2025 United States federal government shutdown

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2025 United States federal government shutdown
President Donald Trump meets with Congressional Leaders to Avert a Government Shutdown (G2IuGkiXEAAxfEg).jpg
President Trump meets with Congressional leaders to avert the shutdown; September 30, 2025
DateOctober 1, 2025 – present (2025-10-01 – present)
(6 days)
CauseExpiry of continuing resolution from Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025
Employees furloughed~900,000

On October 1, 2025, the federal government of the United States began a shutdown at 12:01 a.m. EDT as a result of congressional failure to pass appropriations legislation for the 2026 fiscal year, which began that day. The shutdown resulted from partisan disagreements over federal spending levels, foreign aid rescissions, and health insurance subsidies.

Contents

The shutdown resulted in the furlough of roughly 900,000 federal employees and left another 700,000 working without pay. While essential services such as Medicare, Medicaid, and the Transportation Security Administration continued, many agencies, including the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the WIC program, faced partial or full suspensions of operations.

The shutdown is the 11th in U.S. history resulting in curtailment of government services, and the third under president Donald Trump. It is the first U.S. federal government shutdown since the 2018–2019 shutdown.

Background

Government funding procedure and fiscal authority

The U.S. Congress is vested the authority to appropriate funds drawn from the Treasury in Article One of the United States Constitution. [1] : 1  Since 1977, the federal budget process has involved a fiscal year, from October 1 to September 30 of the following year, with 12 individual spending bills that must be passed. Political polarization has affected this process, often forcing lawmakers to pass continuing resolutions to temporarily fund the government. [2]

The failure of Congress to agree on funding legislation leads to a government shutdown when the previous funding term ends. [1] : 28-29  In a government shutdown, federal agencies continue work categorized as "essential", but federal employees and contractors are furloughed and not immediately paid. The authority to determine the work that continues is vested in the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, although the President has broad authority over this process. [3]

Earlier budget impasse

Ahead of a lapse of government funding expected to occur in March 2025, Democrats in Congress largely objected to funding the government as President Donald Trump moved to assume control of the extent of its operations, including eliminating federal funding and firing government workers. Hours before the deadline, Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer announced that he would support a continuing resolution to fund the government through September, arguing that Trump's efforts were being halted in the courts—which could be impeded by a shutdown; that a shutdown would give greater authority to the Department of Government Efficiency; and that market uncertainty would mount over a shutdown in addition to imminent widespread tariffs, causing ambiguity over the responsibility of economic fear. [4] Schumer's support incited other Democrats to vote in favor of a temporary continuing resolution proposed by Republicans, allowing the measure to pass and averting a shutdown. Schumer was criticized by several Democrats for his move, including House Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries. [5]

Budget discussions

Initial passages and emerging conflicts

The continuing resolution Republicans passed set a deadline through the remainder of that year's fiscal budget term, expected to conclude at the end of September. In July, Republicans approved the Trump administration's request to rescind US$9 billion allocated for foreign aid and public broadcasting. Washington senator Patty Murray, the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, told The New York Times that the "partisan rescissions bill" complicated efforts for Democrats to work with Republicans on a funding bill for the next year's budget, set to begin in October. That month, senators opened debate on a series of appropriations bills, beginning with military construction projects and veterans programs. Democrats indicated that they would seek to avert a shutdown in budget discussions. [4] In July, Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought said, "The appropriations process has to be less bipartisan", said the White House would not abide by bipartisan spending agreements, and reiterated that he believed the Impoundment Control Act was unconstitutional. The remarks drew condemnation from Democrats and pushback from Senate Majority Leader John Thune. [6]

