Sabine Parish, Louisiana

Sabine Parish, Louisiana
Parish
Parish of Sabine
Sabine Parish Courthouse in Many
Location within the U.S. state of Louisiana
Louisiana's location within the U.S.
Country	United States
State	Louisiana
Region	Central Louisiana
Founded	March 27, 1843;180 years ago (1843-03-27)
Named for	Sabine River and Sabine Free State
Parish seat (and largest town)	Many
Incorporated municipalities	7 (total) 2 towns and 5 villages (located entirely or partially within parish boundaries)
Area
• Total	2,620 km2 (1,012 sq mi)
• Land	2,250 km2 (867 sq mi)
• Water	380 km2 (145 sq mi)
• percentage	40 km2 (14 sq mi)
Population  (2020)
• Total	22,155
• Density	8.5/km2 (22/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC-6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-5 (CDT)
Area code	318
Congressional district	4th
Website	Sabine Parish Police Jury

In background, the bridge linking Louisiana and Texas over the Toledo Bend Reservoir of the Sabine River west of Many

Sabine Parish (French: Paroisse de la Sabine) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 22,155. ^[1] The parish seat and largest town is Many. ^[2]

Sabine was one of five parishes created in as many weeks by the Louisiana State Legislature March 27, 1843. ^[3] It was created from Natchitoches Parish with the Sabine River as the international boundary between the United States and the Republic of Texas as the western boundary.

History

The neutral strip

The area, inhabited first by the Adais (Brushwood) Indians of the Caddo Confederacy, was first under Spanish rule, then French, English, Spanish again, and French when Napoleon sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

Boundary disputes followed the purchase. The United States claimed the Sabine River as the border and Spain claimed a line farther east in Louisiana along Arroyo Hondo, a tributary of the Red River. The Neutral Ground Treaty was affected in 1806, declaring the area "Sabine Free State," a demilitarized zone, which became the neutral strip for outlaws, desperadoes, criminals and filibusters. The strip extended, roughly, from Sabine River east to the Calcasieu River, Bayous Kisatchie and Don Manuel, Lac Terre Noir and the Arroyo Hondo. Both nations claimed ownership but neither exercised control. English speaking settlers from the older eastern states began moving into the section during the westward expansion years before the boundary was established. They settled on Spanish grants known as Rio Hondo claims. One of the earliest settlers was Thomas Arthur, who filed a claim for 640 acres (2.6 km²) on Negreet Creek.

In 1819, Spain abandoned all claims to land east of the Sabine River and the United States moved in to establish law and order. Great caravans of home seekers marched over the old highways and many of them settled in present-day Sabine Parish. In the years that followed, small settlements began to make their appearances throughout the parish. Possibly the earliest of these was Negreet, founded in 1822, in the southern part of the parish where Christopher Anthony located on Bayou Negreet. Other settlements were Toro, in the extreme south, 1827, and Noble, in the north portion, dating back to the 1830s. Fort Jesup was founded in 1822 by Lieutenant Colonel Zachary Taylor who later became the 12th President of the United States. Taylor's troops managed to establish law and order in this Neutral Ground. Fort Jesup has served as a vital part of Sabine Parish over the years and can be enjoyed by visitors today. It was an important frontier post until the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the focal point of the American expansionist movement.

The two main highways of the southwest traversed the Neutral Strip and ran about four miles (6.4 km) apart in the vicinity of Many. The San Antonio Trace and El Camino Real extended from Natchitoches Parish westward directly across Sabine Parish into East Texas. Since El Camino Real was older and better known, a number of farmers and villages settled along it. Philip Nolan's Trace crossed the Red River above Alexandria and ran through the Kisatchie country to join El Camino Real near the Sabine River crossing. ^[4]

Establishment of Sabine Parish

The parish was created at a time when America had entered upon a new era of progress. A government survey in 1831 laid out the Sabine area in townships and sections and this, together with the clearing of the Red River "raft" by Henry Miller Shreve, in 1838, opened the Red River to steamboat traffic and gave impetus to the colonization of the area. Steamboats began running on the Sabine River in 1830, and by 1850 heavy traffic was carried on the Sabine. Popular landing points were Columbus, East Pendleton and Carter's Ferry. About three miles (4.8 km) south of Pendleton was the large and flourishing river port of Sabine Town. The influx of settlers reached its zenith just prior to the American Civil War.

