Latino literature

Last updated

Latino literature is literature written by people of Latin American ancestry, often but not always in English, most notably by Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, and Dominican Americans, many of whom were born in the United States. The origin of the term "Latino literature" dates back to the 1960s, during the Chicano Movement, which was a social and political movement by Mexican Americans seeking equal rights and representation. At the time, the term "Chicano literature" was used to describe the work of Mexican-American writers. As the movement expanded, the term "Latino" came into use to encompass writers of various Latin American backgrounds, including Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and others.

Contents

Notable writers include: Elizabeth Acevedo, Julia Alvarez, Gloria Anzaldua, Rudolfo Anaya, Giannina Braschi, Julia de Burgos, Ana Castillo, Sandra Cisneros, Junot Diaz, Cristina García, Oscar Hijuelos, Judith Ortiz Cofer, Piri Thomas, Rudy Ruiz, Denise Chavez, Cherrie Moraga, Kathleen Alcalá, Carmen Maria Machado, and Edmundo Paz Soldan, among others.

The complexity of Latino literature

Latino literature is a fast growing field and it is extremely dense. A common misunderstanding about Latino Literature is that it is brand new.  Many forgotten and neglected works are being brought out and some significantly old. New writers are emerging and new archival discoveries of written and spoken works are being published. The Latino Literature field is not limited to journals, diaries, poetry, but it includes several other forms of literature. Since the Latino community is heavily diverse the work is expansive. There is not a single voice in this field but a combination of unique voices, styles, feelings, and stories. Whether the writer is from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central America or an Indigenous Latino, all the cultures contribute their own distinct perspective. The Latino's sense of independence allows for their area of literature to be in a position of constant change. [1]

Ilan Stavans the general editor of The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature [2] uses the term, "the Latino condition" when referring to the constant "state of mutation" that happens in the Latino community. Whether it is the common change of migration or something like language and or dialect, changes occur often in their community. These changes then transfers to their literature. Stavans believes that you can overall summarize Latino literature as work that expresses the act of trying to be at home somewhere that is not your origin. Within that idea is the feeling of belonging in two different places and yet still trying to identify with both. There is a constant pull in directions in the life of a Latino and that is often conveyed in their literature. Many try to define Latino literature but it is best undefined because the community has gone through many different situations over the years. Between 1537-1810 a lot of Latino's experienced colonization and between 1811-1898 some experienced invasions or annexations. However, nowadays most of their literature is thought to be only connected to their migration story but, their literature encompasses much more and will constantly evolve.

The role of anthologies

Although there is the "The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature", the general editor Ilan Stavans says that it is clearly out of date but, other editors think that Latino literature has simply changed in many ways. An anthology is meant to collect different works that are related to each other by a topic. The literary work in an anthology is meant to represent a topic that is bigger than the individual work, it is meant to add to a conversation. [3] Any anthology of Latino literature will define the topic as a whole, these anthologies have the power to shape the growth of the literature. This produces a sort of outline for what a literary piece should look like within the topic area. The literary work that is placed in an anthology is molded into a work that is now understood through the topic area. Professionals like Ilan Stavans [4] and Karen Lorraine Cresci [3] believe that original literary pieces are manipulated to adapt to the subject matter. Publishing companies play a role on what is chosen to be published within an anthology and what is not. Oftentimes they chose what will sell better. Therefore there can be absences, omissions and blurry groups within the Latino community, that are not taking part of Latino literature.

There is a complexity in Latino literature but an anthology has the power to contribute definitions to the ever changing topic. Karen Lorraine Cresci [3] does research on six different Latino literature anthologies published between 1996 and 2010. There is significant amount of time between the first and the last anthology published. All of the anthologies added something different that was not published in a previous anthology. Some anthologies published from 2010 and on have left room for other areas like fantasy, science fiction, comic books and more. That is because there is a need for a wider scope of representation for those Latinos who are a minority within their own community. Karen understands that anthologies are important for shaping Latino literature but she believes that anthologies need to be more inclusive. In Karen's point of view, yes Latino literature is ever changing but the broadness of the Latino experience and community needs to be embraced.