By August, Senators approved an initial set of spending bills, including US$433 billion for veterans programs, US$19.8 billion for military construction and family housing projects, US$27.1 billion for agricultural programs, and US$7.1 billion to continue the operations of Congress and legislative agencies. [7] Although the bills passed before an anticipated recess that month for the first time since 2018, the objections mounted, indicating further resistance ahead of the deadline. Louisiana senator John Kennedy unsuccessfully sought a two percent reduction in the agriculture bill. Kennedy later called for a separate vote on the legislative branch funding bill to state his opposition to the funding level. A fourth bill that would have funded the Department of Commerce, the Department of Justice, and science agencies faltered after opposition from Maryland senator Chris Van Hollen. The legislative branch funding bill largely kept the Government Accountability Office's funding levels consistent, despite the agency's conflict with the Trump administration; the House of Representatives's bill halved the office's budget. [7] In September, House speaker Mike Johnson and House minority leader Hakeem Jeffries discussed extending government funding into November or December. [8] A continuing resolution emerged as a likely possibility to resolve the impasse, though the cession of Congress's authority to determine spending concerned several Democrats. [9]

Impasse and deadlock

The Trump administration, along with several fiscal hawks, advocated for funding the government through January. Conversely, Democrats and some Republicans sought a deal through November to ensure additional time for a compromise. The administration's move to cancel US$5 billion in foreign aid through a pocket rescission further intensified the impasse. House and Senate appropriators suggested a bill to fund the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and congressional operations for a year with a short-term extension for other agencies. [10] Maryland representative Andy Harris, the chair of the Freedom Caucus, expressed reluctant support for a temporary bill proposed by Oklahoma representative Tom Cole, the chair of the House Committee on Appropriations, so long as Cole had the votes. [11] The discussions collided with the Trump administration's request to bolster security for Supreme Court justices and increase funding for the Marshals Service following the assassination of Charlie Kirk. [12] Lower court judges additionally sought security of their own. [13]

Democrats sought to force Republicans to extend insurance subsidies, set to expire at the end of the year. [14] Trump publicly told Republicans not to "bother dealing with them" [15] and to support Cole's "clean" continuing resolution; [16] additional funding for lawmakers after the assassination delayed the release of the bill. [11] On September 16, Johnson released the spending bill without insurance subsidies, expecting Democrats to balk and cause a shutdown or to support a bill that would retain the status quo, increasing health insurance premiums for Affordable Care Act recipients. [17] Kentucky representative Thomas Massie, Indiana representative Victoria Spartz and Kentucky senator Rand Paul, all fiscally conservative Republicans, opposed the bill over its spending additions and a narrow timeline for a larger appropriations bill. [18] Alaska senator Lisa Murkowski, a moderate Republican, also initially opposed the bill because she believed it could not pass the Senate. [19] Democrats opposed the bill [20] and proposed a stiff counteroffer to increase health spending by US$1 trillion. [21] The Republican plan passed the House on September 19 but failed in the Senate, with 44 voting in favor to 48 against. John Fetterman of Pennsylvania was the only Democrat to vote for the plan, while two Republicans voted against it. The same day, the Democratic plan failed in the Senate on party lines, with a vote of 47 to 45. [22]

Schumer and Jeffries requested a meeting with Trump after the votes failed. [23] Trump abruptly canceled the meeting, calling their demands "unserious", [24] but met with the Democrats, joined by Johnson and Thune, in the Oval Office one day before the deadline; [25] the meeting was Jeffries's first with Trump and Trump's first invitation to Democrats to the White House. [25] The meeting failed to yield an agreement.

At 7:31 p.m. EDT, hours after the meeting, Trump posted a satirical AI-generated video on Truth Social [26] of Chuck Schumer (in a faux speech voice-over) denigrating immigrants and calling the Democrats "woke pieces of shit" to mock [27] the Democratic base, [28] with Jeffries at his side wearing a cartoonish sombrero and a handlebar mustache while the mariachi Mexican Hat Dance plays in the background. [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] The Republican messaging also included JD Vance averring that he believed a shutdown was imminent, with the Democrats to blame. [34]

On September 30, 2025, hours before the shutdown began, the Senate voted again on the Democratic and Republican plans. The Democratic plan again failed on party lines (47 in favor, 53 against). [35] All Republicans except Paul, along with Democrats Catherine Cortez Masto of Nevada and John Fetterman, as well as Angus King of Maine, [a] an independent who caucuses with Democrats, voted for the Republican plan, which thus failed 55-45. Despite receiving a majority of votes in the Senate, the Republican failed to pass because it could not overcome a 60-vote filibuster. After the votes, the Office of Management and Budget directed agencies to execute their shutdown plans. [36]