Sabine Parish was one of the five parishes created in as many weeks by the state legislature in 1843 during the administration of Governor Alexander Mouton. The parish was created from Natchitoches Parish on March 7, 1843. Since Texas was an independent republic, the Sabine River constituted an international border.

Less than one month later the parish was given several additional townships when legislators defined lines of its northern neighbor, DeSoto Parish. One half township from Natchitoches, originally intended to be part of Sabine was added in 1854. In 1871, a considerable portion of the southern half of Sabine Parish was removed with the establishment of Vernon Parish. Since then the parish boundaries have remained unchanged. ^[4]

Act 46 creating the parish specified that the seat of government should be named Many in honor of Col. John B. Many, commandant at Fort Jesup, then the most important settlement in the parish. Many was on the Natchitoches San Antonio Road, or El Camino Real, which carried traffic into Texas.

On May 17, 1843, Judge W. R. D. Speight, who was parish judge, I. W. Eason, Samuel S. Eason and G. W. Thompson purchased and gave to Sabine Parish 40 acres (160,000 m²) of land. Immediately some thirty citizens petitioned the police jury to lay out the town on the land, sell lots and make arrangements for the erection of public buildings. The police jury planned a courthouse and jail, raising the construction money with the sale of the lots.

The first house was erected by John Baldwin, who operated a store and used his home as a tavern. He was also the first postmaster of Many. The first settler was Williams Mains, who came to the area in 1830. The first cotton gin was built in the early 1850s, and the first census showed Sabine had a population of 3,347 whites and 1,168 slaves. ^[4]

Battle of Pleasant Hill

Sabine Parish was the scene of the last major engagement in Louisiana, which was fought April 9, 1864, at old Pleasant Hill and along the Sabine-DeSoto Parish line. The battle took place the following day after the Confederate victory at Mansfield. The action forced the withdrawal of Federal troops along the Shreveport-Natchitoches road, which cut across the northeast section of the parish.

These clashes were regarded as vitally important. Although they did not affect the ultimate outcome of the war, they frustrated the attempt by Union forces to capture Shreveport and split Texas from the rest of the Confederacy. ^[4]

Railroads

Following the war the steamboat gave way to the railroad. The Texas-Pacific was completed in 1882 between Shreveport and New Orleans realizing how important a railroad was to a town, Pleasant Hill moved itself out of DeSoto Parish to the railroad which was two miles (3.2 km) away in Sabine Parish. The construction of the Kansas City Southern Railroad through the parish in 1896 led to the founding of the towns of Converse, Zwolle, Fisher and Florien.

The area was mainly agriculture until the railroads brought lumbermen, who set up sawmills to convert the trees that blanketed the state into lumber to satisfy a worldwide demand for longleaf virgin pine. Three decades later the forest acres were barren and a great many sawmills, including Gandy and Peason moved out. Reforestation was innovated in the early 1940s and pulp and paper mills bought the thinnings. The payoff was the development of Southern Pine plywood and the opening of Vancouver Plywood, Inc., the first plywood mill in the state, in Florien.

Reforestation lagniappe was the creation of Hodges Gardens in the 1950s, which opened a brand new industry. That was tourism, which was augmented with the completion of Toledo Bend Reservoir in 1968. ^[4]

WWII and Louisiana Maneuvers

The largest military maneuvers ever held in the United States were staged in and around Sabine Parish in May 1940. These army maneuvers in the Sabine River area brought the possibility of war very close as 40,000 officers and men of the Blue Army defended the Sabine River from 30,000 invading Red troops. Soldiers from thirty-three states took part in the games, which covered 10,000 square miles (26,000 km²) of cut over pinelands, hills, rivers, and valleys between Alexandria and Nacogdoches, Texas.