Indigenous Latinos in literature

In a conversation between two Latin studies professors from Vanderbilt University, Lorraine Lopez [5] mentions how Latino literature is extremely diverse, however the freedom to explore as a Latino writer has just recently been allowed. Lorraine says that her role as a writer is to take into account all the specific details of culture and language. If the same assumptions and stereotypes are made in each literary work then there are no advancements. By developing characters that are constantly evolving and adapting to the changes that are occurring around, the writer is allowing the readers to connect to the literary piece. Latino literature as a genre has evolved and with every new generation of writers comes a new set of complex themes that need to be unraveled. Themes about personal and collective identity, challenges of living between cultures, intersectionality and more. All themes have to keep making progress and advance in a way that the generation before did not.

Since previously there has been a lack of freedom in writing and publishing literary pieces that do not follow the line of Latino tradition, there has been a group that has been overlooked in the Latino community. The Indigenous community has often been rejected from within the Latino community. The Indigenous Latinos also have been affected by issues colonialism, migration, race and more, but there is little insight on Latino Indigeneity. Aside from the fact that there are Indigenous people that are in fact Latino, they also share struggles with the general group. The Indigenous group is often neglected in the physical world but also in the literary world as there are not many literary pieces within the topic area of Latino literature. Indigenous Latinos have plenty of languages, cultures practices and indigenous sovereignty to share within the literary world. As part of the advancement of Latino literature there needs to a light shed on the indigenous histories and experiences, this will allow for the topic to become more complex and continue to be ever changing. [6]

Rise of Latino literature in American academies

A major development in late-20th-century American literature was the proliferation of writing by and about Latinos. [7] The literary mixing of US and Spanish American culture, history, and social concerns is intensified by the inception of Latino literature written in English in the second half of the 20th century, in which authors such as Cristina García, Julia Álvarez, Gloria Anzaldúa, Oscar Hijuelos, Piri Thomas, Pedro Pietri, Miguel Piñero, and, of course, the aforementioned Díaz and Alarcón all begin to write texts that speak to Latino experience both in the United States and abroad in Latin America and the Caribbean. [8] This coincided with the Civil Rights Movement and its related ethnic pride movements; these led to the formation of Ethnic Studies and Latino Studies programs in major American universities. [7] Latino Studies stemmed from the development of Chicano Studies and Puerto Rican Studies programs in response to demands articulated by student movements in the late 1960s. Such programs were established, alongside other new areas of literary study as women's literature, gay and lesbian literature, postcolonial literature, Third World Feminism, and the rise of literary theory. Many works dramatize social justice issues that disproportionally impact Latino communities, such as discrimination, racism, harassment, incarceration, border and immigration issues. [9] There is a plethora of scholarship about Latino people in a range of fields, including literature, theater, popular culture, religion, Spanglish linguistics, politics, and urban planning. Latino literature explores American identity and addresses various controversial topics such as immigration, the US-Mexico border, Spanglish, Latino LGBTQ sexuality, and the dual consciousness experienced by Latino minorities. [9] By delving into these issues, Latino literature enriches the American literary canon and promotes understanding and empathy towards the experiences of Latino communities in the United States.

Prominent writers

Latina

In the 1990s, Sandra Cisneros and Julia Alvarez helped blaze the trail for Latina authors with novels such as In the Time of the Butterflies , The House on Mango Street , and How the García Girls Lost Their Accents , winning praise from critics and gracing best-seller lists across the Americas. [10] Precursors of Latino philosophy and Third World Feminisms are Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldua, best known for their collaboration of groundbreaking feminist anthology This Bridge Called My Back. [11]

Chicano

Groundbreaking Chicana books that are still widely studied include: The Last of the Menu Girls (Denise Chavez), Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (Gloria Anzaldúa), and So Far from God (Ana Castillo). Other Chicana/o writers of note are Jimmy Santiago Baca, Lorna Dee Cervantes, and Leroy V. Quintana.

