The Qing dynasty,officially the Great Qing,was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty,proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636,seized control of Beijing in 1644,which is considered the start of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty lasted until the Xinhai Revolution of October 1911 led to the abdication of the last emperor,February 12,1912. In Chinese historiography,the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With over 426 million citizens in 1907,it was the most populous country in the world at the time.
China proper,also called Inner China,are terms used primarily in the West in reference to the traditional "core" regions of China centered in the southeast. The term was first used by Westerners during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty to describe the distinction between the historical "Han lands" (漢地)—i.e. regions long dominated by the majority Han population—and the "frontier" regions of China where more non-Han ethnic groups and new foreign immigrants reside,sometimes known as "Outer China". There is no fixed extent for China proper,as many administrative,cultural,and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history. One definition refers to the original area of Chinese civilization,the Central Plain;another to the Eighteen Provinces of the Qing dynasty. There was no direct translation for "China proper" in the Chinese language at the time due to differences in terminology used by the Qing to refer to the regions. Even to today,the expression is controversial among scholars,particularly in mainland China,due to issues pertaining to contemporary territorial claim and ethnic politics.
Inner Mongolia,officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a small section of China's border with Russia. Its capital is Hohhot;other major cities include Baotou,Chifeng,Tongliao,and Ordos.
The Manchus are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and Qing (1636–1912) dynasties of China were established and ruled by the Manchus,who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in northern China. Manchus form the largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China,forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country. They are found in 31 Chinese provincial regions. Among them,Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei,Heilongjiang,Jilin,Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents. About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei. There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China,such as Xinbin,Xiuyan,Qinglong,Fengning,Yitong,Qingyuan,Weichang,Kuancheng,Benxi,Kuandian,Huanren,Fengcheng,Beizhen and over 300 Manchu towns and townships. Manchus are the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region.
Sinicization,sinofication,sinification,or sinonization is the process by which non-Chinese societies or groups are acculturated or assimilated into Chinese culture,particularly the language,societal norms,culture,and ethnic identity of the Han Chinese—the largest ethnic group of China.
Qinghai is an inland province in Northwestern China. It is the largest province of China by area and has the third smallest population. Its capital and largest city is Xining.
The Eight Banners were administrative and military divisions under the Later Jin and Qing dynasties of China into which all Manchu households were placed. In war,the Eight Banners functioned as armies,but the banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society. Created in the early 17th century by Nurhaci,the banner armies played an instrumental role in his unification of the fragmented Jurchen people and in the Qing dynasty's conquest of the Ming dynasty.
The Qianlong Emperor,also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing,personal name Hongli,was the sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned officially from 1735 until his abdication in 1796,but retained ultimate power subsequently until his death in 1799,making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in history as well as one of the longest-lived.
The Plain White Banner was one of the Eight Banners of Manchu military and society during the Later Jin and Qing dynasty of China. It was one of the three "upper" banners directly controlled by the emperor,as opposed to the other five "lower" banners. The Hoise Niru was a military unit associated with the Plain White Banner.
During the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912),Islam was a significant religion in Northwestern China and Yunnan. There were five major Muslim rebellions during the Qing period. The first and last rebellions were caused by sectarian infighting between rival Sufi Muslim orders.
Mongolia under Qing rule was the rule of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China over the Mongolian Plateau,including the four Outer Mongolian aimags and the six Inner Mongolian aimags from the 17th century to the end of the dynasty. The term "Mongolia" is used here in the broader historical sense,and includes an area much larger than the modern-day state of Mongolia. By the early 1630s Ligdan Khan saw much of his power weakened due to the disunity of the Mongol tribes. He was subsequently defeated by the Later Jin dynasty and died soon afterwards. His son Ejei handed the Yuan imperial seal over to Hong Taiji in 1635,thus ending the rule of the Northern Yuan dynasty in Inner Mongolia. However,the Khalkha Mongols in Outer Mongolia continued to rule until they were overrun by the Dzungar Khanate in 1690,and they submitted to the Qing dynasty in 1691.
De-Sinicization is a process of eliminating or reducing Han Chinese cultural elements,identity,or consciousness from a society or nation. In modern contexts,it is often contrasted with the assimilation process of Sinicization.
Anti-Qing sentiment refers to a sentiment principally held in China against the rule of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912),which was criticized by opponents as being "barbaric". The Qing was accused of destroying traditional Han culture by enforcing policies such as forcing Han to wear their hair in a queue in the Manchu style. It was blamed for suppressing Chinese science,causing China to be transformed from the world's premiere power to a poor,backwards nation. The people of the Eight Banners lived off government pensions unlike the general Han civilian population.
The Dzungar people are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically,they were one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation. They were also known as the Eleuths or Ööled,from the Qing dynasty euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar",and as the "Kalmyks". In 2010,15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in Mongolia. An unknown number also live in China,Russia and Kazakhstan.
Zhonghua minzu is a political term in modern Chinese nationalism related to the concepts of nation-building,ethnicity,and race in the Chinese nationality.
The flag of the Qing dynasty was an emblem adopted in the late 19th century (1889) featuring the Azure Dragon on a plain yellow field with the red flaming pearl in the upper left corner. It became the first national flag of China and is usually referred to as the "Yellow Dragon Flag".
Manchurian nationalism or Manchu nationalism refers to the ethnic nationalism of the Manchu people or the territorial nationalism of the inhabitants of Manchuria,regardless of ethnic origin.
Five Races Under One Union was used as a national motto in Manchukuo,for the five ethnic groups of the Manchus,the Japanese,the Han Chinese,the Mongols and the Koreans. It was similar to the "Five Races Under One Union" motto used by the Republic of China,for the Han,Manchus,Hui,Mongols and Tibetans,but the third of the four Chinese characters was changed from Togetherness (共) to Cooperation (協). Both mottoes were pronounced the same "Go zoku kyōwa" in Japanese.
Anti-Mongolianism,also called anti-Mongolian sentiment,has been prevalent throughout history,often perceiving the Mongols to be barbaric and uncivilized people with a lack of intelligence or civilized culture.
The Qing dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Qing dynasty's realm in Inner Asia in the 17th and the 18th century AD,including both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia,both Manchuria and Outer Manchuria,Tibet,Qinghai and Xinjiang.