Commanders and their staffs passing through the area comprised a virtual "who's who" in the military. These included Lieutenant General Ben Lear, Colonel Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lieutenant General Walter Krueger, Brigadier General George S. Patton, Jr., and Major J. L. Benedict.

Following the discovery of oil in 1928, crude oil and natural gas joined timber as leading natural resources until about 1934 when oil experienced a natural decline. Oil was not a major economic factor again until new reserves were brought in near Many in the 1950s. Its 1,008 square miles (2,610 km²) contains some of the finest timber in the world. In addition, Sabine Parish is rich in other natural resources. ^[4]

Recent events

In January 2014, the ACLU filed suit against the Sabine Parish School Board, Superintendent Sara Ebarb, Principal Gene Wright and teacher Rita Roark of Negreet High School, alleging officials at one of its schools harassed a sixth-grader because of his Buddhist faith and that the district routinely pushes Christian beliefs upon their students. ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]} The court swiftly ruled against the school board. ^{[9] [10]}

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 1,012 square miles (2,620 km²), of which 867 square miles (2,250 km²) is land and 145 square miles (380 km²) (14%) is water. ^[11]

Major highways

• U.S. Highway 171
• Louisiana Highway 6
• Louisiana Highway 118
• Louisiana Highway 174

Adjacent parishes and counties

• De Soto Parish (north)
• Natchitoches Parish (east)
• Vernon Parish (southeast)
• Newton County, Texas (southwest)
• Sabine County, Texas (west)
• Shelby County, Texas (northwest)

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1850	4,515		—
1860	5,828		29.1%
1870	6,456		10.8%
1880	7,344		13.8%
1890	9,390		27.9%
1900	15,421		64.2%
1910	19,874		28.9%
1920	20,713		4.2%
1930	24,110		16.4%
1940	23,586		−2.2%
1950	20,880		−11.5%
1960	18,564		−11.1%
1970	18,638		0.4%
1980	25,280		35.6%
1990	22,646		−10.4%
2000	23,459		3.6%
2010	24,233		3.3%
2020	22,155		−8.6%
U.S. Decennial Census [12] 1790-1960 [13] 1900-1990 [14] 1990-2000 [15] 2010 [16]

2020 census

Sabine Parish racial composition ^[17]

Race	Number	Percentage
White (non-Hispanic)	14,850	67.03%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)	3,520	15.89%
Native American	1,790	8.08%
Asian	63	0.28%
Pacific Islander	12	0.05%
Other/Mixed	1,210	5.46%
Hispanic or Latino	710	3.2%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 22,155 people, 9,158 households, and 6,057 families residing in the parish.

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 24,233 people living in the parish. 70.8% were White, 16.6% Black or African American, 8.6% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.4% of some other race and 3.4% of two or more races. 3.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

2000 census

As of the census ^[18] of 2000, there were 23,459 people, 9,221 households, and 6,593 families living in the parish. The population density was 27 people per square mile (10 people/km²). There were 13,671 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile (6.2/km²). The racial makeup of the parish was 72.67% White, 16.87% Black or African American, 7.79% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 2.18% from two or more races. 2.74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 9,221 households, out of which 31.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.70% were married couples living together, 12.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.50% were non-families. 26.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the parish the population was spread out, with 26.20% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 24.50% from 25 to 44, 24.40% from 45 to 64, and 16.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.60 males.

The median income for a household in the parish was $26,655, and the median income for a family was $32,470. Males had a median income of $29,726 versus $18,514 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $15,199. About 16.30% of families and 21.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.00% of those under age 18 and 17.50% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Public schools in Sabine Parish are operated by the Sabine Parish School Board.