Puerto Rican

Celebrated Puerto Rican novels include Piri Thomas's Down These Mean Streets [12] and Giannina Braschi's Yo-Yo Boing! and her geopolitical comic tragedy in English about the liberation of Puerto Rico, United States of Banana. [13] [14] Other novels of note are Rosario Ferré's Eccentric Neighborhoods, Luis Rafael Sanchez's Macho Camacho's Beat, and Richie Narvaez's Hipster Death Rattle. [15] Puerto Rico and its diaspora have also produced important playwrights such as René Marqués, Luis Rafael Sánchez, José Rivera, and Lin-Manuel Miranda, and poets such as Julia de Burgos, Miguel Algarin, Giannina Braschi, and Pedro Pietri, as well as various members of the Nuyorican Poets Café. [16]

Latino writer

The definition of “Latino writer” used here is the same as that developed by William Luis in his study of Latino Caribbean Literature, Dance Between Two Cultures (1997). Luis’s definition is predicated on distinguishing Hispanic writers—“who were raised and educated in their native countries and later emigrated or were forced to flee to the United States,” and who write, “mostly about themes pertaining to their island of provenance”—from Latino writers—“who were born and raised in the United States and who for the most part write in English” (xi). Debate exists amongst the scholarly community as to whether or not to adopt the term “Latino as a more inclusive, non-gendered way of making reference to what has been previously referred to as “Latino” cultural production. As no term has yet been standardized in academic publications, and given that this article does not explicitly refer to queer Latino authors, I will maintain Luis’ terminology throughout the essay, while reminding the reader that the term “Latino literature” is intended here to be absolutely inclusive, referring the work of male, female, and queer authors who do not identify within a binary gender classification system." [8]

Dominican-American

Dominican-American author Junot Díaz, received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his 2007 novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao , which tells the story of an overweight Dominican boy growing up as a social outcast in New Jersey. Another Dominican author, Julia Alvarez, is well known for How the García Girls Lost Their Accents and In the Time of the Butterflies . [15]

Cuban

Prominent Cuban-American works include Roberto G. Fernandez’ Raining Backwards (1988), Cristina Garcia’s Dreaming in Cuban (1992), and Oscar Hijuelos’ The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love (1989); and their colleagues in poetry Ana Menéndez, Richard Blanco, and Rafael Campo. [17] Latino philosophers from Cuba who write about the intersection of literature and philosophy include Jorge J. E. Gracia, Ofelia Schutte, Rolando Perez, and Gustavo Perez Firmat. [18]

Poetry

Framing: jíbaro poetry and the prologue The poem Santiago chooses to frame her narrative is “Claroscuro,” by Luis Lloréns Torres, an appropriate choice since he is considered Puerto Rico’s national poet. 9 El bohío de la loma, Bajo sus alas de paja, Siente el frescor mañanero Y abre sus ojos al alba. (xiii) [19]

Borderland cultures

"As a zone of interpenetration between two previously distinct peoples.” However, partly because of a “stigma” attached to the term frontier (the backlash against the Turner Thesis), historians have suggested alternatives such as the “contact zone,” or Richard White’s “Middle Space.”1 Borderlands has come to be favored by many anthropologists over frontiers because it suggests a series of “contested boundaries” which “define a geopolitical space,” as Bradley Parker puts it (2006: 80). Literary critics have also found the concept useful to analyze a body of literature that transgresses binary divisions between nations, languages, and cultures.The concept of borderland cultures, in a North American context, has most often been applied to the “contact zone” between the U.S. and Mexico. But this concept is being applied to similar processes going on in other borderlands around the world. Although borderlands are not new historically (Bradley 2006), they are one pronounced type of the contemporary transnational flows which have created the multi-centered identities so typical of the era of globalization." [19]

Coming-of-age stories

In recent years, a new wave of writers has emerged in the genre of Latino coming-of-age novels, exploring the experiences of young female protagonists as they navigate the challenges of school and biculturalism. Some notable works in this category include "I Am Not Your Perfect Mexican Daughter" by Erika L. Sánchez (2017) and "The Poet X" by Elizabeth Acevedo (2018), both of which have garnered critical acclaim and captured the attention of readers from diverse backgrounds. [20]