Presidential use of rescissions

The president of the United States historically had the power to not spend funds that had been appropriated by Congress, a process known as impoundment of appropriated funds. [37] [38] In 1974, in response to president Richard Nixon's impoundment of tens of billions of dollars, Congress passed the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, which eliminated this unilateral authority. [39] [40] In its place, the Impoundment Control Act allows the president to propose impoundments as a rescission bill to Congress, which must approve the rescission within 45 days. [41] [42]

Use of rescissions had been dormant since Bill Clinton's presidency, [43] but in early 2025 Trump's Department of Government Efficiency made large cuts to appropriated parts of the federal government, including reducing foreign aid and public broadcasting. [44] The Trump administration revived rescissions as a way to permanently codify DOGE's cuts, proposing a rescissions bill to Congress [45] that became law on July 24 as the Rescissions Act of 2025. [46]

Trump's use of rescissions became a major hurdle in budget negotiations: Chuck Schumer expressed a fear that anything the Democratic Party negotiated to include in a budget would be undone by rescission. [47] [48] [49]

Shutdown process and negotiations

The federal government of the United States shut down at 12:01 a.m. EDT on October 1, 2025. [50] [51] It is the 21st funding gap and 11th government shutdown in modern U.S. history, the third to occur in a Trump presidency, and the first to occur since a government shutdown that lasted from December 2018 to January 2019 during the first Trump administration. [2]

On October 1, 2025, during a third vote in the Senate on Democratic and Republican plans to end the shutdown, Republican and Democratic Senators held preliminary negotiations on the Senate floor. They discussed shortening the length of the Republican planned continuing resolution to use that time to come to a more significant agreement. No agreement was made. Senators of both parties called the preliminary negotiation a "productive discussion." [52]

On October 2, furloughed nonpartisan staff at the Department of Education told reporters that their out-of-office responses had allegedly been manipulated. Historically, nonpartisan staff have followed a template for out-of-office responses when government shutdowns occur. The staff who spoke to reporters claimed that their out-of-office responses were changed without their consent to a message blaming Democrats for the shutdown, which would be considered a violation of the Hatch Act. [53]

On October 3, after a fourth failed vote in the Senate on the Democratic and Republican plans, Speaker Johnson announced he would extend the House recess for another week. The extended recess will also delay the swearing in of Representative-elect Adelita Grijalva. [54] Later, CBS News reported House Republicans were scheduled to have a phone call with members over the weekend. The Senate was not expected to recovene until October 6. [55]

On October 6, the Senate once again held votes for each of the Democrat and Republican versions, with both failing with votes of 45-55 and 52-42, respectively, amidst reported ongoing talks between Democrats and the White House to solve the impasse. [56]

Impact

An estimated 900,000 federal workers are expected to be furloughed, and an additional 700,000 may work without pay, according to the Partnership for Public Service. Due to the Government Employee Fair Treatment Act of 2019, which was passed after the 2018–2019 government shutdown, federal employees and military Armed Forces are ensured back pay after the shutdown ends. [57] The Department of Agriculture intends to lay off workers. [58]

Expected agency furloughs [59]
AgencyEmployeesPlanned
furloughs		Percent
Seal of the General Services Administration.svg General Services Administration 24023498%
Seal of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.svg Environmental Protection Agency 15,16613,43289%
Seal of the United States Department of Education.svg Department of Education 2,4472,11787%
Seal of the United States Department of Commerce.svg Department of Commerce 42,98434,71181%
Seal of the United States Department of Labor.svg Department of Labor 12,9169,77576%
Seal of the United States Department of State.svg Department of State 26,99516,65162%
Seal of the United States Department of Defense.svg Department of Defense [b] 741,477334,90445%
Seal of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.svg Department of Health and Human Services 79,71732,46041%
Seal of the United States Small Business Administration.svg Small Business Administration 6,2011,45623%
Seal of the United States Department of Transportation.svg Department of Transportation 53,71712,21323%
US-SocialSecurityAdmin-Seal.svg Social Security Administration 51,8256,19712%
Seal of the United States Department of Justice.svg Department of Justice 115,13112,48011%
Seal of the United States Office of Personnel Management.svg Office of Personnel Management 2,00721010%
Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg Department of Homeland Security 271,92714,1845%
Seal of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.svg Department of Veterans Affairs 461,49914,8743%