It is in the service area of Bossier Parish Community College. ^[19]

Communities

Map of Sabine Parish, with municipal labels

Towns

• Many (parish seat and largest municipality)
• Zwolle

Villages

• Converse
• Fisher
• Florien
• Noble
• Pleasant Hill

Unincorporated areas

Census-designated Place

• Belmont

Other unincorporated communities

• Ebarb
• Negreet

Hospital

• Sabine Medical Center

Prison

Parish

Name	Address	Zip	Aged
Sabine Parish Detention Center	384 Detention Center Rd, Many, Louisiana	71449	18+

Notable people

• H. M. Fowler - Former state representative from Coushatta who spent forty-five days in the Sabine Parish jail in a plea bargain for circumventing state bid laws. ^[20]
• John Horton Slaughter, known as Texas John Slaughter, legendary western lawman and Texas Ranger.

Historic places in Sabine Parish

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Sabine Parish, Louisiana

Politics

United States presidential election results for Sabine Parish, Louisiana ^[21]

Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	8,776	82.82%	1,731	16.34%	89	0.84%
2016	7,879	80.50%	1,703	17.40%	205	2.09%
2012	7,738	76.97%	2,194	21.82%	121	1.20%
2008	7,226	74.87%	2,245	23.26%	181	1.88%
2004	6,711	70.08%	2,743	28.64%	122	1.27%
2000	5,754	64.93%	2,846	32.11%	262	2.96%
1996	3,543	39.34%	4,263	47.33%	1,201	13.33%
1992	3,586	38.36%	4,173	44.64%	1,589	17.00%
1988	4,767	55.81%	3,532	41.35%	242	2.83%
1984	6,295	66.26%	2,980	31.37%	225	2.37%
1980	4,265	44.50%	5,100	53.21%	220	2.30%
1976	3,531	42.28%	4,555	54.54%	265	3.17%
1972	4,935	73.88%	1,332	19.94%	413	6.18%
1968	1,125	16.52%	1,159	17.02%	4,526	66.46%
1964	4,165	66.68%	2,081	33.32%	0	0.00%
1960	2,419	41.08%	2,412	40.96%	1,058	17.97%
1956	2,086	50.46%	1,800	43.54%	248	6.00%
1952	2,039	38.32%	3,282	61.68%	0	0.00%
1948	469	11.37%	1,405	34.05%	2,252	54.58%
1944	1,039	33.66%	2,048	66.34%	0	0.00%
1940	588	16.27%	3,026	83.73%	0	0.00%
1936	417	14.55%	2,447	85.41%	1	0.03%
1932	110	3.52%	3,008	96.16%	10	0.32%
1928	735	34.20%	1,414	65.80%	0	0.00%
1924	217	15.47%	1,176	83.82%	10	0.71%
1920	111	8.19%	1,245	91.81%	0	0.00%
1916	30	2.54%	1,147	97.04%	5	0.42%
1912	28	3.13%	715	79.89%	152	16.98%

See also

• United States portal

• Sabine Free State Festival
• Sabine River Spanish  – Spanish variety spoken in Texas and Louisiana

References

1. "Census - Geography Profile: Sabine Parish, Louisiana". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 22, 2023.
2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
3. "Sabine Parish". Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
4. Information in the History Section may be found at the Toledo-Bend.com website.
5. Lane v. Sabine Parish School Board; ACLU; January 22, 2014.
6. Lane v. Sabine Parish School Board Complaint; ACLU; January 22, 2014.
7. ACLU Accuses La. School of Religious Harassment; ABC News; January 23, 2014.
8. Louisiana School Accused Of Religious Harassment By ACLU; Huffington Post; January 22, 2014.
9. Judge rules against creationist teacher who called Buddhist student’s faith ‘stupid,' by Scott Kaufman, 17 March 2014, The Raw Story
10. Louisiana School Agrees to Court Order Ending Discriminatory Religious Practices; ACLU; March 14, 2014. Archived March 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
11. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
12. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
13. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
14. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
15. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
16. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
17. "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
18. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31, 2008.
19. "Our Colleges". Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges . Retrieved June 3, 2021.
20. The Shreveport Times , March 8, 1986; March 10, 31, 1989; May 22, 1990; October 15, 1992
21. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 7, 2018.

External links

• Sabine Parish
• Toledo Bend (Sabine Parish) Tourist Commission

31°34′N93°34′W / 31.56°N 93.56°W / 31.56; -93.56