For young readers in middle school, The Other Half of Happy by Rebecca Balcárcel tells a coming of age story, one of a young girl's longing to return to her father's homeland of Guatemala. [21] Daniel Alarcón’s At Night We Walk in Circles offer up political satire, such as the plot of an aspiring young actor living in a war-torn, unnamed South American, who lands a role in a farcical play “The Idiot President” and takes the role too seriously. [22] In stark contrast are the autobiographically inspired adult fiction titles such as Lina Meruane's Seeing Red, about the fear of going blind and having to depend on a lover. This is How You Loose Her by Junot Diaz (2012) [23] a young student is inappropriately involved in a sexual relationship with an older women. "Bless Me, Ultima" is a renowned Chicano novel written by Rudolfo Anaya, which is commonly included in the curriculum of middle and high schools across America. The novel takes place in rural New Mexico during the 1940s, and it portrays the curandera (spiritual healing) practices of the area, including the collection of healing herbs. [24] The story revolves around a young boy who finds himself grappling with cultural, religious, and ethical conflicts within his community of farmers, priests, cowboys, and soldiers.These conflicting elements of his society shape his personal growth and development as he comes of age. [24]

Emergence of Authors from Central America

As the population of Central Americans in the United States grew in the 21st century, there was also a noticeable increase in literary contributions from authors of that region. One of the key examples of this was the publication of "Latino Boom: An Anthology of U.S. Latino Literature", which was the first anthology of its kind to provide both scholarly and pedagogical resources. This influential work was co-edited by John S. Christie and Jose B. Gonzalez, a Salvadoran-American author. [25] Salvadoran-American poets such as William Archila, Claudia Castro Luna, [26] Jose B. Gonzalez, Leticia Hernandez Linares, [27] and Javier Zamora published poetry collections that reflected on the Salvadoran Civil War and their own migrations. Leticia Hernandez also co-edited, along with Ruben Martinez and Hector Tobar, The Wandering Song: Central American Writing in the United States, [28] the first major collection of Central American writing in the U.S.

Other notable authors who have family roots in Central America include: Nicaraguan-American Francisco Aragon; Guatemalan-American, Francisco Goldman; Panamanian-American Author, Christina Henriquez; [29] Costa Rican-American poet, Ruben Quesada; and the Honduran-American poet, Roy G. Guzman.

Latino speculative fiction and fantasy

The genres of Latino speculative fiction, science fiction, and fantasy are rapidly expanding, with an increasing number of works being produced in these areas. This growth has led to a surge in the production of Latino comic books and graphic novels, as highlighted in "Latinx Rising," the first anthology of science fiction and fantasy by Latinos living in the United States. This development is significant for both the literary and cultural worlds, as it expands the representation of Latino voices in popular genres and provides new avenues for creative expression. [30] Edited by Matthew David Goodwin and with an introduction by Frederick Luis Aldama, the anthology features a range of speculative and fantasy fiction (i.e., ghosts, aliens, superheroes, robots, talking sardines) written by Junot Diaz, Giannina Braschi, Kathleen Alcalá, Richie Narvaez, Carmen Maria Machado, Ana Castillo, Edmundo Paz Soldan, and emerging Latino short story authors such as Ernest Hogan and Sabrina Vourvoulias. [31] [32]

Latino speculative, fantasy, and weird fiction bring humor to fantastical, futuristic, comedic, and stark political subjects, offering readers strange new concepts such as: Los cosmos azteca, shape shifting robots, pre-Columbian holobooks, talking sardines, and patron saints that are cybernetically wired. [30] Cultural theorist Christopher Gonzalez argues that Latino fantasy writing provides necessary excursions into the realm of impossible in order for writers and readers to cope with 21st-century realities. [33] Latino authors write about interconnected social justice, familial, and psychological issues (i.e., colonialism, migration, racism, mass incarceration, and misogyny).

