts of the modern-day Russian Far East,often referred to as Outer Manchuria. Its definition may refer to varying geographical extents as follows:in the narrow sense,the area constituted by three Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang,Jilin,and Liaoning but broadly also including the eastern Inner Mongolian prefectures of Hulunbuir,Hinggan,Tongliao,and Chifeng,collectively known as Northeast China;in a broader sense,the area of historical Manchuria includes the aforementioned regions plus the Amur river basin,parts of which were ceded to the Russian Empire by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty during the Amur Annexation of 1858–1860. The parts of Manchuria ceded to Russia are collectively known as Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria,which include present-day Amur Oblast,Primorsky Krai,the Jewish Autonomous Oblast,the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai,and the eastern edge of Zabaykalsky Krai.
China proper,also called Inner China,are terms used primarily in the West in reference to the traditional "core" regions of China centered in the southeast. The term was first used by Westerners during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty to describe the distinction between the historical "Han lands" (漢地)—i.e. regions long dominated by the majority Han population—and the "frontier" regions of China where more non-Han ethnic groups and new foreign immigrants reside,sometimes known as "Outer China". There is no fixed extent for China proper,as many administrative,cultural,and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history. One definition refers to the original area of Chinese civilization,the Central Plain;another to the Eighteen Provinces of the Qing dynasty. There was no direct translation for "China proper" in the Chinese language at the time due to differences in terminology used by the Qing to refer to the regions. Even to today,the expression is controversial among scholars,particularly in mainland China,due to issues pertaining to contemporary territorial claim and ethnic politics.
Inner Mongolia,officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,is an autonomous region of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a small section of China's border with Russia. Its capital is Hohhot;other major cities include Baotou,Chifeng,Tongliao,and Ordos.
The Hui people are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam. They are distributed throughout China,mainly in the northwestern provinces and in the Zhongyuan region. According to the 2010 census,China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people. Outside China,the 170,000 Dungan people of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan,the Panthays in Myanmar,and many of the Chin Haws in Thailand are also considered part of the Hui ethnicity.
The Manchus are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and Qing (1636–1912) dynasties of China were established and ruled by the Manchus,who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in northern China. Manchus form the largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China,forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country. They are found in 31 Chinese provincial regions. Among them,Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei,Heilongjiang,Jilin,Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents. About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei. There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China,such as Xinbin,Xiuyan,Qinglong,Fengning,Yitong,Qingyuan,Weichang,Kuancheng,Benxi,Kuandian,Huanren,Fengcheng,Beizhen and over 300 Manchu towns and townships. Manchus are the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region.
The Eight Banners were administrative and military divisions under the Later Jin and Qing dynasties of China into which all Manchu households were placed. In war,the Eight Banners functioned as armies,but the banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society. Created in the early 17th century by Nurhaci,the banner armies played an instrumental role in his unification of the fragmented Jurchen people and in the Qing dynasty's conquest of the Ming dynasty.
The Dongxiang are a Mongolic people and one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Half of the population live in Dongxiang Autonomous County,Linxia Prefecture,Gansu Province,China. The rest are divided over Hezheng County,Linxia City,Lanzhou,Dingxi and Ningxia. According to the 2010 census,their population numbers 621,500,although research has found that the number is inflated due to Hui identifying themselves as Dongxiang for the census,in order to benefit from minority policies.
The Salar people are a Turkic ethnic minority in China who speak Salar,a Turkic language of the Oghuz sub-branch. They numbered 165,159 people in 2020,according to that year's national census.
The House of Aisin-Gioro is a Manchu clan that ruled the Later Jin dynasty (1616–1636),the Qing dynasty (1636–1912),and Manchukuo (1932–1945) in the history of China. Under the Ming dynasty,members of the Aisin Gioro clan served as chiefs of the Jianzhou Jurchens,one of the three major Jurchen tribes at this time. Qing bannermen passed through the gates of the Great Wall in 1644,and eventually conquered the short-lived Shun dynasty,Xi dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty. After gaining total control of China proper,the Qing dynasty later expanded into other adjacent regions,including Xinjiang,Tibet,Outer Mongolia,and Taiwan. The dynasty reached its zenith during the High Qing era and under the Qianlong Emperor,who reigned from 1735 to 1796. This reign was followed by a century of gradual decline.