Economic data

The Department of Labor and the Department of Commerce are set to suspend economic data releases for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau, respectively. [60] The Office of the Trade Representative will remain open, according to the trade representative, Jamieson Greer. [61]

Ahead of the shutdown, the United States dollar and Treasury securities fell. [62]

Health and food

The shutdown will not affect Medicare and Medicaid, though certain services, such as Medicare card procurement, may shut down. [63] The health insurance marketplace and Food and Drug Administration drug approvals are additionally set to continue. [64] The Department of Health and Human Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services intend to furlough much of their staff, with some retention at the Food and Drug Administration; [64] Marty Makary, the commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, told employees that his agency was exempt from shutdown cuts, according to Bloomberg Law. [65] The National Institutes of Health will retain only a quarter of its staff, preventing the agency from issuing grant peer reviews, conducting advisory council meetings, and performing basic research. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's communications operations will be affected. [64]

The absence of an extension to insurance subsidies threatened California's health insurance marketplace, the largest in the country. [66]

Although the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is not expected to be affected, a continued shutdown may deplete contingency funding, delaying payments. [63] The WIC program is expected to be paused. [57]

NASA

According to a September 29 shutdown plan released by NASA, 15,094 NASA civil servants have been furloughed, while 3,124 have been classified as exempted and continue working. The exempted workers include those needed for the operations of the International Space Station, those operating active satellite missions, and those working on the Artemis program. The shutdown will not affect preparations for the Artemis II crewed mission around the Moon, currently scheduled for February 2026. [67] [68]

Travel

The Transportation Security Administration and Amtrak continue to function despite the shutdown. [69] Air travel still functions, but air traffic controller hiring, field training of air traffic controllers, facility security inspections and law enforcement assistance support are stopped. [70] Cruises and ships still function during the shutdown. [71]

Military

Military personnel will still be on active duty despite the shutdown. However, military personnel will not have any orders from their commanders.[ further explanation needed ] Veterans' benefits and military operations will also be funded, but not military and civilian workers. [70]

Mass layoffs

On September 24, the Office of Management and Budget issued a memo to federal agency heads instructing them to prepare reduction-in-force plans to be executed if the government were to shut down, reducing the government workforce permanently instead of temporarily furloughing staff. [72] If conducted, such layoffs could have drastic and far-reaching consequences, especially in land management and environmental agencies. [73] Democratic Party politicians criticized this plan, with Congressional minority leaders Chuck Schumer and Hakeem Jeffries calling it "intimidation". [74] One former OMB official and Congressman, James Walkinshaw, questioned whether preparing for and conducting a reduction-in-force during a shutdown would be legal, but as the practice is unprecedented, an executive at the Partnership for Public Service could not predict how it would play out. [75]

On September 30, Trump told reporters that he was in favor of mass layoffs, saying, "We’d be laying off a lot of people that are going to be very affected, They’re going to be Democrats". Trump also indicated that the shutdown would be beneficial in shutting down areas he did not approve of, saying; "We can get rid of a lot of things that we didn’t want." [76]

On October 1, the Trump administration fired all but four members of the National Council on the Humanities. [77] Layoff notices were issued that day at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought said that further firings would occur in a day or two." [78]

Via an October 2 Truth Social post, Trump indicated that he and Vought would decide "which of the many Democrat Agencies, most of which are a political SCAM" would be cut and whether it would be temporary or permanent. In the same post Trump blamed the "Radical Left Democrats" for allowing the cuts to happen and for giving him the "unprecedented opportunity" to do so. [79] That day, it was reported that plans for firing 16,000 employees were being contemplated. [80]