Carmen Maria Machado, author of Her Body and Other Parties, blends gothic romance, fantasy, and horror when dealing with misogyny. [34] Giannina Braschi conjures, in United States of Banana, a bizarre cast of characters including things, creatures, and people (i.e., Cockroach, Exterminator, Reptiles, Lady Liberty, Fidel Castro, Hu Jintao, Barack Obama, Hamlet, Zarathustra, Pablo Neruda, and Rubén Darío). [35] In dealing with issues of Puerto Rican sovereignty and debt, Braschi's work projects about what might happen if the United States sold Puerto Rico to China as debt relief. [30] [13] Pulitzer Prize winner Junot Diaz, author of Drown and the short fantasy story "Monstro", has noted that colonialism's roots in Caribbean culture involve fantasy, sci-fi, zombies, monsters, and aliens. [30] [36] Similarly, the short story "Room for Rent," by Puerto Rican author Richie Narvaez, in which the arrival of extraterrestrials is likened to the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean, "evokes a dialogue between past and present colonial scenarios." [37] Mexican-American author Rudy Ruiz has written dystopian sci-fi and magical realism works addressing social issues related to immigration, borders, social justice and machismo. [38]

Further reading

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanglish</span> Hybrid language of Spanish and English

Spanglish is any language variety that results from conversationally combining Spanish and English. The term is mostly used in the United States and refers to a blend of the words and grammar of the two languages. More narrowly, Spanglish can specifically mean a variety of Spanish with heavy use of English loanwords.

Dr. Luis Rafael Sánchez, a.k.a. "Wico" Sánchez is a Puerto Rican essayist, novelist, and short-story author who is widely considered one of the island's most outstanding contemporary playwrights. Possibly his best known play is La Pasión según Antígona Pérez, a tragedy based on the life of Olga Viscal Garriga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puerto Rican literature</span> From oral story telling to its present-day

Puerto Rican literature is the body of literature produced by writers of Puerto Rican descent. It evolved from the art of oral storytelling. Written works by the indigenous inhabitants of Puerto Rico were originally prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pedro Pietri</span> Puerto Rican writer (1944–2004)

Pedro Pietri was a Puerto Rican poet and playwright and one of the co-founders of the Nuyorican Movement. He was considered by some as the poet laureate of the Nuyorican Movement.

Caribbean literature is the literature of the various territories of the Caribbean region. Literature in English from the former British West Indies may be referred to as Anglo-Caribbean or, in historical contexts, as West Indian literature. Most of these territories have become independent nations since the 1960s, though some retain colonial ties to the United Kingdom. They share, apart from the English language, a number of political, cultural, and social ties which make it useful to consider their literary output in a single category. Note that other non-independent islands may include the Caribbean unincorporated territories of the United States, however literature from this region has not yet been studied as a separate category and is independent from West Indian literature. The more wide-ranging term "Caribbean literature" generally refers to the literature of all Caribbean territories regardless of language—whether written in English, Spanish, French, Hindustani, or Dutch, or one of numerous creoles.

Latin American poetry is the poetry written by Latin American authors. Latin American poetry is often written in Spanish, but is also composed in Portuguese, Mapuche, Nahuatl, Quechua, Mazatec, Zapotec, Ladino, English, and Spanglish. The unification of Indigenous and imperial cultures produced a unique and extraordinary body of literature in this region. Later with the introduction of African slaves to the new world, African traditions greatly influenced Latin American poetry. Many great works of poetry were written in the colonial and pre-colonial time periods, but it was in the 1960s that the world began to notice the poetry of Latin America. Through the modernismo movement, and the international success of Latin American authors, poetry from this region became increasingly influential.

Latino poetry is a branch of American poetry written by poets born or living in the United States who are of Latin American origin or descent and whose roots are tied to the Americas and their languages, cultures, and geography.

