Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany

Although spared from genocide, Chinese people in Germany were subject to large-scale and systematic persecution in Nazi Germany. Many Chinese nationals were forced to leave the country due to increased government surveillance and coercion. After the start of World War II and the subsequent collapse of Sino-German cooperation, the Gestapo launched mass arrests of Chinese Germans and Chinese nationals across Germany and sent many to labour camps.

History

Until the end of the Cold War, few Chinese lived in Germany, as compared to immigrants from other nations, and their influence on German society was limited. Nevertheless, in Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin, Chinese communities formed. Most of the Chinese who immigrated to Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries were sailors from Guangdong and Zhejiang. These sailors generally went on leave upon docking in German ports; in time, Chinese communities developed there. The Chinatown in the St. Pauli quarter of Hamburg (around Schmuckstrasse), Chinesenviertel, eventually became the largest Chinese community in Germany. By the time the Chinese consulate was established in Hamburg in 1921, more than 2,000 Chinese persons resided in Germany; professional sailors aside, the vast majority were in the catering and entertainment industries, as proprietors of Chinese restaurants, bars, cafes and dance halls. Illegal establishments included opium dens and casinos and weapon smuggling.

Starting in the 1920s, university graduates of Chinese origin emerged in Berlin, and most of them adhered to a radical left-wing ideology. Zhu De, Liao Chengzhi and Zhou Enlai and others later became prominent leaders of the Chinese Communist Party. Others joined the Communist Party of Germany, and founded a saloon called "Circle for the Chinese language". ^[1]

Initial persecutions

A memorial plaque on Schmuckstraße in Hamburg provides a brief history of the Chinese quarters in St. Pauli and its destruction by the Gestapo in 1944.

In Mein Kampf , Hitler expressed his contempt for the Chinese:

What they mostly meant by Germanization was a process of forcing other people to speak the German language. But it is almost inconceivable how such a mistake could be made as to think that a Negro or a Chinaman will become a German because he has learned the German language and is willing to speak German for the future, and even to cast his vote for a German political party. ^[2]

Initially the everyday life of Chinese people in Germany was unaffected by the Nazi government due to Germany's needs cheap raw materials from the Republic of China.

Later, Chinese people in Germany, some of whom adhered to a right-wing ideology, were targeted for persecution or ethnic cleansing by the Nazi government. Although most of them were not politically active, the government conducted surveillance on them. Under these circumstances, life became increasingly difficult for Chinese civilians in Germany. Beginning in 1936, Gestapo, local police and custom officers enforced unethical regulations in Hamburg's Chinatown. On January 25, 1938, the Center for Chinese (Zentralstelle für Chinesen) was founded under the control of Reinhard Heydrich, which was dedicated to controlling the size of the Chinese population. ^[3]

Most members of Germany's Chinese population chose to return to mainland China, but some of them chose to fight in the Spanish Civil War. According to a report composed by the Overseas Community Affairs Council, the Chinese population in Germany was reduced to 1,938 before the beginning of the Second World War. ^[1]

1934 Chinese passport issued in 1934 to a couple living in Berlin

During the war

After the Chinese government declared war on Nazi Germany following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Gestapo launched mass arrests of Chinese Germans and Chinese nationals across Germany, ^[4] concentrating them in the Arbeitserziehungslager Langer Morgen ("Langer Morgen Labor Camp") in Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg, and used them as forced labourers; many were tortured, bullied, assaulted, or worked to death by the Gestapo. ^[5]

Post-war

By the end of World War II, every Chinese restaurant in Hamburg had closed; ^[6] the pre-war Chinese communities in Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen were all destroyed, and virtually no Chinese presence remained in Germany.^{[ citation needed ]}

By the time the Republican government began housing German Chinese survivors, only 148 could be identified; most chose to return to mainland China, and only a few remained in Germany. Certain survivors applied for compensation from the authorities, but were denied, as the persecution was not a part of the Holocaust, per se.

In 2009, four students from the University of Konstanz produced a documentary, "A Strange Hometown", which told the story of Hamburg's Chinatown. It was later screened at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.

References

1. Benton, Gregor（格雷戈尔·班顿） (2007). ""德国"". 《中国移民与国际主义》. 罗德里奇. ISBN   978-0-415-41868-3.
2. Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler, Volume One - A Reckoning, Chapter XI: Nation and Race http://fs2.american.edu/dfagel/www/HitlerMeinKampf.html
3. Amenda, Lars（拉尔斯·阿梅达） (2006). 《陌生人的海港城市：中国移民及汉堡对其的态度1897-1972》. 慕尼黑: Dölling und Galitz Verlag（出版社）. ISBN   978-3-937904-36-8.
4. Gütinger, Erich (1998). ""Sketch of Chinese Communities in Germany: Past and Present"". In Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N. (eds.). The Chinese in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-312-17526-9.
5. "Gedenktafel Chinesenviertel Schmuckstraße". Wikimedia Commons. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
6. Gütinger 1998 , p. 199