Legality

On September 30, the American Federation of Government Employees and the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees sued in the federal District Court for the Northern District of California, seeking to prevent mass layoffs. The labor unions alleged that any mass layoffs would be illegal, because the staff that would carry out the firings would be prevented from working due to the Antideficiency Act. [81]

Responses

Notification of the government shutdown on each U.S. federal executive department's website 2025 United States federal government shutdown notification by department.png
Notification of the government shutdown on each U.S. federal executive department's website

Republicans

Several Republican officials and organizations, including President Donald Trump, Vice President JD Vance, the Senate Republican Conference, and Speaker of the House Mike Johnson, falsely accused [82] [83] [84] Democrats of demanding free health care for undocumented immigrants. [85] This is based on Republican claims—which independent reporters, analysts and oversight bodies have disputed or not substantiated at the scale claimed [86] [87] —that there has been widespread fraud in Affordable Care Act enrollment. [88]

Trump administration

Following the unsuccessful back-to-back votes, President Donald Trump told reporters that Democrats in the Senate "want to shut down the country", with the exception of Pennsylvania senator John Fetterman, who voted for the Republican spending bill. [89] After his meeting with Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries, Trump posted a controversial deepfake, AI-generated video of them, with Schumer's audio saying that Democrats "have no voters anymore, because of our woke, trans bullshit" and that "if we give all these illegal aliens health care, we might be able to get them on our side so they can vote for us." [33] In an interview with Politico 's Dasha Burns, Trump stated that Democrats were "deranged". [90]

During and prior to the shutdown, government websites and emails blamed Democrats and "the radical left" for the shutdown, actions which ethics experts described as likely illegal. [91] [76] Hours before the shutdown was set to begin, the Department of Housing and Urban Development's website warned, in a pop-up and a red banner, that the "radical left" would hurt the United States. The message elicited concerns that it could violate the Anti-Lobbying Act. [92] [93] The Department of Health and Human Services encouraged its employees to set out-of-office email messages blaming the Democratic Party for the shutdown, which elicited fears that the employees could violate the Hatch Act by doing so. [94] In a statement, the department said: "Employees were instructed to use out-of-office messages that reflect the truth: Democrats have shut the government down." [95] At the Department of Education, employees' out-of-office messages were forcibly changed to political ones and they were unable to remove the partisan messaging: [96]

Thank you for contacting me. On September 19, 2025, the House of Representatives passed HR 5371, a clean continuing resolution. Unfortunately, Democrat Senators are blocking passage of HR 5371 in the Senate which has led to a lapse in appropriations. Due to the lapse in appropriations I am currently in furlough status. I will respond to emails once government functions resume.

— Out-of-office message configured on Department of Education staff email accounts [96]

Watchdog group Public Citizen filed a Hatch Act complaint against members of the Trump administration, namely administrator of Small Business Administration (SBA) Kelly Loeffler and against head of Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Scott Turner alleging "electioneering" while on duty. [97] [95]

Democrats

Democrats proposed a constant livestream to discuss the shutdown. [98] The night before the shutdown, many politicians such as Delaware Representative Sarah McBride and New Jersey Senator Andy Kim posted on social media and spoke to the media indicating that their Republican counterparts were not in the Capitol to vote on the budget. [99] [100] California Representative Robert Garcia criticized the messages placed on government agency websites blaming Democrats for the shutdown as a violation of the Hatch Act. [95]

Government officials

House Speaker Mike Johnson addresses the shutdown.

In a letter to Secretary of the Interior Doug Burgum, over 35 former park superintendents urged the parks managed by the National Park Service to close to avoid damage by unsupervised visitors. [101]

Public opinion

As in most surveys regarding prior US government shutdowns, Republicans have generally received more blame than Democrats, though a substantial portion of survey respondents said they weren't sure. 20251004 Survey on blame for US government shutdowns, by party.svg
As in most surveys regarding prior US government shutdowns, Republicans have generally received more blame than Democrats, though a substantial portion of survey respondents said they weren't sure.