Frederick Luis Aldama is an American author, editor, and academic. He is the Jacob & Frances Sanger Mossiker Chair in the Humanities and founder and director of the Latinx Pop Lab at the University of Texas, Austin. At UT Austin is also affiliate faculty in Latino Media Arts & Studies and LGBTQ Studies. He continues to hold the title Distinguished University Professor as adjunct professor at The Ohio State University. He teaches courses on Latino pop culture, especially focused on the areas of comics, TV, film, animation, and video games in the departments of English and Radio-Television-Film at UT Austin. At the Ohio State University he was Distinguished University Professor, Arts & Humanities Distinguished Professor of English, University Distinguished Scholar, and Alumni Distinguished Teacher as well as recipient of the Rodica C. Botoman Award for Distinguished Teaching and Mentoring and the Susan M. Hartmann Mentoring and Leadership Award. He was also founder and director of the award-winning LASER/Latinx Space for Enrichment Research and founder and co-director of the Humanities & Cognitive Sciences High School Summer Institute. In has been inducted into the National Academy of Teachers, National Cartoonist Society, the Texas Institute of Letters, the Ohio State University's Office of Diversity & Inclusion Hall of Fame, and as board of directors for The Academy of American Poets. He sits on the boards for American Library Association Graphic Novel and Comics Round Table, BreakBread Literacy Project, and Ad Astra Media. He is founder and director of UT Austin's BIPOC POP: Comics, Gaming & Animation Arts Expo & Symposium as well as Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Latinx Pop Magazine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Latin American literature</span> Oral and written tradition

Latin American literature consists of the oral and written literature of Latin America in several languages, particularly in Spanish, Portuguese, and the indigenous languages of Latin America. It rose to particular prominence globally during the second half of the 20th century, largely due to the international success of the style known as magical realism. As such, the region's literature is often associated solely with this style, with the 20th century literary movement known as Latin American Boom, and with its most famous exponent, Gabriel García Márquez. Latin American literature has a rich and complex tradition of literary production that dates back many centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ilan Stavans</span> American writer and academic

Ilan Stavans is an American writer and academic. He writes and speaks on American, Hispanic, and Jewish cultures. He is the author of Quixote (2015) and a contributor to the Norton Anthology of Latino Literature (2010). He was the host of the syndicated PBS show Conversations with Ilan Stavans, which ran from 2001 to 2006.

McOndo is a Latin American literary movement that breaks with the magical realism mode of narration, and counters it with languages borrowed from mass media. The literature of McOndo presents urban Latin American life, in opposition to the fictional rural town of Macondo.

Giannina Braschi is a Puerto Rican poet, novelist, dramatist, and scholar. Her notable works include Empire of Dreams (1988), Yo-Yo Boing! (1998) and United States of Banana (2011).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American literature in Spanish</span> Spanish-language literature in the United States

American literature in Spanish in the United States dates back as 1610 when the Spanish explorer Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá published his epic poem Historia de Nuevo México. He was an early chronicler of the conquest of the Americas and a forerunner of Spanish-language literature in the United States given his focus on the American landscape and the customs of the people. However, it was not until the late 20th century that Spanish language literature written by Americans was regularly published in the United States.

<i>Yo-Yo Boing!</i> Spanglish book by Giannina Braschi

Yo-Yo Boing! (1998) is a postmodern novel in English, Spanish, and Spanglish by Puerto Rican author Giannina Braschi. The cross-genre work is a structural hybrid of poetry, political philosophy, musical, manifesto, treatise, memoir, and drama. The work addresses tensions between Anglo-American and Hispanic-American cultures in the United States.

<i>United States of Banana</i> Post-9/11 dramatic novel by Giannina Braschi

United States of Banana (2011) is a postmodern allegorical novel by the Puerto Rican author Giannina Braschi. It is a cross-genre work that blends experimental theatre, prose poetry, short story, and political philosophy with a manifesto on democracy and American life in a post-9/11 world. The book dramatizes the global war on terror and narrates the author's displacement after the attacks from her home in the Battery Park neighborhood in New York City. The work addresses Latin American immigration to the United States, Puerto Rico's colonial status, and "power imbalances within the Americas."

Empire of Dreams is a postmodern poetry epic by Puerto Rican author Giannina Braschi, who is considered "one of the most revolutionary voices in Latin American literature today".