The Green Standard Army was the name of a category of military units under the control of Qing dynasty in China. It was made up mostly of ethnic Han soldiers and operated concurrently with the Manchu-Mongol-Han Eight Banner armies. In areas with a high concentration of Hui people,Muslims served as soldiers in the Green Standard Army. After the Qing consolidated control over China,the Green Standard Army was primarily used as a police force.
The Plain White Banner was one of the Eight Banners of Manchu military and society during the Later Jin and Qing dynasty of China. It was one of the three "upper" banners directly controlled by the emperor,as opposed to the other five "lower" banners. The Hoise Niru was a military unit associated with the Plain White Banner.
During the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912),Islam was a significant religion in Northwestern China and Yunnan. There were five major Muslim rebellions during the Qing period. The first and last rebellions were caused by sectarian infighting between rival Sufi Muslim orders.
Mongolia under Qing rule was the rule of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China over the Mongolian Plateau,including the four Outer Mongolian aimags and the six Inner Mongolian aimags from the 17th century to the end of the dynasty. The term "Mongolia" is used here in the broader historical sense,and includes an area much larger than the modern-day state of Mongolia. By the early 1630s Ligdan Khan saw much of his power weakened due to the disunity of the Mongol tribes. He was subsequently defeated by the Later Jin dynasty and died soon afterwards. His son Ejei handed the Yuan imperial seal over to Hong Taiji in 1635,thus ending the rule of the Northern Yuan dynasty in Inner Mongolia. However,the Khalkha Mongols in Outer Mongolia continued to rule until they were overrun by the Dzungar Khanate in 1690,and they submitted to the Qing dynasty in 1691.
De-Sinicization is a process of eliminating or reducing Han Chinese cultural elements,identity,or consciousness from a society or nation. In modern contexts,it is often contrasted with the assimilation process of Sinicization.
Anti-Qing sentiment refers to a sentiment principally held in China against the rule of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912),which was criticized by opponents as being "barbaric". The Qing was accused of destroying traditional Han culture by enforcing policies such as forcing Han to wear their hair in a queue in the Manchu style. It was blamed for suppressing Chinese science,causing China to be transformed from the world's premiere power to a poor,backwards nation. The people of the Eight Banners lived off government pensions unlike the general Han civilian population.
The Dzungar people are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically,they were one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation. They were also known as the Eleuths or Ööled,from the Qing dynasty euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar",and as the "Kalmyks". In 2010,15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in Mongolia. An unknown number also live in China,Russia and Kazakhstan.
The flag of the Qing dynasty was an emblem adopted in the late 19th century (1889) featuring the Azure Dragon on a plain yellow field with the red flaming pearl in the upper left corner. It became the first national flag of China and is usually referred to as the "Yellow Dragon Flag".
Manchurian nationalism or Manchu nationalism refers to the ethnic nationalism of the Manchu people or the territorial nationalism of the inhabitants of Manchuria,regardless of ethnic origin.
Five Races Under One Union was used as a national motto in Manchukuo,for the five ethnic groups of the Manchus,the Japanese,the Han Chinese,the Mongols and the Koreans. It was similar to the "Five Races Under One Union" motto used by the Republic of China,for the Han,Manchus,Hui,Mongols and Tibetans,but the third of the four Chinese characters was changed from Togetherness (共) to Cooperation (協). Both mottoes were pronounced the same "Go zoku kyōwa" in Japanese.
Anti-Mongolianism,also called anti-Mongolian sentiment,has been prevalent throughout history,often perceiving the Mongols to be barbaric and uncivilized people with a lack of intelligence or civilized culture.