Pre-shutdown

A poll conducted by Data for Progress from September 5 to 7 asked likely voters whom they would blame for a potential shutdown at the end of the month. 27% of respondents thought Republicans in Congress would be responsible, 32% expected to blame Trump personally, and 34% placed the blame on Democrats in Congress. [103] Two days before the shutdown, a poll by Morning Consult indicated 45% of voters said they would blame Republicans and 32% said they would blame Democrats. [104]

In a September 22 to 27 poll by The New York Times and Siena University, 26% of respondents blamed the Trump and Republican Party for the shutdown, compared to 19% who blamed the Democratic Party and 33% who blamed both parties. [105] Another question asked whether Democrats should shut down the government if their demands were not met; 27% of respondents said yes and 65% no. [106]

In a September 30 poll by NPR, 38% of respondents blamed the Republican Party for the shutdown, compared to 27% who blamed the Democratic Party, 31% who blamed both parties, and 1% who blamed neither. Another NPR poll conducted days earlier, which controlled for political affiliation, indicated that while Democrats and Republicans were more likely to blame each other for a hypothetical shutdown, independent voters were most likely to blame both. [107]

In a poll conducted by KFF from September 23 to 29, 78% of respondents supported extending Affordable Care Act tax credits and 61% of respondents had heard little or nothing about the expiring subsidies. [108] [109]

During the shutdown

An October 1 poll from The Washington Post indicated that 47% of respondents believed that Trump and Republicans in Congress were mainly responsible for the shutdown, compared to the 30% who blamed Democrats in Congress. This was consistent with polls regarding past shutdowns in the last 30 years, including the month-long shutdown during the first Trump presidency: according to polls, public opinion blamed Republicans more than Democrats with a difference of +10% or higher for every shutdown since 1995. [110]

An October 1-3 CBS News poll via YouGov asked a multitude of different questions to respondents. 39% of respondents blamed Trump and Republicans for the shutdown, compared to the 30% who blamed Democrats and 31% who blamed both parties equally. The majority of respondents felt that all parties, Trump, Republicans and Democrats were handling the shutdown poorly at 52%, 52%, and 49% respectively. [111]

Notes

  1. ↑ Angus King is a registered Independent but is a member of the Senate Democratic Caucus.
  2. ↑ Excluding military personnel.