Latino theatre presents a wide range of aesthetic approaches, dramatic structures, and themes, ranging from love, romance, immigration, border politics, nation building, incarceration, and social justice. Whether of a linguistic, ethnic, political, cultural or sexual nature, the plays often have a social justice component involving Latino people living in the United States. The Oxcart by René Marqués, Marisol by José Rivera, and In the Heights by Lin-Manuel Miranda are examples of staged Broadway plays. There is also a strong tradition of Latino avant-garde and absurdist theatre, which double as political satires; prime examples include The Masses are Asses by Pedro Pietri and United States of Banana by Giannina Braschi.

Decolonization in Latino culture refers to contemporary treatment of and work with past colonialist and imperialist influences on Latin American society in the US.

Jose Luis Torres-Padilla, also known by his pen name J. L. Torres, is a Puerto Rican and American fiction writer, poet, literary scholar, critic and editor. He was born in Cayey, Puerto Rico and grew up in the South Bronx. His work focuses on diasporic Puerto Rican literature and culture. He is married and has two sons.

References

  1. ↑ Gruesz, Kirsten Silva (2012). "What Was Latino Literature?". PMLA. 127 (2): 335–341. ISSN   0030-8129.
  2. ↑ Wall, Catharine E. (2011). "The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature by Ilan Stavans". World Literature Today. 85 (2): 77–78. doi:10.1353/wlt.2011.0153. ISSN   1945-8134.
  3. 1 2 3 Cresci, Karen Lorraine (2020-11-23). "Latino literature anthologies: In search of a Latino canon". Latino Studies. 18 (4): 486–506. doi:10.1057/s41276-020-00278-0. ISSN   1476-3435.
  4. ↑ Stavans, Ilan (2020-01-08), "Notes on Latino Philology", The Oxford Handbook of Latino Studies, Oxford University Press, pp. 263–281, ISBN   978-0-19-069120-2 , retrieved 2024-12-19
  5. ↑ Wiseman, David P.; López, Lorraine (2009). "Latino Literature's Past and Future: A Conversation with Lorraine López". Afro-Hispanic Review. 28 (1): 141–150. ISSN   0278-8969.
  6. ↑ Saldaña-Portillo, María Josefina (2024), "Critical Latinx Indigeneities: A Paradigm Drift", Latino Studies: A 20th Anniversary Reader, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 237–260, ISBN   978-3-031-37783-9 , retrieved 2024-12-19
  7. 1 2 Aparicio, Frances R. (1999). "Reading the "Latino" in Latino Studies: Toward Re-imagining Our Academic Location". Discourse. 21 (3): 3–18. ISSN   1522-5321. JSTOR   41389542.
  8. 1 2 Geyer, Charles (2019). "Creolizing the Canon: Manuel Puig, Junot Díaz, and the Latino Poetics of Relation". Vanderbilt University. pp. 173–193. JSTOR   26824954.
  9. 1 2 The Oxford Handbook of Latino Studies. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 2020-03-17. ISBN   978-0-19-069120-2.
  10. ↑ Francisco Cantú (April 5, 2020). "In Her First Adult Novel in 14 Years, Julia Alvarez Travels Home". New York Times.
  11. ↑ Paredes, Raymund A. (1978). "Special Feature: The Evolution of Chicano Literature". MELUS. 5 (2): 71–110. doi:10.2307/467466. JSTOR   467466.
  12. ↑ González, Christopher (2017). Permissible narratives : the promise of Latino/a literature. Columbus. ISBN   978-0-8142-1350-6. OCLC   975447664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. 1 2 Riofrio, John (2020-03-01). "Falling for debt: Giannina Braschi, the Latinx avant-garde, and financial terrorism in the United States of Banana". Latino Studies. 18 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1057/s41276-019-00239-2. S2CID   212759434.
  14. ↑ Cruz-Malavé, Arnaldo Manuel (2014). "Under the Skirt of Liberty: Giannina Braschi Rewrites Empire". American Quarterly. 66 (3): 801–818. doi:10.1353/aq.2014.0042. JSTOR   43823431. S2CID   144702640.
  15. 1 2 The Norton anthology of Latino literature. Stavans, Ilan., Acosta-Belén, Edna. (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 2011. ISBN   978-0-393-08007-0. OCLC   607322888.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ↑ Pérez, Rolando (2020-05-07). Stavans, Ilan (ed.). "The Bilingualisms of Latino/a Literatures". The Oxford Handbook of Latino Studies. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190691202.001.0001. ISBN   9780190691202 . Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  17. ↑ "Cuban-American Literature". obo. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  18. ↑ Nuccetelli, Susana (2020-05-07). Stavans, Ilan (ed.). "Latino Philosophy". The Oxford Handbook of Latino Studies. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190691202.001.0001. ISBN   9780190691202 . Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  19. 1 2 Gregory, Stephens (2009). "When I Was Puerto Rican as Borderland Narrative: Bridging Caribbean and U.S. Latino Literature". Confluencia. 25 (1): 30–45. JSTOR   27923393.
  20. ↑ Mignucci, Melanie (29 June 2017). "This Latinx Poet's Debut Novel is a Must-Read for Second-Gen Kids". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  21. ↑ THE OTHER HALF OF HAPPY | Kirkus Reviews.
  22. ↑ Moreno, Marisel; Anderson, Thomas F.; Alarcón, Daniel (2014). ""I am an American Writer": An Interview with Daniel Alarcón". MELUS. 39 (4): 186–206. doi:10.1093/melus/mlu041. ISSN   0163-755X. JSTOR   24569937. S2CID   161423291.
  23. ↑ Vafidis, Jen (11 September 2012). "The Anatomy of a Cheater: Junot Diaz's "This Is How You Lose Her"". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  24. 1 2 "Bless Me, Ultima". www.arts.gov. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  25. ↑ Gonzalez, Jose (2006). Latino Boom. Pearson.
  26. ↑ "Claudia Castro Luna". Academy of American Poets.
  27. ↑ "Leticia Hernandez". Academy of American Poets.
  28. ↑ "The Wandering Song: Central American Writing in the United States". Tia Chucha Press.
  29. ↑ Henriquez, Christina (4 July 2020). "Christina Henriquez is the author of The Book of Unknown Americans, The World in Half, and Come Together, Fall Apart: A Novella and Stories". Panamanian-American Authors U.S. Readers Need to Know.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Latinx rising : an anthology of Latinx science fiction and fantasy. Goodwin, Matthew David, Aldama, Frederick Luis, 1969-. Columbus. 2020. p. 164. OCLC   1157344767.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  31. ↑ LATIN@ RISING | Kirkus Reviews.
  32. ↑ Aldama, Frederick Luis (2016). Latinx comic book storytelling : an odyssey by interview. Padilla, Ricardo, Fernández l'Hoeste, Héctor D., 1962-, González, Christopher (First ed.). San Diego, CA. ISBN   978-1-938537-92-9. OCLC   973339575.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  33. ↑ "Latino Film & Comic Book Scholar Dr. Christopher González: "21st-Century Latino Identity and Experience in Film and Fiction" | Event Calendar | Amherst College". www.amherst.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-12. necessary excursions into the realm of the impossible resonate so powerfully in our 21st-century realities
  34. ↑ Shapiro, Lila (2018-06-14). "Misogyny Is Boring As Hell". Vulture. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  35. ↑ Aldama, Frederick Luis (2020). Poets, philosophers, lovers: on the writings of Giannina Braschi. Stavans, Ian; O'Dwyer, Tess. Pittsburgh, Pa.: U Pittsburgh. ISBN   978-0-8229-4618-2. OCLC   1143649021.
  36. ↑ Quesada, Sarah (January 2016). "A Planetary Warning?: The Multilayered Caribbean Zombie in "Monstro" | Junot Díaz and the Decolonial Imagination | Books Gateway | Duke University Press". doi:10.1215/9780822374763-012.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  37. ↑ Goodwin, Matthew David (2021). The Latinx Files: Race, Migration, and Space Aliens. Rutgers University Press. ISBN   978-1978815117.
  38. ↑ Jessi Rae Morton (December 27, 2021). ""The Resurrection of Fulgencio Ramirez" Is A Bildungsroman Filled with Magic, Curses, and Star-Crossed Love". Southern Review of Books.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.