References

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  2. 1 2 Gamio, Lazaro (September 30, 2025). "From Crisis to Crisis: How Congress Struggles to Fund the Government". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 30, 2025. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  3. ↑ Gold, Michael (March 14, 2025). "The Democratic Divide: Would a Shutdown Have Helped or Hurt Trump?". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 25, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  4. 1 2 Hulse, Carl; Edmondson, Catie (March 13, 2025). "Schumer Will Clear the Way for G.O.P. Spending Bill, Breaking With His Party". The New York Times . Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  5. ↑ Karni, Annie (March 14, 2025). "Schumer, Facing Backlash for Not Forcing a Shutdown, Says He'll Take 'the Bullets'". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 25, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  6. ↑ Tully-McManus, Katherine (July 17, 2025). "Russ Vought: Appropriations process 'has to be less bipartisan'". Politico . Archived from the original on September 26, 2025. Retrieved October 2, 2025.
  7. 1 2 Gold, Michael (August 1, 2025). "Senate Passes Its First Spending Bills, but Battles Lie Ahead". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 19, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  8. ↑ Lee Hill, Meredith; Scholtes, Jennifer; Tully-McManus, Katherine (September 15, 2025). "House GOP zeroes in on lawmaker security plan in government shutdown patch". Politico . Archived from the original on September 18, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  9. ↑ Edmondson, Catie (September 4, 2025). "Members of Congress Grasp for a Stopgap Deal to Avert a Shutdown". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 24, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  10. ↑ Scholtes, Jennifer; Carney, Jordain; Tully-McManus, Katherine (September 8, 2025). "Congress splinters into unlikely factions over looming government shutdown". Politico . Archived from the original on September 15, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  11. 1 2 Lee Hill, Meredith; Carney, Jordain (September 8, 2025). "Key House GOP hard-liner doesn't rule out short-term shutdown punt". Politico . Archived from the original on September 16, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  12. ↑ Jimison, Robert (September 14, 2025). "White House Seeks More Supreme Court Security Funding After Kirk Killing". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 25, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  13. ↑ Schwartz, Mattathias (September 16, 2025). "Federal Courts Want More Money From Congress for Security". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 25, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  14. ↑ Wu, Nicholas; Scholtes, Jennifer; Carney, Jordain (September 11, 2025). "Democrats coalesce around insurance subsidies as shutdown demand, Neal says". Politico . Archived from the original on September 22, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  15. ↑ Lee Hill, Meredith (September 12, 2025). "'Don't even bother dealing with them,' Trump says of Democrats' shutdown demands". Politico . Archived from the original on September 15, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  16. ↑ Razor, Calen (September 15, 2025). "Trump to GOP: Vote yes on the 'clean' CR". Politico . Archived from the original on September 19, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  17. ↑ Edmondson, Catie (September 16, 2025). "Johnson Releases Spending Bill, Daring Democrats to Oppose It". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 25, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  18. ↑ Lee Hill, Meredith (September 15, 2025). "2 House Republicans oppose Johnson's spending plan amid conservative grumbling". Politico . Archived from the original on September 23, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  19. ↑ Carney, Jordain (September 19, 2025). "Shutdown standoff hits fever pitch". Politico . Retrieved September 19, 2025.
  20. ↑ Edmondson, Catie (September 16, 2025). "Democrats Oppose Stopgap Bill, Raising Odds of a Shutdown". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 25, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  21. ↑ Edmondson, Catie (September 17, 2025). "Democrats Outline Spending Demands as Shutdown Looms". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 25, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  22. ↑ Edmondson, Catie (September 19, 2025). "Democrats Block G.O.P. Spending Extension as Shutdown Looms". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 26, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  23. ↑ Karni, Annie (September 20, 2025). "Top Democratic Leaders Ask Trump for Meeting to Avert a Shutdown". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 24, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  24. ↑ Edmondson, Catie (September 23, 2025). "Trump Cancels Meeting With Democrats as Shutdown Nears". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 26, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  25. 1 2 Gold, Michael (September 29, 2025). "Trump to Meet With Congressional Leaders as Shutdown Looms". The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 29, 2025. Retrieved September 29, 2025.
  26. ↑ "Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump)". Truth Social. Archived from the original on September 30, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  27. ↑ Ferek, Katy Stech; Leary, Alex; Wise, Lindsay (September 30, 2025). "Government Heads for Shutdown as Rival Votes Fail in Senate". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 30, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  28. ↑ "'National Embarrassment': Critics Rip Trump Over 'Disgusting' New Attack On Democrats". HuffPost. September 30, 2025.
  29. ↑ "Trump Posts Racist AI Video of Democrats as Shutdown Talks Hang in Balance". Archived from the original on October 2, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  30. ↑ "No deal at White House shutdown summit, but Trump broaches health care talks". POLITICO. September 29, 2025. Archived from the original on September 29, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  31. ↑ "US shutdown looms as Trump and Democrats end meeting without a deal". www.bbc.com. September 30, 2025. Archived from the original on September 30, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  32. ↑ Shamim, Sarah. "Why is the US government on the brink of a shutdown? What will it mean?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on September 30, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
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  35. ↑ Parkinson, John; Pellet, Lauren; Pecorin, Allison. "Federal government shuts down after Senate fails to pass funding measures". ABC News .
  36. ↑ Gold, Michael (September 30, 2025). "Shortly after the Senate failed to pass a measure to fund the federal government, the White House's Office of Management and Budget issued a memo directing executive branch agencies to "execute their plans for an orderly shutdown."". The New York Times . Retrieved September 30, 2025.
  37. ↑ Stanton, Nile (1974). "History and practice of executive impoundment of appropriated funds". Nebraska Law Review. 53 (1): 1–30.
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